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Kim M, Lee CH. Hydrogenation of High-Density Polyethylene during Decompression of Pressurized Hydrogen at 90 MPa: A Molecular Perspective. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2880. [PMID: 37447525 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate changes in the physical and chemical properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) upon the rapid release of hydrogen gas at a pressure of 90 MPa, several characterization techniques have been employed, including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning thermal analysis, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that both physical and chemical changes occurred in HDPE upon a rapid release of hydrogen gas. Physically, a partial hexagonal phase was formed within the amorphous region, and the overall crystallinity of HDPE decreased. Chemically, hydrogenation occurred, leading to the addition of hydrogen atoms to the polymer chains. Oxidation also occurred, for example, the formation of ester -C=O groups. Crosslinking and an increase in -CH3 end termination were also observed. These changes suggest that structural transformation and chemical modification of HDPE occurred upon the rapid release of hydrogen gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Kim
- Grad. School of Chemical Engineering, Chosun University, Chosundae-5-gil, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Chosun University, Chosundae-5-gil, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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2
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Chowdhury SC, Longoria T, Gillespie JW. Effects of transverse compression on the structure and axial tensile properties of polyethylene: A molecular simulation study. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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3
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The effect of temperature on the structural evolution of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene films with pre-reserved shish crystals during the stretching process. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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4
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Kida T, Hiejima Y, Nitta KH, Yamaguchi M. Evaluation of microscopic structural changes during strain hardening of polyethylene solids using In situ Raman, SAXS, and WAXD measurements under step-cycle test. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Kida T, Yamaguchi M. Role of Rigid–Amorphous chains on mechanical properties of polypropylene solid using DSC, WAXD, SAXS, and Raman spectroscopy. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Feng S, Zhu J, Yu W, Guo H, Chen W, Lu A, Li L. Strain-Rate-Dependent Phase Transition Mechanism in Polybutene-1 during Uniaxial Stretching: From Quasi-Static to Dynamic Loading Conditions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyao Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jianhe Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wancheng Yu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hang Guo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ai Lu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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8
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Kedziora GS, Moller J, Berry R, Nepal D. Ab initio molecular dynamics modeling of single polyethylene chains: Scission kinetics and influence of radical under mechanical strain. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:024102. [PMID: 34266247 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics was used to estimate the response to constant imposed strain on a short polyethylene (PE) chain and a radical chain with a removed hydrogen atom. Two independent types of simulations were run. In the first case, the chains were strained by expanding a periodic cell, restraining the length but allowing the internal degrees of freedom to reach equilibrium. From these simulations, the average force on the chain was computed, and the resulting force was integrated to determine the Helmholtz free energy for chain stretching. In the second set of simulations, chains were constrained to various lengths, while a bond was restrained at various bond lengths using umbrella sampling. This provided free energy of bond scission for various chain strains. The sum of the two free energy functions results in an approximation of the free energy of chain scission under various strains and gives a realistic and new picture of the effect of chain strain on bond breaking. Unimolecular scission rates for each chain type were examined as a function of chain strain. The scission rate for the radical chain is several orders of magnitude larger than that of the pristine chain at smaller strains and at equilibrium. This highlights the importance of radical formation in PE rupture and is consistent with experiments. Constant strain results were used to derive a constant-force model for the radical chain that demonstrates a roll over in rate similar to the "catch-bond" behavior observed in protein membrane detachment experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Kedziora
- Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - James Moller
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA
| | - Rajiv Berry
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, USA
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9
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Feng S, Lin Y, Yu W, Iqbal O, Habumugisha JC, Chen W, Meng L, Lu A, Li L. Stretch-induced structural transition of linear low-density polyethylene during uniaxial stretching under different strain rates. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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The retardation effects of lamellar slip or/and chain slip on void initiation during uniaxial stretching of oriented iPP. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Structural Evolution of LLDPE-LMW/HMW Blend during Uniaxial Deformation as Revealed by In Situ Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Scattering. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Huang ZX, Zhao ML, Qu JP. Polyethylene-Based Single Polymer Composites Prepared under Elongational Flow for High-Voltage Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xia Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
| | - Ming-Liang Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
| | - Jin-Ping Qu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
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14
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Polymorphic Transition of Pre-oriented Polybutene-1 under Tensile Deformation: In Situ FTIR Study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lin Y, Chen W, Meng L, Wang D, Li L. Recent advances in post-stretching processing of polymer films with in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray scattering. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3599-3612. [PMID: 32232297 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The stretch-induced structural evolution mechanism is a long-standing scientific question in the post-stretching processing of polymer films. X-ray scattering, especially a combination of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), provides a powerful method to study the hierarchical structure of polymer films. Recent advances in synchrotron radiation (SR) light sources and detection techniques allow one to measure the structural evolution of polymer films during post-stretching processing in real time with ultrahigh time resolution, which benefits the understanding on this topic. This review summarizes some recent investigations on post-stretching processing of polymer films, which combine in situ X-ray scattering techniques with purposely designed tensile apparatus in terms of three aspects: uniaxial stretching, biaxial stretching and stretching with chemical reactions. Concerning the polymer bulk, traditional deformation mechanisms like stretch-induced crystallization (SIC), crystal slipping, phase transition and melting-recrystallization are discussed for the uniaxial and biaxial post-stretching of polymer films. New deformation models have been developed to focus on the structural evolution on the length scale of lamellar stacks, which consider the potential microphase separation of the interlamellar amorphous phase and microbuckling. For solution systems, the coupled effects of the mechanical work from external force and the chemical potential from possible chemical reactions are taken into account for the structural evolution during stretching in solution. Roadmaps of structural and morphological evolution in the processing parameter space (i.e., temperature, stress, strain and the concentration of additive in the bath solution) are eventually constructed for precursor films. The accumulation of a structural evolution database for post-stretching processing of polymer films can be expected to provide a helpful guide for industrial processing for high-performance polymers in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfei Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. and South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Lingpu Meng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Daoliang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Yang X, Dong B, Shang Y, Ji Y, Su F, Shao C, Wang Y, Liu C, Shen C. Investigation on the phase transition from Form II to Form I in iPB-1 after pre-stretching. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Hiejima Y, Kida T, Nitta KH. In situ Raman Spectroscopic Observation of Polymer Chains in Semi-Crystalline Polyethylene Solids. Z PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2020-1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In situ Raman spectroscopy is applied for polyethylene solid under various environments to elucidate the morphological and conformational changes. The trans conformation retains up to higher temperature for high-density polyethylene, reflecting higher stability of the orthorhombic crystals composed of stacked trans chains. It is suggested that the conversion of the non-crystalline trans chains to the crystalline phase is the microscopic origin of thermal history in the crystallinity, whereas the transformation between the trans and gauche conformers is practically in thermal equilibrium. Microscopic and dynamic mechanism of deformation during uniaxial stretching is investigated for the molecular orientation and the microscopic load sharing on the crystalline and amorphous chains. Lower crystallinity results in smoother and higher orientation toward the stretching direction, as well as higher load on the amorphous chains, during tensile elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hiejima
- Department of Chemical and Materials Science , Kanazawa University, Kakuma Campus , Kanazawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Takumitsu Kida
- Department of Chemical and Materials Science , Kanazawa University, Kakuma Campus , Kanazawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Koh-hei Nitta
- Department of Chemical and Materials Science , Kanazawa University, Kakuma Campus , Kanazawa 920-1192 , Japan
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18
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Bao Q, Yang Z, Lu Z. Molecular dynamics simulation of amorphous polyethylene (PE) under cyclic tensile-compressive loading below the glass transition temperature. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Yeh IC, Balzano L, van der Werff H, Mrozek RA, Lenhart JL, Andzelm JW. Effects of Finite Lengths of Chains on the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Fibers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- In-Chul Yeh
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Luigi Balzano
- DSM Materials Science Center, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Randy A. Mrozek
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Joseph L. Lenhart
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Jan W. Andzelm
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
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Determining Deformation Transition in Polyethylene under Tensile Loading. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091415. [PMID: 31466395 PMCID: PMC6780330 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi-relaxation (MR) test was developed based on the concept that stress relaxation behavior can be used to reflect the material state of polyethylene (PE) under tension. On the basis of this concept, critical stroke for the onset of plastic deformation in the crystalline phase, named the first critical stroke, was determined using the MR test. Results from wide angle X-ray scattering suggest that phase transformation occurred in the crystalline phase of PE after the specimen was stretched beyond the first critical stroke. In this work, the MR test was applied to six PEs of different mass densities to determine their first critical strokes and the corresponding total and quasi-static (QS) stress values. The results show that the first critical stroke had very similar values among the six PEs. More interestingly, the ratio of the QS stress at the first critical stroke to the yield stress from the standard tensile test showed little dependence on PE density. Therefore, it was possible to use the popular short-term tensile test to characterize the critical QS component of the applied stress to initiate plastic deformation in the crystalline phase, which is expected to play a significant role on the long-term, load-carrying applications of PE.
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Balzano L, Coussens B, Engels T, Oosterlinck F, Vlasblom M, van der Werff H, Lellinger D. Multiscale Structure and Microscopic Deformation Mechanisms of Gel-Spun Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Fibers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Balzano
- DSM, Materials Science Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Betty Coussens
- DSM, Materials Science Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Engels
- DSM, Materials Science Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Oosterlinck
- DSM, Materials Science Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Vlasblom
- DSM Dyneema, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk Lellinger
- Morphologie und Dynamik, Bereich Kunststoffe, Fraunhofer-Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit und Systemzuverlässigkeit LBF, Schlossgartenstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Kida T, Hiejima Y, Nitta KH. Rheo-Raman Spectroscopic Study on Uniaxial Deformation Behavior of High-Density Polyethylene Solids with Various Molecular Weight Distributions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumitsu Kida
- Department of Chemical and Materials Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma Campus, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hiejima
- Department of Chemical and Materials Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma Campus, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Koh-hei Nitta
- Department of Chemical and Materials Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma Campus, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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