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Payungwong N, Sakdapipanich J, Wu J, Ho CC. The Interplay of Protein Hydrolysis and Ammonia in the Stability of Hevea Rubber Latex during Storage. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4636. [PMID: 38139887 PMCID: PMC10747496 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) latex derived from Hevea brasiliensis is a complex colloid comprising mainly rubber hydrocarbons (latex particles) and a multitude of minor non-rubber constituents such as non-rubber particles, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and soluble organic and inorganic substances. NR latex is susceptible to enzymatic attack after it leaves the trees. It is usually preserved with ammonia and, to a lesser extent, with other preservatives to enhance its colloidal stability during storage. Despite numerous studies in the literature on the influence of rubber proteins on NR latex stability, issues regarding the effect of protein hydrolysis in the presence of ammonia on latex stability during storage are still far from resolved. The present work aims to elucidate the interplay between protein hydrolysis and ammoniation in NR latex stability. Both high- and low-ammonia (with a secondary preservative) NR latexes were used to monitor the changes in their protein compositions during storage. High-ammonia (FNR-A) latex preserved with 0.6% (v/v) ammonia, a low 0.1% ammonia/TMTD/ZnO (FNR-TZ) latex, and a deproteinized NR (PDNR) latex were labeled with fluorescence agents and observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine their protein composition. Protein hydrolysis was confirmed via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results revealed that protein hydrolysis increased with the storage duration. The change in protein composition accompanying hydrolysis also allows the spatial distribution of allergenic proteins to be estimated in the latex. Concurrently, the latex stability increased with the storage duration, as measured by the latex's mechanical stability time (MST) and the zeta potential of the latex particles. As monitored by AFM, the surface roughness of the NR latex film increased markedly during extended storage compared with that of the DPNR latex, which remained smooth. These results underscore the pivotal role of ammonia in bolstering NR latex stability brought on by protein hydrolysis, which greatly impacts latex film's formation behavior. NR latex stability underpins the quality of latex-dipped goods during manufacturing, particularly those for medical gloves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narueporn Payungwong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Jitladda Sakdapipanich
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Jinrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Chee-Cheong Ho
- Faculty of Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
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Promoted Comprehensive Properties of Polyisoprene Rubber with Extremely High Fatigue Resistance Enabled by Oligopeptide Aggregates. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-023-2933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Influence of sizes of rubber particles in latex on mechanical properties of natural rubber filled with carbon black. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang H, Meng F, Yi M, Fang L, Wang Z, Wang S. Highly Strong and Damage-Resistant Natural Rubber Membrane via Self-Assembly and Construction of Double Network. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:933. [PMID: 36295692 PMCID: PMC9611818 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber latex (NRL) is commonly employed to manufacture medical protective appliances. However, the characteristics of weakness and fragility of NRL membranes limit their further application. To achieve excellent strength and damage-resistance of the rubber membrane, this work reported a facile core-shell structure construction strategy via self-assembly with modified sodium lignosulfonate (MSLS) and NRL to create a tough membrane. The double network can be formed after introducing polyamide epichlorohydrin resin (PAE) into the NRL membrane. Specifically, the first robust MSLS-PAE network can break in advance to dissipate applied energy, thereby achieving high fracture energy and tensile strength of ~111.51 kJ m-2 and ~37 MPa, respectively, which overtakes numerous soft materials. This work facilitates more studies on latex/lignin-based products with high performance and good stability for the functional application of biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fanrong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Mingyuan Yi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lin Fang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhifen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shoujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
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Influence of Centrifugation Cycles of Natural Rubber Latex on Final Properties of Uncrosslinked Deproteinized Natural Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132713. [PMID: 35808758 PMCID: PMC9269511 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a polymer (blend) extracted from the milky sap of para rubber trees. Due to being a natural biopolymer, NRL contains various proteins that may be allergenic to humans when in skin contact. Attempts have been made to use deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) instead of impure NRL, and the final properties of these two types of rubber tend to differ. Thus, the correlations between their chemistry and properties are of focal interest in this work. DPNR was prepared by incubating NRL with urea, followed by aqueous washing/centrifugation. The physical, mechanical, and dynamic properties of incubated NRL before and after washing/centrifugation were examined to distinguish its influences from those of incubation with urea. According to the findings, the proteins, phospholipids, and chain entanglements were responsible for natural polymer networks formed in the NR. Although the proteins were largely removed from the latex by incubation, the properties of high ammonia natural rubber (HANR) were still maintained in its DPNR form, showing that other network linkages dominated over those contributed by the proteins. In the incubated latex, the naturally occurring linkages were consistently reduced with the number of wash cycles.
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Wang M, Wang R, Chen X, Kong Y, Huang Y, Lv Y, Li G. Effect of non-rubber components on the crosslinking structure and thermo-oxidative degradation of natural rubber. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang Y, Liu H, Yu H, Zhao P, Wang Q, Liao L, Luo M, Zheng T, Liao S, Peng Z. New insight into naturally occurring network and entanglements induced strain behavior of vulcanized natural rubber. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hu B, Zhou Y, Luo MC, Wei YC, Liu GX, Liao S, Zhao Y. Influence of l-quebrachitol on the properties of centrifuged natural rubber. E-POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2021-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Nonrubber components (NRCs) play an important role in the outstanding mechanical property of natural rubber (NR). The main inositol component of NRCs in natural rubber latex (NRL) is l-quebrachitol. In this study, the influence of l-quebrachitol on the properties of centrifuged natural rubber (CNR) was investigated. The NRL was centrifuged twice to remove most of the NRCs. After that, l-quebrachitol was added in the latex with per hundreds of rubber (phr) vary from 0% to 0.8%, and the vulcanized CNR were prepared. It is shown that the properties of vulcanized CNR were greatly changed, with T
90 reduced from 19 to 15 min, the tensile strength increased from 5 to 9 MPa, T
g reduced by about 2°C, and the ability for strain-induced crystallization was enhanced. It was proved by FTIR results that l-quebrachitol was linked to the CNR crosslinking network with ester bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benxiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University , Haikou , 570228 , China
| | - Yuanbing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University , Haikou , 570228 , China
| | - Ming-Chao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University , Haikou , 570228 , China
| | - Yan-Chan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University , Haikou , 570228 , China
| | - Gui-Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University , Haikou , 570228 , China
| | - Shuangquan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University , Haikou , 570228 , China
| | - Yanfang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University , Haikou , 570228 , China
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Exploring the unique characteristics of natural rubber induced by coordination interaction between proteins and Zn2+. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yang L, Liu K, Gu Z, Du A. Effects of tension fatigue on the structure and properties of carbon black filled-SBR and SBR/TPI blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2019-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the impact of tension fatigue on the structure and properties of filled SBR and SBR/TPI blends. The effect of tension fatigue on the dynamic properties of carbon black-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and SBR/trans-1,4-polyisoprene (SBR/TPI) blend vulcanizates were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The Mooney-Rivlin analysis of tensile stress-strain data is used for the determination of a rubber network crosslink density. The fatigue fracture surface of SBR/TPI vulcanizates was observed with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallinity of TPI in carbon black-filled SBR/TPI (80/20) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the incorporation of TPI into SBR vulcanizates influences the fatigue properties of the blend vulcanizates. The blend vulcanizates showed optimum fatigue properties with 20 phr TPI. With increasing fatigue cycles, the tensile properties and crosslink density of SBR vulcanizates were decreased substantially. Compared with that of SBR vulcanizates, the tensile properties and crosslink density of SBR/TPI (80/20) blend vulcanizates changed little with the increase in fatigue cycles, and tan δ and E′ decreased gradually with the fatigue cycles. There was a sharp decrease in the E′ and tan δ curve in the temperature range of 40 ~ 60°C. The XRD diffraction peak corresponding to 3.9 Å broadened when the fatigue cycles were increased to 1 million times, and a new peak with inter-planar spacing at 7.6 and 4.7 Å appeared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Kaikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Zijun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Aihua Du
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
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A novel approach in blending natural rubber latex with siliceous earth nanoparticles. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-019-00740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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