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Losacco GL, Cohen RD, DaSilva JO, Haidar Ahmad IA, Sherer EC, Mangion I, Regalado EL. Deuterated Modifiers in Sub/Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Streamlined NMR Structure Elucidation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12176-12184. [PMID: 36001377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isolation and chemical characterization of target components in fast-paced pharmaceutical laboratories can often be challenging, especially when dealing with mixtures of closely related, possibly unstable species. Traditionally, this process involves intense labor and manual intervention including chromatographic method development and optimization, fraction collection, and drying processes prior to NMR analyses for unambiguous structure elucidation. To circumvent these challenges, a foundational framework for the proper utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and deuterated modifiers (CD3OD) in sub/supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is herein introduced. This facilitates a streamlined multicomponent isolation with minimized protic residues, further enabling immediate NMR analysis. In addition to bypassing tedious drying processes and minimizing analyte degradation, this approach (complementary to traditional reversed-phase liquid chromatography, RPLC) delivers highly efficient separations and automated fraction collection using readily available analytical/midscale SFC instrumentation. A series of diverse analytes across a wide spectrum of chemical properties (acid, basic, and neutral), combined with different stationary-phase columns in SFC are investigated using both a protic organic modifier (CH3OH) and its deuterated counterpart (CD3OD). The power of this framework is demonstrated with pharmaceutically relevant applications in the context of target characterization and analysis of complex multicomponent reaction mixtures from modern synthetic chemistry, demonstrating high isolation yields while reducing both the environmental footprint and manual intervention. This workflow enables unambiguous fast-paced structure elucidation on the analytical scale, providing results that are comparable to traditional, but time-consuming, RPLC purification approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ryan D Cohen
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jimmy O DaSilva
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Edward C Sherer
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Ahmad IAH, Losacco GL, Shchurik V, Wang X, Cohen RD, Herron AN, Aiken S, Fiorito D, Wang H, Reibarkh M, Nowak T, Makarov AA, Stoll DR, Guillarme D, Mangion I, Aggarwal VK, Yu JQ, Regalado EL. Trapping-Enrichment Multi-dimensional Liquid Chromatography with On-Line Deuterated Solvent Exchange for Streamlined Structure Elucidation at the Microgram Scale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117655. [PMID: 35139257 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
At the forefront of chemistry and biology research, development timelines are fast-paced and large quantities of pure targets are rarely available. Herein, we introduce a new framework, which is built upon an automated, online trapping-enrichment multi-dimensional liquid chromatography platform (TE-Dt-mDLC) that enables: 1) highly efficient separation of complex mixtures in a first dimension (1 D-UV); 2) automated peak trapping-enrichment and buffer removal achieved through a sequence of H2 O and D2 O washes using an independent pump setup; and 3) a second dimension separation (2 D-UV-MS) with fully deuterated mobile phases and fraction collection to minimize protic residues for immediate NMR analysis while bypassing tedious drying processes and minimizing analyte degradation. Diverse examples of target isolation and characterization from organic synthesis and natural product chemistry laboratories are illustrated, demonstrating recoveries above 90 % using as little as a few micrograms of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ryan D Cohen
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Alastair N Herron
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sheenagh Aiken
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Daniele Fiorito
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Timothy Nowak
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Alexey A Makarov
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Ahmad IAH, Losacco GL, Shchurik V, Wang X, Cohen RD, Herron AN, Aiken S, Fiorito D, Wang H, Reibarkh M, Nowak T, Makarov AA, Stoll DR, Guillarme D, Mangion I, Aggarwal VK, Yu J, Regalado EL. Trapping‐Enrichment Multi‐dimensional Liquid Chromatography with On‐Line Deuterated Solvent Exchange for Streamlined Structure Elucidation at the Microgram Scale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Ryan D. Cohen
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Alastair N. Herron
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Sheenagh Aiken
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Daniele Fiorito
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Timothy Nowak
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Alexey A. Makarov
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Dwight R. Stoll
- Department of Chemistry Gustavus Adolphus College Saint Peter MN 56082 USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Geneva, CMU Rue Michel-Servet 1 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland University of Geneva, CMU Rue Michel-Servet 1 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | | | - Jin‐Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Erik L. Regalado
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
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Cong R, Bailey K, Hollis C, Tyler P, Mekap D, Balding P, O'Brien J, Fan J, Glad B. Development of a robust calibration method for improving the long-term precision of polyethylene comonomer content distribution using crystallization elution fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1662:462724. [PMID: 34902716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Comonomer content distribution (CCD), also commonly known as chemical composition distribution (CCD) and short chain branching distribution (SCBD), describes the variation of short chain branching composition between individual polymer chains in polyolefin materials. It is of particular importance for controlling polyolefin performance. Crystallization-based separation methods have evolved over the past four decades aiming at resolution, speed, precision, and accuracy. Two of the commonly used techniques are Crystallization Elution Fractionation (CEF) and Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation (TREF), where polymer chains are physically separated along the column or on the surface of the support based on their crystallinity, respectively. CEF analysis takes much less time than TREF. There is a critical need for precise temperature calibrations for data repeatability. This report demonstrates a novel CEF methodology using a two-point technique to consistently and conveniently calibrate the comonomer composition and column temperature. This column temperature calibration methodology was adopted in a study by tracking the reproducibility over a period of 8 years, using multiple instruments located in different laboratories and in different geographies. The results exhibited superior repeatability, with less than 0.3% of the relative error calculated from 3000 data points of the eluting peak temperature, thus demonstrating this as a robust method for industrial labs that require good quality controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjuan Cong
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson TX 77566, USA.
| | - Kimberly Bailey
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson TX 77566, USA
| | - Cherry Hollis
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson TX 77566, USA
| | - Phil Tyler
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson TX 77566, USA
| | - Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson TX 77566, USA
| | - Paul Balding
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson TX 77566, USA
| | - John O'Brien
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson TX 77566, USA
| | - Jingwei Fan
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson TX 77566, USA
| | - Brayden Glad
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson TX 77566, USA
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Malz F, Arndt JH, Balko J, Barton B, Büsse T, Imhof D, Pfaendner R, Rode K, Brüll R. Analysis of the molecular heterogeneity of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) blends by hyphenating size exclusion chromatography with nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1638:461819. [PMID: 33465585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The compositional and stereochemical heterogeneity of copolymers are key molecular metrics, and their knowledge is of pivotal importance for evidence based material development. Yet, while it is state of the art to determine these parameters for many petroleum based polymers, little insight exists in that regard for bio-based materials. Towards this end, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was hyphenated with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in an offline manner and a blend of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) investigated. Thus, the microstructural heterogeneity could be shown with regard to tacticity of the PLA and regioregularity of the PBSA component. The results show, that the highest molar mass fraction differs in stereochemical composition from the others. It may be assumed that this is the result of misinsertions with regard to stereochemistry occurring during the catalytic polymerization of the lactide. While the content of both constituent polymers along the molar mass axis could be well studied using a univariate analysis of the infrared (IR) spectra, this method failed to profile the adipate and succinate content individually. For this purpose, SEC was coupled to IR spectroscopy in online mode and the spectra were evaluated by a multivariate protocol. Thus, the content of each monomer along the molar mass distribution could be mapped with high chromatographic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Malz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jens Balko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Division Biopolymers, Schipkauer Str. 1, BASF A754, 01987 Schwarzheide, Germany
| | - Bastian Barton
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Büsse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Division Biopolymers, Schipkauer Str. 1, BASF A754, 01987 Schwarzheide, Germany
| | - Dennis Imhof
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rudolf Pfaendner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Karsten Rode
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Meunier DM, Wade JH, Janco M, Cong R, Gao W, Li Y, Mekap D, Wang G. Recent Advances in Separation-Based Techniques for Synthetic Polymer Characterization. Anal Chem 2020; 93:273-294. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Meunier
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - James H. Wade
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Miroslav Janco
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Rongjuan Cong
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics, Characterization, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Wei Gao
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Yongfu Li
- Core R&D, Analytical Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics, Characterization, Dow Benelux, 4542 NM Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Grace Wang
- School of Cinematic Arts, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Arndt JH, Brüll R, Macko T, Garg P, Tacx J. In-depth characterization of polyolefin plastomers/elastomers (ethylene/1-octene copolymers) through hyphenated chromatographic techniques. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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