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Chen B, Chen G, Zhang X, Zhang W, Tu Y, Wang C, Zheng Z. Electrical Conductivity Characteristic of Polyimide under Long-Term Combined Electron Irradiation and Thermal Cycle in Vacuum. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39145511 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c11229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
During long-term operation, low-earth-orbit spacecraft are exposed to a severe environment of electron irradiation and thermal cycle. This affects the electric properties of polyimide, an essential insulation material for spacecraft electrical transmission equipment, particularly the conductivity characteristic. Therefore, this paper investigates the conductivity and its evolution of polyimide after the combination of 20 keV, 8 nA/cm2 electron irradiation, and 243-343 K, 5 K/min thermal cycle in a vacuum environment for 432 h. The results show that the conductivity increases by about 2 orders of magnitude over 432 h, with the threshold field for electric-field-dependent conductivity decreasing. The conductivity growth rate varies, rising during the first 192 h, then increasing in the midelectric field, and decreasing in the high electric field regions. The thermally stimulated depolarization current method demonstrates that increases in γ, β1, and β2 trap densities, associated with enhanced motility of end groups, diamines, and dianhydrides after long-chain breaks, lead to higher conductivity and growth rate. Additionally, increases in β3 and α trap densities, related to increased C═O bonds and free radicals, reduce the threshold field and the conductivity growth rate in the range of 57.0-100.0 kV/mm after 192 h. These findings provide a reference for the performance evaluation and enhancement of spacecraft polyimide materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources and the Beijing Key Laboratory of High Voltage and EMC, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Geng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources and the Beijing Key Laboratory of High Voltage and EMC, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources and the Beijing Key Laboratory of High Voltage and EMC, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources and the Beijing Key Laboratory of High Voltage and EMC, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Youping Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources and the Beijing Key Laboratory of High Voltage and EMC, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources and the Beijing Key Laboratory of High Voltage and EMC, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources and the Beijing Key Laboratory of High Voltage and EMC, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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2
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Babai D, Pinkas I, Naveh D, Tenne R. Polyetherimide (PEI) nanocomposite with WS 2 nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:9917-9934. [PMID: 38686740 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00818a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials, integrating nanoscale additives into a polymer matrix, hold immense promise for their exceptional property amalgamation. This study delves into the fabrication and characterization of polyetherimide (PEI) nanocomposite strings fortified with multiwall WS2 nanotubes. The manufacturing process capitalizes on the preferential alignment of WS2 nanotubes along the string axis, corroborated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical measurements unveil a remarkable acceleration of strain hardening in the nanocomposite strings, chiefly attributed to the WS2 nanotubes. Structural analyses via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) reveal intriguing structural alterations during tensile deformation. Notably a semi-crystalline framework ∼100 nm in diameter surrounding the WS2 nanotubes emerges, which is stabilized by the π-π interactions between the PEI chains. The amorphous majority phase (97% by volume) undergoes also major structural changes upon strain becoming more compact and closing-up of the distance beweeetn the PEI chains. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrates improved thermal stability of the evolved semi-crystalline π-π oriented PEI molecules, characterized by delayed thermal "structural melting", underscoring the pivotal role of the WS2 nanotubes in reinforcing the nanocomposite. The insight gained in this study of WS2 nanotube-reinforced PEI nanocomposite strings, could offer diverse applications for such tailor-made polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dotan Babai
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 7600001, Israel.
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7600001, Israel
| | - Doron Naveh
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Reshef Tenne
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 7600001, Israel.
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Qiu J, Ma J, Han W, Wang X, Wang X, Heini M, Li B, Sun D, Zhang R, Shi Y, Gao C. Effects of Electron Irradiation and Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Polyimide Film. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3805. [PMID: 37765658 PMCID: PMC10535023 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyimide (PI) is widely deployed in space missions due to its good radiation resistance and durability. The influences from radiation and harsh temperatures should be carefully evaluated during the long-term service life. In the current work, the coupled thermal and radiation effects on the mechanical properties of PI samples were quantitatively investigated via experiments. At first, various PI specimens were prepared, and electron irradiation tests were conducted with different fluences. Then, both uniaxial tensile tests at room temperature and the dynamic mechanical analysis at varied temperatures of PI specimens with and without electron irradiation were performed. After that, uniaxial tensile tests at low and high temperatures were performed. The fracture surface of the PI film was observed using a scanning electron microscope, and its surface topography was measured using atomic force microscopy. In the meantime, the Fourier-transform infrared spectrum tests were conducted to check for chemical changes. In conclusion, the tensile tests showed that electron irradiation has a negligible effect during the linear stretching period but significantly impacts the hardening stage and elongation at break. Moreover, electron irradiation slightly influences the thermal properties of PI according to the differential scanning calorimetry results. However, both high and low temperatures dramatically affect the elastic modulus and elongation at break of PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- School of Chemistry and Civil Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Jusha Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Wenjia Han
- Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Xunchun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Maliya Heini
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Bingyang Li
- China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongyang Sun
- School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Electrical Information Engineering, Ningxia Institute of Science and Technology, Shizuishan 753000, China
| | - Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- School of Electrical Information Engineering, Ningxia Institute of Science and Technology, Shizuishan 753000, China
| | - Cunfa Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
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Butnaru I, Damaceanu MD. The Synergistic Effect of Triazine and Phosphaphenanthrene Units on the Physico-Chemical Behavior of Polyimides. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104072. [PMID: 37241813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim to develop polymers with appealing, multifunctional characteristics, a series of polyimides were designed by anchoring 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) units on the main polymer chains containing 1,3,5-triazine and several flexible moieties, such as ether, hexafluoroisopropylidene, or isopropylidene. A detailed study was conducted to establish structure-property correlations, with a focus on the synergistic effectiveness of triazine and DOPO moieties on the overall features of polyimides. The results evidenced good solubility of the polymers in organic solvents, their amorphous nature with short-range regular-packed polymer chains, and high thermal stability with no glass transition temperature below 300 °C. Spectrophotometric measurements revealed the existence of a strong charge transfer complex in these polymers that led to a "black" appearance, which generated broad absorption bands spanning on the overall visible range. Nevertheless, these polymers displayed green light emission associated with 1,3,5-triazine emitter. The electrochemical characteristics of the polyimides in solid state demonstrated their strong n-type doping character induced by three different structural elements with electron-acceptance capability. The useful properties of these polyimides, including optical, thermal, electrochemical, aesthetics, and opaqueness, endow them with several possible applications in the microelectronic field, such as protecting layers for the inner circuits against UV light deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Butnaru
- Electroactive Polymers and Plasmochemistry Laboratory, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana-Dana Damaceanu
- Electroactive Polymers and Plasmochemistry Laboratory, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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Zhang F, Yang R, Lu D. Investigation of Polymer Aging Mechanisms Using Molecular Simulations: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081928. [PMID: 37112075 PMCID: PMC10145009 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging has a serious impact on the properties of functional polymers. Therefore, it is necessary to study the aging mechanism to prolong the service and storage life of polymer-based devices and materials. Due to the limitations of traditional experimental methods, more and more studies have adopted molecular simulations to analyze the intrinsic mechanisms of aging. In this paper, recent advances in molecular simulations of the aging of polymers and their composites are reviewed. The characteristics and applications of commonly used simulation methods in the study of the aging mechanisms (traditional molecular dynamics simulation, quantum mechanics, and reactive molecular dynamics simulation) are outlined. The current simulation research progress of physical aging, aging under mechanical stress, thermal aging, hydrothermal aging, thermo-oxidative aging, electric aging, aging under high-energy particle impact, and radiation aging is introduced in detail. Finally, the current research status of the aging simulations of polymers and their composites is summarized, and the future development trend has been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Diannan Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Wang B, Xu T, Yu B, Zou J, Luan S. Optimization of Alkyl Side Chain Length in Polyimide for Gate Dielectrics to Achieve High Mobility and Outstanding Operational Stability in Organic Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7204-7216. [PMID: 36709451 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl chain modification strategies in both organic semiconductors and inorganic dielectrics play a crucial role in improving the performance of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). Polyimide (PI) and its derivatives have received extensive attention as dielectrics for application in OTFTs because of flexibility, high-temperature resistance, and low cost. However, low-temperature solution processing PI-based gate dielectric for flexible OTFTs with high mobility, low operating voltage, and high operational stability remains an enormous challenge. Furthermore, even though di-n-decyldinaphtho[2,3-b:2',3'-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (C10-DNTT) is known to have very high mobility as an air-stable and high-performance organic semiconductor, the C10-DNTT-based TFTs on the PI gate dielectrics still showed relatively low mobility. Here, inspired by alkyl side chain engineering, we design and synthesize a series of PI materials with different alkyl side chain lengths and systematically investigate the PI surface properties and the evolution of organic semiconductor morphology deposited on PI surfaces during the variation of alkyl side chain lengths. It is found that the alkyl side chain length has a critical influence on the PI surface properties, as well as the grain size and molecular orientation of semiconductors. Good field-effect characteristics are obtained with high mobilities (up to 1.05 and 5.22 cm2/Vs, which are some of the best values reported to date), relatively low operating voltage, hysteresis-free behavior, and high operational stability in OTFTs. These results suggest that the strategy of optimizing alkyl side-chain lengths opens up a new research avenue for tuning semiconductor growth to enable high mobility and outstanding operational stability of PI-based OTFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baotieliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, P. R. China
| | - Ting Xu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong266071, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin130022, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin130022, P. R. China
| | - Shifang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, P. R. China
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Tseng IH, Yang YH, Chen YT, Hsu LC. Tailoring Copper Chemical Status and Hydrophobicity of Biomimetic Photocatalytic Films for Carbon Dioxide Conversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5038-5048. [PMID: 36629448 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Naturally hierarchical nanostructures of leaves were successfully replicated on thermally stable polyimide (PI) films to obtain biomimetic substrates for the grafting of p-type semiconductor, cuprous oxide (Cu2O). The chemical states of Cu2O and the hydrophobicity on the photocatalytic films were tunable by altering the process time of ion-exchange or chemical reduction. The obtained photocatalytic films showed activity to photocatalytically convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into carbon monoxide (CO) under visible light illumination. The yield of CO was initially improved with the increasing hydrophobicity on the film but then leveled off. The photocatalytic activity could be further improved by tailoring the amount or composition of copper oxides. An optimum ratio of Cu2O and moderate basicity on the surface, as well as more metallic Cu from the bulk, will achieve more efficient interfacial charge transfer, resulting in a higher CO production rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsiang Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung407102, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuian Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung407102, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung407102, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Ching Hsu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu300092, Taiwan
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8
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The effects of atomic oxygen and ion irradiation degradation on multi-polymers: A combined ground-based exposure and ReaxFF-MD simulation. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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9
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Pu C, Lin D, Xu H, Liu F, Gao H, Tian G, Qi S, Wu D. Clarifying the effect of chemical structure on high-temperature resistance of polyimides based on DFT and ReaxFF based molecular dynamic simulation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Modulation of the optoelectronic properties of polyimide (Kapton-H) films by gamma irradiation for laser attenuation and flexible space structures. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Feng C, Yu SS. 3D Printing of Thermal Insulating Polyimide/Cellulose Nanocrystal Composite Aerogels with Low Dimensional Shrinkage. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3614. [PMID: 34771171 PMCID: PMC8588507 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyimide (PI)-based aerogels have been widely applied to aviation, automobiles, and thermal insulation because of their high porosity, low density, and excellent thermal insulating ability. However, the fabrication of PI aerogels is still restricted to the traditional molding process, and it is often challenging to prepare high-performance PI aerogels with complex 3D structures. Interestingly, renewable nanomaterials such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) may provide a unique approach for 3D printing, mechanical reinforcement, and shape fidelity of the PI aerogels. Herein, we proposed a facile water-based 3D printable ink with sustainable nanofillers, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Polyamic acid was first mixed with triethylamine to form an aqueous solution of polyamic acid ammonium salts (PAAS). CNCs were then dispersed in the aqueous PAAS solution to form a reversible physical network for direct ink writing (DIW). Further freeze-drying and thermal imidization produced porous PI/CNC composite aerogels with increased mechanical strength. The concentration of CNCs needed for DIW was reduced in the presence of PAAS, potentially because of the depletion effect of the polymer solution. Further analysis suggested that the physical network of CNCs lowered the shrinkage of aerogels during preparation and improved the shape-fidelity of the PI/CNC composite aerogels. In addition, the composite aerogels retained low thermal conductivity and may be used as heat management materials. Overall, our approach successfully utilized CNCs as rheological modifiers and reinforcement to 3D print strong PI/CNC composite aerogels for advanced thermal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao Feng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Sheng Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Core Facility Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Program on Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing, Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Investigation of Wettability, Drying and Water Condensation on Polyimide (Kapton) Films Treated by Atmospheric Pressure Air Dielectric Barrier Discharge. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10070619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the investigation of influence of air atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge on polyimide (Kapton) films. It is shown that plasma treatment causes a significant increase of Kapton wettability that is connected with alterations of its chemical composition (oxidation) induced by dielectric barrier discharge. Observed variations in the wettability of Kapton were also found to be accompanied by changes in the dynamics of water droplets drying on plasma-treated Kapton, namely by the reduction of the constant contact angle phase of the droplet drying. This effect may be ascribed to the higher surface heterogeneity of plasma-treated Kapton that causes pinning of the edges of drying droplet on the Kapton surface. Finally, the differences in wettability induced by the plasma treatment led to a different way, how the water condensates on the Kapton surface: while the condensing water forms large amount of small droplets on untreated Kapton, much bigger water structures were found on the Kapton exposed to atmospheric plasma.
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Abstract
Polyimide (PI, Kapton-H®) films are widely utilized in the spacecraft industry for their insulating properties, mechanical durability, light weight, and chemical resistance to radiation. Still PI materials remain exposed to a combination of high-energy electrons, protons, and ultraviolet (UV) photons, particles primarily responsible for radiation-induced damage in geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO), which drastically change PI’s properties. This work reviews the effect of electron, proton, and UV photon irradiation on the material properties (morphology, absorption, mechanical properties, and charge transport) of PI. The different damaging mechanisms and chemical consequences that drive changes in the material properties of PI caused by each individual kind of irradiation will be discussed in detail.
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