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Liang X, Kojima T, Ito M, Amino N, Liu H, Koishi M, Nakajima K. In Situ Nanostress Visualization Method to Reveal the Micromechanical Mechanism of Nanocomposites by Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12414-12422. [PMID: 36852783 PMCID: PMC9999342 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanomechanical technique was used to directly visualize the micromechanical behaviors of polymer nanocomposites during compressive strain. We obtained a stress distribution image of carbon black (CB)-filled rubber at the nanoscale for the first time, and we traced the microscopic deformation behaviors of CB particles. Through this experiment, we directly revealed the microscopic reinforcement mechanisms of rubber composites. We found that CB-filled rubbers exhibited heterogeneous local microscopic deformations, which were related to the dispersion of CB particles in rubber matrices. The local stress distributions of the rubber composites showed heterogeneity, and the stresses were concentrated in the regions near the CB particles during compression. The area of stress concentration gradually expanded with increasing strain and eventually formed a stress network structure. This stress network bore most of the macroscopic stress and was considered the key reinforcement mechanism of CB-filled rubber. The stress transfer process in the rubber matrix was visualized in real space for the first time. Based on the image data from the AFM experiments, we used finite-element method (FEM) simulations to reproduce the microscopic deformation process of CB-filled rubber. The stress distribution images simulated by FEM showed heterogeneity consistent with AFM. In this study, an in situ visualization of material deformation confirmed the predictions of microscopic deformation behavior from previous theories and models; it also provided new insights into the microscopic reinforcement mechanisms of CB-filled rubber composites based on microscopic stress distribution images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liang
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- AI
Laboratory, The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., 2-1, Oiwake, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-8601, Japan
| | - Makiko Ito
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Naoya Amino
- AI
Laboratory, The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., 2-1, Oiwake, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-8601, Japan
| | - Haonan Liu
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masataka Koishi
- AI
Laboratory, The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., 2-1, Oiwake, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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Vulcanization kinetics of natural rubber and strain softening behaviors of gum vulcanizates tailored by deep eutectic solvents. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Influence of Centrifugation Cycles of Natural Rubber Latex on Final Properties of Uncrosslinked Deproteinized Natural Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132713. [PMID: 35808758 PMCID: PMC9269511 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a polymer (blend) extracted from the milky sap of para rubber trees. Due to being a natural biopolymer, NRL contains various proteins that may be allergenic to humans when in skin contact. Attempts have been made to use deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) instead of impure NRL, and the final properties of these two types of rubber tend to differ. Thus, the correlations between their chemistry and properties are of focal interest in this work. DPNR was prepared by incubating NRL with urea, followed by aqueous washing/centrifugation. The physical, mechanical, and dynamic properties of incubated NRL before and after washing/centrifugation were examined to distinguish its influences from those of incubation with urea. According to the findings, the proteins, phospholipids, and chain entanglements were responsible for natural polymer networks formed in the NR. Although the proteins were largely removed from the latex by incubation, the properties of high ammonia natural rubber (HANR) were still maintained in its DPNR form, showing that other network linkages dominated over those contributed by the proteins. In the incubated latex, the naturally occurring linkages were consistently reduced with the number of wash cycles.
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Wang W, Yao Q, Sun A, Wang W. Nanomechanical behavior of hierarchical self‐assemblies of perylene bisimide derivatives. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Qing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Abin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Wenpin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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Zhang J, Huang C, Zhu Y, Huang G, Wu J. Toughening polyisoprene rubber with sacrificial bonds: The interplay between molecular mobility, energy dissipation and strain-induced crystallization. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang X, Sun S, Ning N, Yan S, Wu X, Lu Y, Zhang L. Visualization and Quantification of the Microstructure Evolution of Isoprene Rubber during Uniaxial Stretching Using AFM Nanomechanical Mapping. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuquan Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Nanying Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic−Organic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic−Organic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yonglai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic−Organic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic−Organic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Li Z, Wen F, Hussain M, Song Y, Zheng Q. Scaling laws of Mullins effect in nitrile butadiene rubber nanocomposites. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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