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Bjurström A, Edin H, Hillborg H, Nilsson F, Olsson RT, Pierre M, Unge M, Hedenqvist MS. A Review of Polyolefin-Insulation Materials in High Voltage Transmission; From Electronic Structures to Final Products. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401464. [PMID: 38870339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of polyolefins in high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) cables and capacitors. A short description of the latest evolution and current use of HVDC cables and capacitors is first provided, followed by the basics of electric insulation and capacitor functions. Methods to determine dielectric properties are described, including charge transport, space charges, resistivity, dielectric loss, and breakdown strength. The semicrystalline structure of polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene is described, and the way it relates to the dielectric properties is discussed. A significant part of the review is devoted to describing the state of art of the modeling and prediction of electric or dielectric properties of polyolefins with consideration of both atomistic and continuum approaches. Furthermore, the effects of the purity of the materials and the presence of nanoparticles are presented, and the review ends with the sustainability aspects of these materials. In summary, the effective use of modeling in combination with experimental work is described as an important route toward understanding and designing the next generations of materials for electrical insulation in high-voltage transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Bjurström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- NKT HV Cables, Technology Consulting, Västerås, SE-721 78, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Hans Edin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Division of Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hillborg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- Hitachi Energy Research, Västerås, SE-721 78, Sweden
| | - Fritjof Nilsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, SE-851 70, Sweden
| | - Richard T Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Max Pierre
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Mikael Unge
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- NKT HV Cables, Technology Consulting, Västerås, SE-721 78, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Mikael S Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
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2
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Pourrahimi AM, Mauri M, D'Auria S, Pinalli R, Müller C. Alternative Concepts for Extruded Power Cable Insulation: from Thermosets to Thermoplastics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313508. [PMID: 38607958 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The most common type of insulation of extruded high-voltage power cables is composed of low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which must be crosslinked to adjust its thermomechanical properties. A major drawback is the need for hazardous curing agents and the release of harmful curing byproducts during cable production, while the thermoset nature complicates reprocessing of the insulation material. This perspective explores recent progress in the development of alternative concepts that allow to avoid byproducts through either click chemistry type curing of polyethylene-based copolymers or the use of polyolefin blends or copolymers, which entirely removes the need for crosslinking. Moreover, polypropylene-based thermoplastic formulations enable the design of insulation materials that can withstand higher cable operating temperatures and facilitate reprocessing by remelting once the cable reaches the end of its lifetime. Finally, polyethylene-based covalent and non-covalent adaptable networks are explored, which may allow to combine the advantages of thermoset and thermoplastic insulation materials in terms of thermomechanical properties and reprocessability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Masoud Pourrahimi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Massimiliano Mauri
- Department of Materials Engineering, Nexans Norway AS, Knivsøveien 70, Berg i Østfold, 1788, Norway
| | - Silvia D'Auria
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, 43124, Italy
| | - Roberta Pinalli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, 43124, Italy
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
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Rahaman M, Paikaray B, Islam M, Mondal S, Moharana J, Pandiaraj S, Periyasami G, Giri R. Simultaneous Effect of EBR on LLDPE and PDMS Rubber Blends and Its Nanocomposites for Cable Applications. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:828-836. [PMID: 38222534 PMCID: PMC10785612 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The impact of electron beam radiation on the blend of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rubber at different doses from 50 to 300 kGy has been investigated. The irradiated sheets were examined for their morphology, gel content, thermal stability, melt behavior, and electrical and dielectric properties. The radiation treatment has reduced both the melting point and crystallinity of base polymers and their blends because of chain scission. As observed, 100 kGy doses of irradiated blend and 3 wt % of loaded nanosilica composite showed comparatively good thermal stability. The phase morphology of the LLDPE: PDMS rubber blend showed a honeycomb-like design before irradiation because of two-stage morphology, which prominently changed into a solitary stage after electron beam irradiation. This is because of intermolecular cross-link arrangement inside the singular parts, just like cross-linking development at the interface. From the AQFESEM study, it is observed that the stacking of nanosilica particles within the blend matrix is greatly reduced after electron beam irradiation. The addition of nanosilica within the blend increased the electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity. The dielectric breakdown strength has been observed to be the highest for 3 wt % loaded nanocomposite and its irradiated sample. The result indicates that the nanocomposite can be utilized for high-voltage cable applications in indoor and outdoor fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafizur Rahaman
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bibhudatta Paikaray
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, GITA Autonomous
College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752054, India
| | - Mobasserul Islam
- Department
of Manufacturing Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Subhadip Mondal
- Department
of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | | | - Saravanan Pandiaraj
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Govindasami Periyasami
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radhashyam Giri
- Department
of Plastics Technology, CIPET: Institute
of Petrochemicals Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600032, India
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Tsou CH, Zeng R, Tsou CY, Chen JC, Sun YL, Ma ZL, De Guzman MR, Tu LJ, Tian XY, Wu CS. Mechanical, Hydrophobic, and Barrier Properties of Nanocomposites of Modified Polypropylene Reinforced with Low-Content Attapulgite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173696. [PMID: 36080772 PMCID: PMC9459951 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attapulgite (ATT) has never been used as a barrier additive in polypropylene (PP). As a filler, ATT should be added in high content to PP. However, that would result in increased costs. Moreover, the compatibility between ATT and the PP matrix is poor due to the lack of functional groups in PP. In this study, carboxylic groups were introduced to PP to form a modified polypropylene (MPP). ATT was purified, and a low content of it was added to MPP to prepare MPP/ATT nanocomposites. The analysis from FTIR indicated that ATT could react with MPP. According to the results of oxygen and water permeability tests, the barrier performance of the nanocomposite was optimal when the ATT content was 0.4%. This great improvement in barrier performance might be ascribed to the following three reasons: (1) The existence of ATT extended the penetration path of O2 or H2O molecules; (2) O2 or H2O molecules may be adsorbed and stored in the porous structure of ATT; (3) Most importantly, –COOH of MPP reacted with –OH on the surface of ATT, thereby the inner structure of the nanocomposite was denser, and it was less permeable to molecules. Therefore, nanocomposites prepared by adding ATT to MPP have excellent properties and low cost. They can be used as food packaging materials and for other related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hui Tsou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Sichuan Zhixiangyi Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610051, China
- Correspondence: (C.-H.T.); (C.-S.W.)
| | - Rui Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Chih-Yuan Tsou
- Sichuan Zhixiangyi Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610051, China
- Sichuan Zhirenfa Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zigong 643000, China
| | - Jui-Chin Chen
- Department of Material and Textile, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Li Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Zheng-Lu Ma
- Sichuan Vocational College of Chemical Technology, Luzhou 646300, China
| | - Manuel Reyes De Guzman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Lian-Jie Tu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Tian
- Department of Material and Textile, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Chin-San Wu
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung 82101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.T.); (C.-S.W.)
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Soroudi A, Ouyang Y, Nilsson F, Östergren I, Xu X, Li Z, Pourrahimi AM, Hedenqvist M, Gkourmpis T, Hagstrand PO, Müller C. Highly insulating thermoplastic nanocomposites based on a polyolefin ternary blend for high-voltage direct current power cables. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7927-7933. [PMID: 35593376 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08255h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Octyl-silane-coated Al2O3 nanoparticles are found to be a promising conductivity-reducing additive for thermoplastic ternary blends comprising low-density polyethylene (LDPE), isotactic polypropylene and a styrenic copolymer. The ternary blend nanocomposites were prepared by compounding the blend components together with an LDPE-based masterbatch that contained the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles did not affect the superior stiffness of the ternary blends, compared to neat LDPE, between the melting temperatures of the two polyolefins. As a result, ternary blend nanocomposites comprising 38 wt% polypropylene displayed a storage modulus of more than 10 MPa up to at least 150 °C, independent of the chosen processing conditions. Moreover, the ternary blend nanocomposites featured a low direct-current electrical conductivity of about 3 × 10-15 S m-1 at 70 °C and an electric field of 30 kV mm-1, which could only be achieved through the presence of both polypropylene and Al2O3 nanoparticles. This synergistic conductivity-reducing effect may facilitate the design of more resistive thermoplastic insulation materials for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power cables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Soroudi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yingwei Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Fritjof Nilsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- FSCN research centre, Mid Sweden University, 85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Ida Östergren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Zerui Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Amir Masoud Pourrahimi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Gkourmpis
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis AB, 44486 Stenungsund, Sweden.
| | | | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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6
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Hong S, Lee SH, Han JA, Ahn MS, Park H, Han SW, Lee DH, Yu S. Polypropylene‐based soft ternary blends for power cable insulation at
low‐to‐high
temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin‐Ki Hong
- Insulation Materials Research Center Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) Changwon South Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Lee
- Insulation Materials Research Center Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) Changwon South Korea
- Department of Organic Materials Science and Engineering Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Jin Ah Han
- Insulation Materials Research Center Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) Changwon South Korea
| | - Myung Sang Ahn
- Insulation Materials Research Center Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) Changwon South Korea
| | - Hoyyul Park
- Insulation Materials Research Center Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) Changwon South Korea
| | - Se Won Han
- Insulation Materials Research Center Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) Changwon South Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Insulation Materials Research Center Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) Changwon South Korea
| | - Seunggun Yu
- Insulation Materials Research Center Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) Changwon South Korea
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7
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Wang K, Chen L, Gao Y, Jiang D, Quan Y, Yan S. Effect of morphology development on the low‐temperature tensile properties of
PP
/
POE
blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kairui Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Yun Gao
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Dengchao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Yiwu Quan
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Shanzhi Yan
- Research and development center Jiangsu Jinsanli Power Equipment Industrial Co. Nanjing China
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