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Zhao C, Xie H, Huang H, Cai Y, Chen Z, Cheng J, Xiang D, Li D, Li Z, Wu Y. Superhydrophobic/ superoleophilic polystyrene-based porous material with superelasticity for highly efficient and continuous oil/water separation in harsh environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134566. [PMID: 38743973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional separation materials with robust physical/chemical stability have great demand for effective and continuous separation of immiscible oil/water mixtures and water-in-oil emulsions, resulting from chemical leakages and discharge of industrial oily wastewaters. Herein, a superelastic polystyrene-based porous material with superhydrophobicity/superoleophilicity was designed and prepared by high internal phase emulsion polymerization to meet the aforementioned requirements. A flexible and hydrophobic aminopropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (NH2-PDMS-NH2) segment was introduced into the rigid styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer through 1, 4-conjugate addition reaction with trimethylolpropane triacrylate. The addition of NH2-PDMS-NH2 simultaneously improved the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of the porous material (the water contact angle from 141.2° to 152.2°). The material exhibited outstanding reversible compressibility (80% strain, even in liquid N2 environments) and superhydrophobic stability, even after being repeatedly compressed 100 times, water contact angle still remained above 150°. Meanwhile, the as-prepared material had outstanding hydrophobic stability in corrosive solutions (strong acidic, alkaline, high-salty, and even strong polar solvent), presence of mechanical interference, strong UV radiations, and high/low temperature environments. More importantly, the material could continuously and efficiently separate immiscible oil/water mixture and water-in-oil emulsions under the above conditions, showing huge potential for the large-scale remediation of complex oily wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhao
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Hongxia Xie
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Haoran Huang
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Yi Cai
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Dong Li
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
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Koler A, Brus J, Krajnc P. RAFT Polymerisation and Hypercrosslinking Improve Crosslink Homogeneity and Surface Area of Styrene Based PolyHIPEs. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102255. [PMID: 37242829 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of a polymerisation mechanism (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer; RAFT vs. free radical polymerisation; FRP) on the porous structure of highly porous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) polymers was investigated. The highly porous polymers were synthesised via high internal phase emulsion templating (polymerizing the continuous phase of a high internal phase emulsion), utilising either FRP or RAFT processes. Furthermore, residual vinyl groups in the polymer chains were used for the subsequent crosslinking (hypercrosslinking) applying di-tert-butyl peroxide as the source of radicals. A significant difference in the specific surface area of polymers prepared by FRP (between 20 and 35 m2/g) and samples prepared by RAFT polymerisation (between 60 and 150 m2/g) was found. Based on the results from gas adsorption and solid state NMR, it could be concluded that the RAFT polymerisation affects the homogeneous distribution of the crosslinks in the highly crosslinked styrene-co-divinylbenzene polymer network. During the initial crosslinking, RAFT polymerisation leads to the increase in mesopores with diameters between 2 and 20 nm, resulting in good accessibility of polymer chains during the hypercrosslinking reaction, which is reflected in increased microporosity. The fraction of micropores created during the hypercrosslinking of polymers prepared via RAFT is around 10% of the total pore volume, which is up to 10 times more than for polymers prepared by FRP. Specific surface area, mesopore surface area, and total pore volume after hypercrosslinking reach almost the same values, regardless of the initial crosslinking. The degree of hypercrosslinking was confirmed by determination of the remaining double bonds by solid-state NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeja Koler
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jiři Brus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Krajnc
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Hobiger V, Koler A, Kotek J, Krajnc P. Emulsion templated poly(thiol-enes): Selective oxidation improves mechanical properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2023.105551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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A Multi − Site initiation reversible Addition − Fragmentation Chain − Transfer electrochemical cocaine sensing. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhao C, Huang H, Li J, Li Y, Xiang D, Wu Y, Wang G, Qin M. Facile Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Graphene/Polystyrene Foams for Efficient and Continuous Separation of Immiscible and Emulsified Oil/Water Mixtures. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112289. [PMID: 35683962 PMCID: PMC9183141 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional superhydrophobic/superlipophilic porous materials have attracted widespread attention for use in the separation of oil/water mixtures. However, a simple strategy to prepare superhydrophobic porous materials capable of efficient and continuous separation of immiscible and emulsified oil/water mixtures has not yet been realized. Herein, a superhydrophobic graphene/polystyrene composite material with a micro-nanopore structure was prepared by a single-step reaction through high internal phase emulsion polymerization. Graphene was introduced into the polystyrene-based porous materials to not only enhance the flexibility of the matrix, but also increase the overall hydrophobicity of the composite materials. The resulting as-prepared monoliths had excellent mechanical properties, were superhydrophobic/superoleophilic (water/oil contact angles were 151° and 0°, respectively), and could be used to continuously separate immiscible oil/water mixtures with a separation efficiency that exceeded 99.6%. Due to the size-dependent filtration and the tortuous and lengthy micro-nano permeation paths, our foams were also able to separate surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil microemulsions. This work demonstrates a facile strategy for preparing superhydrophobic foams for the efficient and continuous separation of immiscible and emulsified oil/water mixtures, and the resulting materials have highly promising application potentials in large-scale oily wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhao
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (H.H.); (J.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (G.W.)
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Haoran Huang
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (H.H.); (J.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (G.W.)
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (H.H.); (J.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (G.W.)
| | - Yuntao Li
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (H.H.); (J.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (G.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (H.H.); (J.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (G.W.)
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (H.H.); (J.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (G.W.)
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Ge Wang
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (H.H.); (J.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (G.W.)
| | - Mingwang Qin
- School of Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Nanchong 637001, China;
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Polysaccharide-based, emulsion-templated, porous poly(urethane urea)s: Composition, catalysis, cell growth. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kim S, Kim JQ, Choi SQ, Kim K. Interconnectivity and morphology control of poly-high internal phase emulsions under photo-polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01175h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We here demonstrate that the interconnectivity and morphology of photo-polymerized HIPEs can be controlled by changing the type of initiators and stabilizers, and the intensity of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subeen Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Q. Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Q. Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea
| | - KyuHan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology (SeoulTech), Republic of Korea
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Khodabandeh A, Arrua RD, Thickett SC, Hilder EF. Utilizing RAFT Polymerization for the Preparation of Well-Defined Bicontinuous Porous Polymeric Supports: Application to Liquid Chromatography Separation of Biomolecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32075-32083. [PMID: 34190530 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-based monolithic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns are normally obtained by conventional free-radical polymerization. Despite being straightforward, this approach has serious limitations with respect to controlling the structural homogeneity of the monolith. Herein, we explore a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method for the fabrication of porous polymers with well-defined porous morphology and surface chemistry in a confined 200 μm internal diameter (ID) capillary format. This is achieved via the controlled polymerization-induced phase separation (controlled PIPS) synthesis of poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) in the presence of a RAFT agent dissolved in an organic solvent. The effects of the radical initiator/RAFT molar ratio as well as the nature and amount of the organic solvent were studied to target cross-linked porous polymers that were chemically bonded to the inner wall of a modified silica-fused capillary. The morphological and surface properties of the obtained polymers were thoroughly characterized by in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments, elemental analyses, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) revealing the physicochemical properties of these styrene-based materials. When compared with conventional synthetic methods, the controlled-PIPS approach affects the kinetics of polymerization by delaying the onset of phase separation, enabling the construction of materials with a smaller pore size. The results demonstrated the potential of the controlled-PIPS approach for the design of porous monolithic columns suitable for liquid separation of biomolecules such as peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminreza Khodabandeh
- UniSA STEM, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - R Dario Arrua
- UniSA STEM, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Stuart C Thickett
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Emily F Hilder
- UniSA STEM, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Kramer S, Cameron NR, Krajnc P. Porous Polymers from High Internal Phase Emulsions as Scaffolds for Biological Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111786. [PMID: 34071683 PMCID: PMC8198890 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs), with densely packed droplets of internal phase and monomers dispersed in the continuous phase, are now an established medium for porous polymer preparation (polyHIPEs). The ability to influence the pore size and interconnectivity, together with the process scalability and a wide spectrum of possible chemistries are important advantages of polyHIPEs. In this review, the focus on the biomedical applications of polyHIPEs is emphasised, in particular the applications of polyHIPEs as scaffolds/supports for biological cell growth, proliferation and tissue (re)generation. An overview of the polyHIPE preparation methodology is given and possibilities of morphology tuning are outlined. In the continuation, polyHIPEs with different chemistries and their interaction with biological systems are described. A further focus is given to combined techniques and advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanko Kramer
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence: (N.R.C.); (P.K.)
| | - Peter Krajnc
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (N.R.C.); (P.K.)
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Horowitz A, Shaul G, Silverstein MS. One‐pot emulsion templating for simultaneous hydrothermal carbonization and hydrogel synthesis: porous structures, nitrogen contents and activation. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adi Horowitz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Gil Shaul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Michael S Silverstein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
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Kapilov-Buchman K, Bialystocki T, Niezni D, Perry L, Levenberg S, Silverstein MS. Porous polycaprolactone and polycarbonate poly(urethane urea)s via emulsion templating: structures, properties, cell growth. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01106e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macroporous, emulsion-templated, linear poly(urethane urea) elastomers were synthesized from polyols (poly(ε-caprolactone)s or polycarbonates) and a diisocyanate. Growing cells adhered to the walls, spread, and penetrated into the porous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Kapilov-Buchman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Tslil Bialystocki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Danna Niezni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Luba Perry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Michael S. Silverstein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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