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Lima GMR, Mukherjee A, Picchioni F, Bose RK. Characterization of Biodegradable Polymers for Porous Structure: Further Steps toward Sustainable Plastics. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1147. [PMID: 38675066 PMCID: PMC11054705 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution poses a significant environmental challenge, necessitating the investigation of bioplastics with reduced end-of-life impact. This study systematically characterizes four promising bioplastics-polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polybutylene succinate (PBS), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and polylactic acid (PLA). Through a comprehensive analysis of their chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties, we elucidate their structural intricacies, processing behaviors, and potential morphologies. Employing an environmentally friendly process utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide, we successfully produced porous materials with microcellular structures. PBAT, PBS, and PLA exhibit closed-cell morphologies, while PHBV presents open cells, reflecting their distinct overall properties. Notably, PBAT foam demonstrated an average porous area of 1030.86 μm2, PBS showed an average porous area of 673 μm2, PHBV displayed open pores with an average area of 116.6 μm2, and PLA exhibited an average porous area of 620 μm2. Despite the intricacies involved in correlating morphology with material properties, the observed variations in pore area sizes align with the findings from chemical, thermal, and mechanical characterization. This alignment enhances our understanding of the morphological characteristics of each sample. Therefore, here, we report an advancement and comprehensive research in bioplastics, offering deeper insights into their properties and potential morphologies with an easy sustainable foaming process. The alignment of the process with sustainability principles, coupled with the unique features of each polymer, positions them as environmentally conscious and versatile materials for a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ranjita K. Bose
- Product Technology Department, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.M.R.L.); (A.M.); (F.P.)
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Rainglet B, Besognet P, Benoit C, Delage K, Bounor-Legaré V, Forest C, Cassagnau P, Chalamet Y. TPV Foaming by CO 2 Extrusion: Processing and Modelling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214513. [PMID: 36365507 PMCID: PMC9655171 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the extrusion foaming under CO2 of commercial TPV and how the process influences the final morphology of the foam. Moreover, numerical modelling of the cell growth of the extrusion foaming is developed. The results show how a precise control on the saturation pressure, die geometry, temperature and nucleation can provide a homogeneous foam having a low density (<500 kg/m3). This work demonstrates that an optimum of CO2 content must be determined to control the coalescence phenomenon that appears for high levels of CO2. This is explained by longer residence times in the die (time of growth under confinement) and an early nucleation (expansion on the die destabilizes the polymer flow). Finally, this work proposes a model to predict the influence of CO2 on the flow (plasticizing effect) and a global model to simulate the extrusion process and foaming inside and outside the die. For well-chosen nucleation parameters, the model predicts the final mean radius of the cell foam as well as final foam density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Rainglet
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 23 rue Dr. P. Michelon, CEDEX, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul Besognet
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 23 rue Dr. P. Michelon, CEDEX, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Cyril Benoit
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 23 rue Dr. P. Michelon, CEDEX, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Karim Delage
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, CEDEX, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Véronique Bounor-Legaré
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, CEDEX, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Charlène Forest
- Centre de Recherche, Hutchinson, Rue Gustave Nourry—B.P. 31, 45120 Chalette-sur-Loing, France
| | - Philippe Cassagnau
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet, CEDEX, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yvan Chalamet
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Univ-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, 23 rue Dr. P. Michelon, CEDEX, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- Correspondence:
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Gao X, Chen Y, Xu Z, Zhao L, Hu D. Supercritical CO 2 Foaming of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composite: Simultaneous Simulation of Cell Nucleation and Growth Coupling in Situ Visualization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yichong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhimei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dongdong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Sandino C, Peuvrel-Disdier E, Agassant JF, Laure P, Boyer SAE, Hibert G, Trolez Y. Extrusion foaming of linear and branched polypropylenes – input of the thermomechanical analysis of pressure drop in the die. INT POLYM PROC 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2022-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper aims at a better understanding of the polypropylene (PP) physical extrusion foaming process with the objective of obtaining the lowest possible foam density. Two branched PPs were compared to the corresponding linear ones. Their shear and elongation viscosities were measured as well as their crystalline properties. Trials were conducted in a single screw extruder equipped with a gear pump and a static mixer cooler to adjust the melt temperature at the final die. The effect of decreasing this temperature on the PP foamability and on the pressure drop in the die was analyzed. The foam density of branched PPs varies from high to low values while decreasing the foaming temperature. In the same processing conditions, the foam density of linear PPs does not decrease so much, as already evidenced in the literature. The foamability transition coincides with an increase of the pressure drop in the die. The originality of the work lies in the thermomechanical analysis of the polymer flow in the die which allows the identification of the relevant physical phenomena for a good foamability. The comparison of the experimental pressure drops in the die and the computed ones with the identified purely viscous behavior points out the influence of the foaming temperature and of the PP structure. At high foaming temperature the discrepancy between experimental measurements and the computed pressure drops remains limited. It increases when decreasing the foaming temperature, but the mismatch is much more important for branched PPs than for linear ones. This difference is analyzed as a combination of the activation energy of the viscosity, the elongational viscosity in the convergent geometry of the die which is much more important for branched PPs than for linear ones, and the onset of crystallization which occurs at higher temperature for branched PPs than for linear PPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sandino
- Mines Paris, PSL University , Centre de mise en forme des matériaux (CEMEF), CNRS UMR 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex , France
| | - Edith Peuvrel-Disdier
- Mines Paris, PSL University , Centre de mise en forme des matériaux (CEMEF), CNRS UMR 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex , France
| | - Jean-François Agassant
- Mines Paris, PSL University , Centre de mise en forme des matériaux (CEMEF), CNRS UMR 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex , France
| | - Patrice Laure
- Mines Paris, PSL University , Centre de mise en forme des matériaux (CEMEF), CNRS UMR 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex , France
- Laboratoire J.-A. Dieudonné, CNRS UMR 6621 , Université Côte d’Azur , Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02 , France
| | - Séverine A. E. Boyer
- Mines Paris, PSL University , Centre de mise en forme des matériaux (CEMEF), CNRS UMR 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex , France
| | - Geoffrey Hibert
- TotalEnergies One Tech Belgium , Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B 7181 Feluy , Belgium
| | - Yves Trolez
- TotalEnergies One Tech Belgium , Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B 7181 Feluy , Belgium
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Zhu Y, Liu Q, Zhang R, Cao P, Luo G, Yuan H, Zhang J, Sun Y, Shen Q. Numerical simulation of polymethyl‐methacrylate supercritical fluid foaming process: Bubble growth dynamics. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhu
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Qiwen Liu
- Hubei Key Lab of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ruizhi Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering Beijing University of Technology Beijing China
| | - Guoqiang Luo
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Chaozhou China
| | - Huan Yuan
- School of Automotive Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Qiang Shen
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
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Rainglet B, Verron L, Chalamet Y, Bounor‐Legaré V, Delage K, Forest C, Cassagnau P. New Reactive Formulations For Polypropylene Foams. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Rainglet
- Univ‐Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 France
| | - Lucas Verron
- Univ‐Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 France
| | - Yvan Chalamet
- Univ‐Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 France
| | - Véronique Bounor‐Legaré
- Univ‐Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 France
| | - Karim Delage
- Univ‐Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 France
| | - Charlène Forest
- Hutchinson, Centre de Recherche Rue Gustave Nourry – B.P. 31 Chalette‐sur‐Loing 45120 – France
| | - Philippe Cassagnau
- Univ‐Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, CNRS UMR 5223, 15 Bd Latarjet Villeurbanne Cedex 69622 France
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Extensional rheology and CO 2 foaming of thermoplastics vulcanizates: Influence of the crosslinking chemistry. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221080677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the ability of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) (materials based on PP/EPDM blend) to foam under CO2 batch conditions. The EPDM phase, which is dispersed into the PP phase, was dynamically crosslinked either by a phenolic resin (Resol) or by a radical peroxide (dicumyl peroxide). The results show an influence of the crosslinking chemistry on the extensional viscosity of the TPV. Regarding radical chemistry, the peroxide induces polypropylene degradation by β-scission reaction during the dynamic crosslinking process. As a result, the ability of the TPV to deform under extensional flow (Hencky deformation at break <0.5) is greatly reduced. On the contrary, the Resol-based TPV has demonstrated a non-linear viscosity behaviour (strain hardening) and a great ability to deform (Hencky deformation at break >1.5). This unexpected result for a non-homogeneous system can be explained by the confinement of the PP phase between EPDM nodules which gives to the PP chains a gel rheological behaviour. In addition, the influence of the addition of carbon black filler has also been studied. Finally, the relationship between extensional viscosity and physical foaming has been investigated. As for a homogeneous polymer, the extensional viscosity has been proved to be a key factor to estimate the foaming behaviour of complex systems like TPV. Hence, the importance of non-linear viscosity for a multi-phasic polymer to ensure foaming ability has been demonstrated.
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Zhu J, Li X, Weng Y, Tan B, Zhang S. Fabrication of microcellular epoxidized natural rubber foam with superior ductility by designable chemical and physical crosslinking networks. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Song M, Luo W, Feng S, Jiang W, Ge Y, Liu T. Effect of viscoelasticity on the foaming behaviour of long-chain branched polypropylene with different branching degrees analysed by using bubble-growth modelling. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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