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Ma Z, Yin T, Jiang Z, Weng Y, Zhang C. Bio-based epoxidized soybean oil branched cardanol ethers as compatibilizers of polybutylene succinate (PBS)/polyglycolic acid (PGA) blends. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129319. [PMID: 38211920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Blending poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with another biodegradable polymer, polyglycolic acid (PGA), has been demonstrated to improve the barrier performance of PBS. However, blending these two polymers poses a challenge because of their incompatibility and large difference of their melting temperatures. In this study, we synthesized epoxidized soybean oil branched cardanol ether (ESOn-ECD), a bio-based and environmentally friendly compatibilizer, and used it to enhance the compatibility of PBS/PGA blends. It was demonstrated that the terminal carboxyl/hydroxyl groups of PBS and PGA can react with ESOn-ECD in situ, leading to branching and chain extension of PBS and PGA. The addition of ESO3-ECD to the blend considerably diminished the dispersed phase of PGA. Specifically, in comparison to the PBS/PGA blend without a compatibilizer, the diameter of the PGA phase decreased from 2.04 μm to 0.45 μm after the addition of 0.7 phr of ESO3-ECD, and the boundary between the two phases became difficult to distinguish. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the blends were improved after addition of ESO3-ECD. This research expands the potential applications of these materials and promotes the use of bio-based components in blend formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tian Yin
- China Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemical Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikui Jiang
- China Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemical Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Caili Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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2
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Little A, Ma S, Haddleton DM, Tan B, Sun Z, Wan C. Synthesis and Characterization of High Glycolic Acid Content Poly(glycolic acid- co-butylene adipate- co-butylene terephthalate) and Poly(glycolic acid- co-butylene succinate) Copolymers with Improved Elasticity. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38658-38667. [PMID: 37867663 PMCID: PMC10586444 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) is a biodegradable polymer with high gas barrier properties, mechanical strength, and heat deflection temperature. However, PGA's brittleness severely limits its application in packaging, creating a need to develop PGA-based copolymers with improved elasticity that maintain its barrier properties and hydrolytic degradability. In this work, a series of PGBAT (poly(glycolic acid-co-butylene) adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) copolymers containing 21-92% glycolic acid (nGA) with Mw values of 46,700-50,600 g mol-1 were synthesized via melt polycondensation, and the effects of altering the nGA on PGBAT's thermomechanical properties and hydrolysis rate were investigated. Poly(glycolic acid-co-butylene succinate) (PGBS) and poly(glycolic acid-co-butylene terephthalate) (PGBT) copolymers with high nGA were synthesized for comparison. DSC analysis revealed that PGBAT21 (nGA = 21%) and PGBAT92 were semicrystalline, melting between 102.8 and 163.3 °C, while PGBAT44, PGBAT86-89, PGBT80, and PGBS90 were amorphous, with Tg values from -19.0 to 23.7 °C. These high nGA copolymers showed similar rates of hydrolysis to PGA, whereas those containing <50% GA showed almost no mass loss over the testing period. Their mechanical properties were highly dependent upon their crystallinity and improved significantly after annealing. Of the high nGA copolymers, annealed PGBS90 (Mw 97,000 g mol-1) possessed excellent mechanical properties with a modulus of 588 MPa, tensile strength of 30.0 MPa, and elongation at break of 171%, a significant improvement on PGA's elongation at break of 3%. This work demonstrates the potential of enhancing PGA's flexibility by introducing minor amounts of low-cost diols and diacids into its synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Little
- International
Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Shiyue Ma
- International
Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Bowen Tan
- PJIM
Polymer Scientific Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Zhaoyang Sun
- PJIM
Polymer Scientific Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Chaoying Wan
- International
Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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3
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Hejazi S, Restaino OF, Sabbah M, Zannini D, Di Girolamo R, Marotta A, D’Ambrosio S, Krauss IR, Giosafatto CVL, Santagata G, Schiraldi C, Porta R. Physicochemical Characterization of Chitosan/Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Glass-like Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12495. [PMID: 37569870 PMCID: PMC10419765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper sets up a new route for producing non-covalently crosslinked bio-composites by blending poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) of microbial origin and chitosan (CH) through poly-electrolyte complexation under specific experimental conditions. CH and two different molecular weight γ-PGA fractions have been blended at different mass ratios (1/9, 2/8 and 3/7) under acidic pH. The developed materials seemed to behave like moldable hydrogels with a soft rubbery consistency. However, after dehydration, they became exceedingly hard, glass-like materials completely insoluble in water and organic solvents. The native biopolymers and their blends underwent comprehensive structural, physicochemical, and thermal analyses. The study confirmed strong physical interactions between polysaccharide and polyamide chains, facilitated by electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding. The materials exhibited both crystalline and amorphous structures and demonstrated good thermal stability and degradability. Described as thermoplastic and saloplastic, these bio-composites offer vast opportunities in the realm of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). This unique combination of properties allowed the bio-composites to function as glass-like materials, making them highly versatile for potential applications in various fields. They hold potential for use in regenerative medicine, biomedical devices, food packaging, and 3D printing. Their environmentally friendly properties make them attractive candidates for sustainable material development in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondos Hejazi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (S.H.); (O.F.R.); or (D.Z.); (R.D.G.); (I.R.K.); (C.V.L.G.)
| | - Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (S.H.); (O.F.R.); or (D.Z.); (R.D.G.); (I.R.K.); (C.V.L.G.)
| | - Mohammed Sabbah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, An-Najah National University, Nablus P400, Palestine;
| | - Domenico Zannini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (S.H.); (O.F.R.); or (D.Z.); (R.D.G.); (I.R.K.); (C.V.L.G.)
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials, National Council of Research, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Rocco Di Girolamo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (S.H.); (O.F.R.); or (D.Z.); (R.D.G.); (I.R.K.); (C.V.L.G.)
| | - Angela Marotta
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Sergio D’Ambrosio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy (C.S.)
| | - Irene Russo Krauss
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (S.H.); (O.F.R.); or (D.Z.); (R.D.G.); (I.R.K.); (C.V.L.G.)
- Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - C. Valeria L. Giosafatto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (S.H.); (O.F.R.); or (D.Z.); (R.D.G.); (I.R.K.); (C.V.L.G.)
| | - Gabriella Santagata
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials, National Council of Research, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy (C.S.)
| | - Raffaele Porta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (S.H.); (O.F.R.); or (D.Z.); (R.D.G.); (I.R.K.); (C.V.L.G.)
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4
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Fully biobased poly(lactic acid)/lignin composites compatibilized by epoxidized natural rubber. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123960. [PMID: 36921823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Biobased poly(lactic acid)/lignin (PLA/lignin) composites are limited by poor mechanical properties resulted from poor compatibility and low interfacial adhesion. Herein, we reported a novel approach to improve compatibility and interfacial adhesion of PLA/lignin composites via reactive compatibilization with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) as a compatibilizer. Interfacial tension calculation indicated that lignin tended to act as interfacial phase between PLA and ENR, but morphology analysis demonstrated lignin was wrapped with a layer of ENR and dispersed in PLA matrix, which was attributed to the interfacial reaction of ENR with both PLA and lignin. The interfacial reaction was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The compatibility and interfacial adhesion between PLA and lignin were improved significantly by incorporation and increase in the content of ENR, as evidenced by the reduced interfacial gaps, blurry phase boundaries, and enhanced elastic response. As such, the mechanical properties of PLA/lignin composites were enhanced significantly. The tensile strength and elongation at break of PLA/lignin (W/W, 80/20) were improved by 15 % and 77 %, respectively, with the incorporation of only 1 wt% ENR. We believe this approach to compatibilize PLA/lignin composites is promising because it would not require costly modification of lignin and would not compromise the sustainability of composites.
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Niu D, Li J, Xu P, Liu T, Yang W, Wang Z, Ma P. High-performance and durable fibrous poly(glycolic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends by reactive compatibilization and solid-state drawing. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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6
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Robust Poly(glycolic acid) Films with Crystal Orientation and Reinforcement of Chain Entanglement Network. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-023-2894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Shao H, Niu D, Liu B, Xu P, Yang W, Lemstra PJ, Bastiaansen CW, Wang Z, Wang C, Ma P. Mono-layer films with superior barrier properties and full recyclability: The system of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Poly(glycolic acid). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Ultra-toughened poly(glycolic acid)-based blends with controllable hydrolysis behavior fabricated via reactive compatibilization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Niu D, Xu P, Li J, Yang W, Liu T, Ma P. Drawing Temperature-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Poly(glycolic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate) Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Tianxi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi214122, China
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Niu D, Xu P, Li J, Yang W, Liu T, Ma P. Strong, ductile and durable Poly(glycolic acid)-based films by constructing crystalline orientation, entanglement network and rigid amorphous fraction. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Xu P, Zhang C, Tan S, Niu D, Yang W, Sun Y, Ma P. Super-toughed polylactide/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends in-situ compatibilized by poly (glycidyl methacrylate) with different molecular weight. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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Wang Y, Yang H, Li B, Liu S, He M, Chen Q, Li J. Poly(Butylene Adipate/Terephthalate-Co-Glycolate) Copolyester Synthesis Based on Methyl Glycolate with Improved Barrier Properties: From Synthesis to Structure-Property. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911074. [PMID: 36232379 PMCID: PMC9570190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main problem of manufacturing with traditional biodegradable plastics is that it is more expensive than manufacturing with polymers derived from petroleum, and the application scope is currently limited due to poor comprehensive performance. In this study, a novel biodegradable poly(butylene adipic acid/terephthalate-co-glycolic acid) (PBATGA) copolyester with 25–60% glycolic acid units was successfully synthesized by esterification and polycondensation using cheap coal chemical byproduct methyl glycolate instead of expensive glycolic acid. The structure of the copolyester was characterized by ATR-FTIR, 1H NMR, DSC, and XRD; and its barrier property, water contact angle, heat resistance, and mechanical properties were tested. According to the experiment result, the PBATGA copolyesters showed improved oxygen (O2) and water vapor barrier character, and better hydrophilicity when compared with PBAT. The crystallization peaks of PBATGAs were elevated from 64 °C to 77 °C when the content of the GA unit was 25 mol %, meanwhile, the elongation at the break of PBATGA25 was more than 1300%. These results indicate that PBATGA copolyesters have good potentiality in high O2 and water vapor barrier and degradable packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Haicun Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Bingjian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Mingyang He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jinchun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- Correspondence:
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Modifying Anti-Compression Property and Water-Soluble Ability of Polyglycolic Acid via Melt Blending with Polyvinyl Alcohol. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163375. [PMID: 36015633 PMCID: PMC9415373 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymeric materials have become the most attractive research interest in recent years and are gradually widely used in various fields in the case of environmental pollution. In this paper, binary blends, mainly including varying contents of polyglycolic acid (PGA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), were prepared via a melt compounding strategy. The ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EMA-GMA) was employed as the compatibilizer to improve the compatibility between the PGA and PVA and the polyolefin elastomer (POE) was used as toughening agent. The anti-compression property and water-soluble ability of the blends were particularly studied to explore their potential application in an oil/gas exploitation field. Special attentions were paid to the evolution of the water-soluble ability of PGAX with the PVA concentration. Furthermore, isothermal shear measurement and thermogravimetric analysis were performed to evaluate the thermal stability of PGA and PGA blends (PGAX) during melt processing. The results showed that the incompatibility between PGA and PVA largely deteriorated the mechanical property, i.e., anti-compression strength, leading to fragile characteristics under a lower compressive load for the PGAX samples with varied contents of PVA. The presence of PVA and EMA-GMA greatly enhanced the viscoelasticity of the PGA melt, showing an increased storage modulus and viscosity at a low shear frequency; however, the thermal instability of PGAX was intensified owing to the greater ease of thermal degradation of PVA than that of PGA. Meanwhile, the water-soluble ability of PGAX was improved due to the high water dissolution of PVA, which played the role as a sacrificial material. The purpose of this work is to pursue an effective modification for PGA processing and application via melt blending.
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Liu W, Wu X, Chen X, Liu S, Zhang C. Flexibly Controlling the Polycrystallinity and Improving the Foaming Behavior of Polylactic Acid via Three Strategies. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6248-6260. [PMID: 35224387 PMCID: PMC8867551 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Controlling foamability plays the central role in preparing PLA foams with high performances. To achieve this, chain extension was often used to improve the rheological property of PLA resins; however, despite the availability of this approach, it often deteriorates the biodegradability of PLA and greatly increases the processing cost and complexity. Hence, we reported a special crystallization induction method to design PLA foams with a tunable cellular structure and a high expansion ratio. A novel crystallization-promoting agent combination (D-sorbitol, CO2, and phenylphosphonic acid zinc salt) was used to induce PLA to enhance the chain interaction force and chain mobility and to provide crystallization templets. A series of PLAs with tunable stereocomplex (Sc)/α crystallinity and rapid non-isothermal crystallization ability were obtained. The effect of various crystallization properties on the foaming behavior of PLA was studied. The results demonstrated that proper crystallization conditions (a small spherulite size, a crystallinity of 6%, and rapid crystallization ability) could virtually contribute to the optimized cellular structure with the highest cell density of 4.36 × 106 cell/cm3. When the Sc crystallinity was above 10%, PLA had a superior foamability, which thereby resulted in a high foaming expansion ratio of 16.2. A variety of cellular morphologies of PLA foams could be obtained by changing the foaming temperature and the crystallization property. The proposed crystallization-induced approach provided a useful method for controlling the cellular structure and the performances of the PLA foams.
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