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Li Z, Wang Y, Lu H, Sun Y, Wang X, Chen S. Stable nanoscale sea-island structure of biobased polyamide 56/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends compatibilized by interfacial hyperbranched structure: Toward biobased polymer blends with ultrahigh toughness. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129310. [PMID: 38216014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Developing biobased materials is a considerably effective approach to save fossil resources and reduce emissions. Biobased polyamide 56 (PA56) is an excellent engineering material, but it has low toughness. Herein, to enhance the toughness of PA56, an ultra-tough biodegradable material, i.e., poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) was introduced into PA56. Moreover, a self-synthesized epoxy-terminated hyperbranched polyester (EHBP) was used to improve the compatibility of the blended materials. The results of differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the epoxide group of EHBP could react with PA56 and PBAT to form a block-like polymer structure and limit the crystallization behavior of the blends. The scanning electron microscopy results show that the addition of EHBP considerably reduced the dispersed-phase size in the blends, forming a nanoscale island structure. Moreover, the hydrogen bonds formed between EHBP and PA56/PBAT enhanced the intermolecular interaction between the two materials. Thus, PA56 blends with ultrahigh toughness were successfully prepared. The prepared PA56/PBAT/EHBP blend exhibited a notch impact strength of 20.71 kJ/m2 and a breaking elongation of 38.3 %, which represent increases of 427.3 % and 252.8 %, respectively, compared with those of pure PA56. Thus, the proposed method is suitable for toughening PA56 and broadening its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolun Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fujian 350118, People's Republic of China
| | - Haofan Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao S, Gong S, Zhao B, Hou L, Zhang L, Hu Q, Pan K. Mechanism Study of the Polymerization of Polyamide 56: Reaction Kinetics and Process Parameters. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300371. [PMID: 37657922 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyamide 56 (PA56) has gained significant attention in the academic field due to its remarkable mechanical and thermal properties as a highly efficient and versatile biobased material. Its superior moisture absorption property also makes it a unique advantage in the realm of fiber textiles. However, despite extensive investigations on PA56's molecular and aggregate state structure, as well as processing modifications, little attention has been paid to its polymerization mechanism. Herein, the influence of temperature and time on PA56's polycondensation reaction is detailed studied by end-group titration and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The reaction kinetics equations for the pre-polymerization and vacuum melt-polymerization stages of PA56 are established, and possible side reactions during the polycondensation process are analyzed. By optimizing the reaction process based on kinetic characteristics, PA56 resin with superior comprehensive properties (melting temperature of 252.6 °C, degradation temperature of 371.6 °C, and tensile strength of 75 MPa) is obtained. The findings provide theoretical support for the industrial production of high-quality biobased PA56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikun Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shun Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Biao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Like Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Petrochemical Research Institute of PetroChina, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kai Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Luo K, Liu J, Abbay K, Mei Y, Guo X, Song Y, Guan Q, You Z. The Relationships between the Structure and Properties of PA56 and PA66 and Their Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2877. [PMID: 37447523 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polymers can reduce dependence on nonrenewable petrochemical resources and will be beneficial for future sustainable developments due to their low carbon footprint. In this work, the feasibility of bio-based polyamide 56 (PA56) substituting petroleum-based PA66 is systematically investigated. The crystallization, melting, and decomposition temperature of PA56 were all lower than that of PA66. PA56 formed a γ crystal type with larger grain size and took a longer amount of time to complete the crystallization process since its crystallization rate was lower than that of PA66. Compared with PA66, PA56 exhibited a higher tensile strength of 71.3 ± 1.9 MPa and specific strength of 64.8 ± 2.0 MPa but lower notched impact strength. More importantly, the limited oxygen index and vertical combustion measurement results indicated that the flame retardancy of PA56 was better than PA66, and the LOI values and the UL94 result of PA56 were 27.6% ± 0.9% and V-2. It is worth noting that the PA56 fiber had superior biodegradability compared to the PA66 fiber. PA56 showed significant biodegradation from the eighth week, whereas PA66 remained clean until the sixteenth week (without obvious biodegradation taking place). Eventually, PA56 did not show significant differences compared to PA66 in terms of thermal and mechanical properties. However, PA56 had great advantages in flame retardancy and biodegradability, indicating that the bio-based PA56 could potentially replace petroleum-based PA66 in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keming Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Kieth Abbay
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yangjie Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- Heilongjiang EPPEN New Materials Co., Ltd., Daqing 166299, China
| | - Yunhe Song
- Heilongjiang EPPEN New Materials Co., Ltd., Daqing 166299, China
| | - Qingbao Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Zhang S. Characterization and compatibility of bio-based PA56/PET. E-POLYMERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-8082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The properties and compatibility of bio-based PA56 and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymers were studied in detail. The experimental results showed that when compared with PET, bio-based PA56 had better moisture absorption, softness, and dyeing characteristics. By calculating and analyzing the macromolecular structures of bio-based PA56 and PET, the difference in solubility was obtained as 4.18 Cal0.5·cm1.5·mol−1. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the measured change in mixing enthalpy far exceeds the range of the compatible system when the proportion of bio-based PA56 exceeded 15%. When the content of bio-based PA56 in PET exceeded 20%, the glass transition temperature of the blends with different proportions all had double peaks and the eutectic phenomenon was not observed. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the cross-section morphology of bio-based PA56/PET blends before and after etching. We found that the interface between the two phases was clear and a “sea-island” dispersed structure was formed. The results of the analysis indicated that the compatibility of the bio-based PA56 and PET was not good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyun Zhang
- Dali College of Women’s Wear, Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College , Hangzhou , China
- General Manager Office, Zhejiang Caiyue Intelligent Technology Co. LTD , Jinhua , China
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Zhou L, Cheng K, Liu T, Li N, Zhang H, He Y. Fully bio-based poly (pentamethylene glutaramide) with high molecular weight and less glutaric acid cyclization via direct solid-state polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Sun L, Zhu R, Hu H, Yu J, Wang X, Huang L, Liu X. Preparation and characterization of poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐aliphatic amide) copolymer fibers with excellent hygroscopicity and softness. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education; College of Textiles Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Ruishu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education; College of Textiles Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education; College of Textiles Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Jianyong Yu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Liqian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education; College of Textiles Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Xiucai Liu
- Cathay Biotechnology Incorporation Shanghai China
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Biobased Copolyamides 56/66: Synthesis, Characterization and Crystallization Kinetics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183879. [PMID: 36146024 PMCID: PMC9504581 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study synthesized a series of new biobased copolyamides (co-PAs), namely PA56/PA66 with various comonomer ratios, by using in situ polycondensation. The structures, compositions, behaviors, and crystallization kinetics of the co-PAs were investigated through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influence of the composition of co-PAs on their mechanical properties and thermal stability was investigated. The co-PAs exhibited a eutectic melting point when the PA56 content was 50 mol%, with the crystallization temperature decreasing from 229 to a minimum 188 °C and the melting temperature from 253 to a minimum 218 °C. The results indicated that the tensile strength and flexural modulus first decreased and then increased as the PA66 content increased. The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of the PA56/PA66 co-PAs were analyzed using both the Avrami equation modifications presented by Jeziorny and Mo. The results also indicated that the crystallization rate of the PA56/PA66 co-PAs was higher than that of PA56.
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Quan Q, Zhang Y, Piao H, Zhang H, Zhao J. Polybutyrolactam (PBY) fiber: A promising biobased and biodegradable fiber fabricated by dry-jet-wet spinning. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen Y, Chang Y, Rwei S. Synthesis and characterization of ultra‐tough crosslinked polyamide with hybrid polymer networks equipping strong hydrogen bonds. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hao Chen
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yun Chang
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Syang‐Peng Rwei
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
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Kipnusu WK, Zhuravlev E, Schick C, Kremer F. Homogeneous nucleation in polyamide 66, a two-stage process as revealed by combined nanocalorimetry and IR spectroscopy. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNanocalorimetry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are combined to measure the calorimetric properties and molecular spectra of the same sample (sample amount about 5 ng) of polyamide 66 (PA66). By determining IR difference absorption spectra between a quenched and a sample annealed at varying temperatures (Ta) and annealing time (ta), the initial steps of homogeneous nucleation is for the first time revealed on a molecular scale, long before crystallization takes place. As starting point (i), isolated H-bonds are formed between (N–H) and (C = O) moieties of adjacent (neighboring) polymer segments promoted by far-reaching dipole–dipole interactions. In the second step (ii), the H-bonds realign, which in part requires the opening of already established H-bonds. In stage (i), the FTIR absorption intensity of the free (C = O)f moieties decreases while that of the H-bonded (C = O)b ones increases as a function of Ta at constant ta. This implies an increase in the H-bonding network in amorphous domains. The second stage of nucleation in the studied PA66 is characterized by an increase in the number of (C = O)f and a corresponding decrease in (C = O)b moieties as the sample transitions to the ordered crystalline structure. This is attributed to a change from γ to α polymorphs in PA66. The non-polar methylene units in PA66 are largely unaffected during the nucleation steps, where no changes in the overall heat capacity are detectable, proving that these changes occur prior to the onset of crystal growth.
Graphical abstract
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Yang T, Gao Y, Liu X, Wang X, Ma B, He Y. Flame‐retardant polyamide 56 with high fire safety and good thermal performance. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Yuanbo Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Xiucai Liu
- Cathay Biotechnology Incorporation Shanghai China
| | - Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Bomou Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
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