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Cruz Reina LJ, Durán-Aranguren DD, Forero-Rojas LF, Tarapuez-Viveros LF, Durán-Sequeda D, Carazzone C, Sierra R. Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) apple juice and bagasse from Colombian varieties. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09528. [PMID: 35663750 PMCID: PMC9156865 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cashew nut production generates large amounts of cashew apple as residue. In Colombia, cashew cultivation is increasing together with the concerns on residue management. The objective of this study was to provide the first chemical, physical and thermal decomposition characterization of cashew apple from Colombian varieties harvested in Vichada, Colombia. This characterization was focused to identify the important bioactive and natural compounds that can be further valorized in the formulation of food, nutraceuticals, and pharmacological products. The results obtained in this study are helpful to portray the cashew apple as a potential by-product due to its renewable nature and valuable composition, instead of seeing it just as an agricultural residue. For that, cashew apples of Regional 8315 and Mapiria varieties were studied. The natural juice (cashew apple juice) that was extracted from the cashew apples and the remanent solids (cashew apple bagasse) were separately analyzed. The HPLC analytical technique was used to determine the concentration of bioactive compounds, structural carbohydrates, and soluble sugars that constitute this biomass. Spectrophotometric techniques were used to determine the concentration of tannins, carotenoids, and total polyphenols. Mineral content and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) were determined in the biomass. Also, the thermal decomposition under an inert atmosphere or pyrolysis was performed on cashew apple bagasse. The varieties of cashew apple studied in this work showed similar content of bioactive compounds, total phenolic content, and structural carbohydrates. However, the Mapiria variety showed values slightly higher than the Regional 8315. Regarding cashew apple juice, it is rich in tannins and ascorbic acid with values of 191 mg/100 mL and 70 mg/100 mL, respectively, for Mapiria variety. Additionally, the principal reservoir of bioactive compounds and constitutive carbohydrates was the cashew apple bagasse. About 50 wt.% of it was composed of cellulose and hemicellulose. Also, in the bagasse, the ascorbic acid content was in a range of 180–200 mg/100 g, which is higher than other fruits and vegetables. Moreover, alkaloids were identified in cashew apples. The maximum value of antioxidant activity (DPPH assay: 405 TEs/g) was observed in the bagasse of Mapiria variety. The bagasse thermal decomposition started around 150 °C when the structural carbohydrates and other constitutive substances started to degrade. After thermogravimetric analysis, a remanent of 20% of the initial weight suggested the formation of a rich-carbon solid, which could correspond to biochar. Therefore, the cashew apple harvested in Vichada is a valuable reservoir of a wide range of biomolecules that potentially could be valorized into energy, foods, and pharmacologic applications. Nevertheless, future work is necessary to describe the complex compounds of this residual biomass that are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J. Cruz Reina
- Product and Processes Design Group, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Daniel David Durán-Aranguren
- Product and Processes Design Group, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Laura Fernanda Forero-Rojas
- Product and Processes Design Group, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Luisa Fernanda Tarapuez-Viveros
- Product and Processes Design Group, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Dinary Durán-Sequeda
- Product and Processes Design Group, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Chiara Carazzone
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Rocío Sierra
- Product and Processes Design Group, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
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Lee JK, Jung SH, Lee SE, Han JH, Jo E, Park HS, Heo KS, Kim D, Park JS, Myung CS. Alleviation of ascorbic acid-induced gastric high acidity by calcium ascorbate in vitro and in vivo. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 22:35-42. [PMID: 29302210 PMCID: PMC5746510 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is one of the most well-known nutritional supplement and antioxidant found in fruits and vegetables. Calcium ascorbate has been developed to mitigate the gastric irritation caused by the acidity of ascorbic acid. The aim of this study was to compare calcium ascorbate and ascorbic acid, focusing on their antioxidant activity and effects on gastric juice pH, total acid output, and pepsin secretion in an in vivo rat model, as well as pharmacokinetic parameters. Calcium ascorbate and ascorbic acid had similar antioxidant activity. However, the gastric fluid pH was increased by calcium ascorbate, whereas total acid output was increased by ascorbic acid. In the rat pylorus ligation-induced ulcer model, calcium ascorbate increased the gastric fluid pH without changing the total acid output. Administration of calcium ascorbate to rats given a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg as ascorbic acid resulted in higher plasma concentrations than that from ascorbic acid alone. The area under the curve (AUC) values of calcium ascorbate were 1.5-fold higher than those of ascorbic acid, and the Cmax value of calcium ascorbate (91.0 ng/ml) was higher than that of ascorbic acid (74.8 ng/ml). However, their Tmax values were similar. Thus, although calcium ascorbate showed equivalent antioxidant activity to ascorbic acid, it could attenuate the gastric high acidity caused by ascorbic acid, making it suitable for consideration of use to improve the side effects of ascorbic acid. Furthermore, calcium ascorbate could be an appropriate antioxidant substrate, with increased oral bioavailability, for patients with gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Kyung Lee
- Department of Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Department of Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Joo-Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Eunji Jo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Heo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Deasun Kim
- PHARMCROSS Co., Ltd., Chuncheon 24398, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sook Park
- Department of Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Use of an in vitro model in tissue engineering to study wound repair and differentiation of blastema tissue from rabbit pinna. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:680-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kishosha PA, Galukande M, Gakwaya AM. Selenium deficiency a factor in endemic goiter persistence in sub-Saharan Africa. World J Surg 2011; 35:1540-5. [PMID: 21523503 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-011-1096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Goiter is still common in Uganda, despite the present iodized salt coverage of at least 95%. Where there is endemic goiter after adequate iodine supplementation, selenium deficiency could be a factor for the continued occurrence of goiter. The objectives of the present study, therefore, were to determine the serum selenium levels among goitrous patients and nongoitrous controls and to determine the association between goiter and selenium levels among these patients. METHODS The investigation was designed as a case control study in which 92 subjects were enrolled, 46 cases and 46 controls of similar age and sex distribution. Subjects were interviewed and examined. Blood samples were taken and selenium concentrations were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS The overall mean serum selenium levels were 77.25 μg/l (SD 16.78) for the goiter patients and 95.50 μg/l (24.47) for the nongoiter controls. The difference between goitrous and nongoitrous populations was statistically significant (p=0.0001). Selenium levels above 102.8 μg/l had a statistically significant protective effect against goiter with adjusted odds ratio 0.3 (0.13-0.69); p=0.005. Other factors, such as age, main food constituent, and use of iodized salt, had no association with goiter. CONCLUSIONS There were significant differences between selenium levels among goitrous patients and nongoitrous controls. High selenium levels seem to have a protective effect against goiter. Selenium supplementation as a preventive strategy is worth further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Kishosha
- Mwanza Zonal Military Hospital, P.O. Box 589, Mwanza, Tanzania.
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Mason NA, Bakus JL. Strategies for reducing polypharmacy and other medication-related problems in chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial 2009; 23:55-61. [PMID: 19747171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139x.2009.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medication-related problems are very common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). These problems are often avoidable and can result in detrimental patient consequences and high financial costs. Despite these risks, it is often medically necessary to prescribe multiple medications to treat the comorbid conditions that accompany CKD. In addition, patients' use of nonprescription medications and changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters may further contribute to medication-related problems in CKD, including drug interactions and the need for dosage adjustments. A structured medication assessment process is one approach to reducing the risks associated with medication-related problems. This multifaceted process involves a comprehensive medication history interview, structured therapy assessment, and open communication between members of the medical team. A detailed description of this process is provided to aid healthcare providers in addressing this important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Mason
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA.
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