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Landman-Reiner A. Complementing reductionism: Goethean science part 1: Qualities and wholeness. Explore (NY) 2020; 17:360-365. [PMID: 32265106 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While integrative practices in health care have grown over the past half-century, life sciences still view nature almost entirely through a reductionist lens. Contemporary research is described that complements this reductionist, non-holistic perspective with the methods of Goethean science. A rigorous approach to qualitative science and to wholeness in nature is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Landman-Reiner
- Physicians' Association for Anthroposophic Medicine/PAAM Training, P.O. Box 4039, Grand Junction, CO 81502, United States.
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2
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Chrisinger BW, Rich T. Contemplation by Design: Leveraging the "Power of the Pause" on a Large University Campus Through Built and Social Environments. Front Public Health 2020; 8:31. [PMID: 32181235 PMCID: PMC7059735 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
College and university campuses have long been designed as embodied places of societal values and aspirations, reflecting both academic traditions and heritages alongside social and scientific change and innovation. More pragmatically, these spaces share some commonalities with other living and working environments, and must adapt to changing technological and social norms. Since the 1970's, workplace adaptations included employer-sponsored health promotion programs and facilities. While campus environments such as fitness centers and dining halls have been incorporated into health promotion initiatives, other aspects of human well-being have been neglected. In this paper, we describe an initiative, Contemplation By Design, to incorporate contemplation and mindfulness into the daily lives of all members of the Stanford University community, including students, faculty, staff, and their families, as well as alumni and retirees who live close by. This case study highlights ways that physical planning and programmatic initiatives for contemplative practices have been integrated to deliver generalizable, community-based well-being resources that can be emulated in diverse settings throughout the Stanford University campuses, including the main campus and local satellite campuses. Based on experience drawn from Contemplation By Design, practical recommendations for designing contemplative practice spaces and programs are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Chrisinger
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Stanford Prevention Research Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tia Rich
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Pandya SP. Meditation for treating adults with bipolar disorder II: A multi-city study. Clin Psychol Psychother 2019; 26:252-261. [PMID: 30536496 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to generate evidence on whether meditation's core aspect of building and nurturing calm and peace serves as a mood stabilizer for current and recurrent episodes of depression through the acute and maintenance phases of treating bipolar disorder II affected patients. A 2-year longitudinal multi-city randomized controlled trial experiment was conducted comprising 311 bipolar disorder II affected patients in the intervention and control group respectively across eight African and Asian cities. The Bipolar Depression Rating Scale (BDRS) was administered with the intervention and control groups that were equal at baseline. Meditation had a positive impact on the intervention group. Post intervention BDRS scores were significantly lower for patients from Asian cities, men, Hindus and Buddhists, middle class, and married patients as well as those who attended all the meditation rounds and regularly self-practiced. Within the BDRS outcome measure, depressive symptoms were impacted the most as compared with mixed symptoms. Meditation helped alleviate guilt, depressed mood, and helplessness-hopelessness. The meditation programme can be used as a combination therapy along with pharmacological treatment to treat mood instability and depression among patients with bipolar disorder II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samta P Pandya
- School of Social Work, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
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4
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Fortney L. Recommending Meditation. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kramer D. Energetic Modalities as a Self-Care Technique to Reduce Stress in Nursing Students. J Holist Nurs 2017; 36:366-373. [PMID: 29205082 DOI: 10.1177/0898010117745436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the outcomes of nursing students taking a course in complementary and alternative therapies focusing on energetic modalities that were used as a means of self-care. Students kept journal logs and did a formal presentation for the class. Nursing students reported decreased stress and improved concentration, academic performance, productivity, and problem-solving while experiencing a greater appreciation of their clinical experiences. Using Therapeutic Touch and other subtle energy interactions, the students also cited improved interpersonal relationships, increased feelings of calmness, a higher degree of self-awareness and self-care, reduced physical pain, increased energy, and greater appreciation of the world around them. The theoretical framework was Margret Neuman's theory of health as expanding consciousness. While this is an elective nursing course, the nursing students were primarily juniors and seniors already taking clinical courses. A research study with a wide sample of student participants, especially freshmen, and using quantitative as well as qualitative measures would be beneficial to determine if such a course should be part of the standard nursing curriculum to not only expand nurses' understanding of complementary and alternative therapies but also to help students with their own self-care and influence their practice as clinicians.
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Lomas T, Etcoff N, Van Gordon W, Shonin E. Zen and the Art of Living Mindfully: The Health-Enhancing Potential of Zen Aesthetics. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2017; 56:1720-1739. [PMID: 28718052 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-017-0446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amidst the burgeoning enthusiasm for mindfulness in the West, there is a concern that the largely secular 'de-contextualized' way in which it is being harnessed is denuding it of its potential to improve health and well-being. As such, efforts are underway to 're-contextualize' mindfulness, explicitly drawing on the wider framework of Buddhist ideas and practices in which it was initially developed. This paper aims to contribute to this, doing so by focusing on Zen Buddhism, and in particular on Zen aesthetic principles. The article concentrates on the seven principles identified by Hisamatsu (1971) in his classic text Zen and the Fine Arts: kanso (simplicity); fukinsei (asymmetry); koko (austere sublimity); shizen (naturalness); daisuzoku (freedom from routine); sei-jaku (tranquillity); and yūgen (profound grace). The presence of these principles in works of art is seen as reflecting and communicating insights that are central to Buddhism, such as non-attachment. Moreover, these principles do not only apply to the creation and appreciation of art, but have clear applications for treating health-related issues, and improving quality of life more generally. This paper makes the case that embodying these principles in their lives can help people enhance their psychosomatic well-being, and come to a truer understanding of the essence of mindful living.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lomas
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK.
| | - N Etcoff
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W Van Gordon
- Centre for Psychological Research, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, Derbyshire, DE22 1GB, UK
| | - E Shonin
- Awake to Wisdom Centre for Meditation and Mindfulness Research, Ragusa, Italy
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Abstract
Meditation has become popular in many Western nations, especially the USA. An increasing body of research shows various health benefits associated with meditation and these findings have sparked interest in the field of medicine. The practice of meditation originated in the ancient Vedic times of India and is described in the ancient Vedic texts. Meditation is one of the modalities used in Ayurveda (Science of Life), the comprehensive, natural health care system that originated in the ancient Vedic times of India. The term “meditation” is now loosely used to refer to a large number of diverse techniques. According to Vedic science, the true purpose of meditation is to connect oneself to one's deep inner Self. Techniques which achieve that goal serve the true purpose of meditation. Neurological and physiological correlates of meditation have been investigated previously. This article describes the process of meditation at a more fundamental level and aims to shed light on the deeper underlying mechanism of the beneficial effects associated with meditation. Research on the effects of meditation is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Sharma
- Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Nyström MBT, Neely G, Hassmén P, Carlbring P. Treating Major Depression with Physical Activity: A Systematic Overview with Recommendations. Cogn Behav Ther 2015; 44:341-52. [PMID: 25794191 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2015.1015440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this systematic overview was to determine the most effective mode and dose of physical activity (PA) for treating major depressive disorder (MDD), and to suggest guidelines and recommendations for clinicians. The selection process consisted of a comprehensive search that was conducted up until April 2014 in the following databases: PsycINFO, Medline, PubMed and Scopus. The inclusion criteria were: (1) a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, (2) complete description of intensity, duration and frequency of the PA, (3) the participants had to be diagnosed with MDD according to Diagnostic Statistical Manual 4 th edition (DSM-IV) or International Classification of Disease tenth Revision (ICD-10) criteria (4) if the controls received any treatment, it had to be specified, (5) published after 1990, (6) consist of aerobic or anaerobic treatment PA, and (7) not be a pilotor preliminary study. A quality assessment of each study was conducted independently by two reviewers; this stringent selection process resulted in 12 reviewed studies. CONCLUSION individually customized PA, for at least 30 minutes, preferably performed under supervision and with a frequency of at least three times per week is recommended when treating MDD. These recommendations must be viewed in light of the relatively few studies matching the inclusion criteria.
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Demarzo MMP, Montero-Marin J, Stein PK, Cebolla A, Provinciale JG, García-Campayo J. Mindfulness may both moderate and mediate the effect of physical fitness on cardiovascular responses to stress: a speculative hypothesis. Front Physiol 2014; 5:105. [PMID: 24723891 PMCID: PMC3971190 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The psychological construct of mindfulness refers to an awareness that emerges by intentionally paying attention to the present experience in a non-judgmental or evaluative way. This particular quality of awareness has been associated to several indicators of physical and psychological health, and can be developed using mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), and therefore MBIs have been successfully applied as preventive and complementary interventions and therapies in medicine and psychology. Together with quiet sitting and lying meditation practices, mindful physical exercises such as “mindful walking” and “mindful movement” are key elements in MBIs and couple muscular activity with an internally directed focus, improving interoceptive attention to bodily sensations. In addition, MBIs seem to share similar mechanisms with physical fitness (PF) by which they may influence cardiovascular responses to stress. Based on these facts, it is feasible to raise the question of whether physical training itself may induce the development of that particular quality of awareness associated with mindfulness, or if one's dispositional mindfulness (DM) (the tendency to be more mindful in daily life) could moderate the effects of exercise on cardiovascular response to stress. The role of mindfulness as a mediator or moderator of the effect of exercise training on cardiovascular responses to stress has barely been studied. In this study, we have hypothesized pathways (moderation and mediation) by which mindfulness could significantly influence the effects of PF on cardiovascular responses to stress and discussed potential practical ways to test these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo M P Demarzo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, "Mente Aberta" - Brazilian Center for Mindfulness and Health Promotion, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jesús Montero-Marin
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud de la Red de Actividades Preventivas y de Promoción de la Salud (REDIAPP), Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Phyllis K Stein
- Heart Rate Variability Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine Department, Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ausiàs Cebolla
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psycholobiology, Universitat Jaume I Castellón, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime G Provinciale
- Human Centered Technology Department, Instituto en Bioingeniería y Tecnología Orientada al Ser Humano, Universitat Politècnica de València Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier García-Campayo
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud de la Red de Actividades Preventivas y de Promoción de la Salud (REDIAPP), Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain
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10
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Paiva S, Carneiro MM. Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women: What Is the Evidence? ISRN PAIN 2013; 2013:469575. [PMID: 27335875 PMCID: PMC4893403 DOI: 10.1155/2013/469575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is defined as pain of at least 6 months' duration that occurs in the lower abdomen or below the umbilicus and has resulted in functional or psychological disability or required intervention and treatment. Therapeutic interventions center around the treatment of CPP as a diagnosis in and of itself, and treatment of specific disorders that may be related to CPP. A multidisciplinary approach for diagnosis and treatment seems to be most effective for symptomatic relief. This paper reviews the evidence for such interventions as psychological treatments including the use of complementary and alternative medicine techniques for CPP in women. Unfortunately, finding the best evidence in this setting is difficult as only very few randomized controlled trials are available. A combination of treatments is usually required over time for the treatment of refractory CPP. The multifactorial nature of CPP needs to be discussed with the patient and a good rapport as well as a partnership needs to be developed to plan a management program with regular followup. Promotion of a multidisciplinary approach which includes complementary and alternative medicine techniques in managing CPP in women seems to yield the best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Paiva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena 110, Santa Efigênia, 30150-270 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcia Mendonça Carneiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena 110, Santa Efigênia, 30150-270 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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11
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Khanna S, Greeson JM. A narrative review of yoga and mindfulness as complementary therapies for addiction. Complement Ther Med 2013; 21:244-52. [PMID: 23642957 PMCID: PMC3646290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the philosophical origins, current scientific evidence, and clinical promise of yoga and mindfulness as complementary therapies for addiction. Historically, there are eight elements of yoga that, together, comprise ethical principles and practices for living a meaningful, purposeful, moral and self-disciplined life. Traditional yoga practices, including postures and meditation, direct attention toward one's health, while acknowledging the spiritual aspects of one's nature. Mindfulness derives from ancient Buddhist philosophy, and mindfulness meditation practices, such as gentle Hatha yoga and mindful breathing, are increasingly integrated into secular health care settings. Current theoretical models suggest that the skills, insights, and self-awareness learned through yoga and mindfulness practice can target multiple psychological, neural, physiological, and behavioral processes implicated in addiction and relapse. A small but growing number of well-designed clinical trials and experimental laboratory studies on smoking, alcohol dependence, and illicit substance use support the clinical effectiveness and hypothesized mechanisms of action underlying mindfulness-based interventions for treating addiction. Because very few studies have been conducted on the specific role of yoga in treating or preventing addiction, we propose a conceptual model to inform future studies on outcomes and possible mechanisms. Additional research is also needed to better understand what types of yoga and mindfulness-based interventions work best for what types of addiction, what types of patients, and under what conditions. Overall, current findings increasingly support yoga and mindfulness as promising complementary therapies for treating and preventing addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Khanna
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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12
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Josefsson T, Lindwall M, Archer T. Physical exercise intervention in depressive disorders: Meta-analysis and systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 24:259-72. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Josefsson
- School of Social and Health Sciences; Halmstad University; Halmstad Sweden
- Department of Psychology; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - M. Lindwall
- Department of Psychology; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - T. Archer
- Department of Psychology; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- School of Education, Psychology and Sport Science; Linnaeus University; Kalmar Sweden
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Chang KM, Chen SH, Lee HY, Ching CTS, Huang CL. A wireless accelerometer-based body posture stability detection system and its application for meditation practitioners. SENSORS 2012; 12:17620-32. [PMID: 23250281 PMCID: PMC3571857 DOI: 10.3390/s121217620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The practice of meditation has become an interesting research issue in recent decades. Meditation is known to be beneficial for health improvement and illness reduction and many studies on meditation have been made, from both the physiological and psychological points of view. It is a fundamental requirement of meditation practice to be able to sit without body motion. In this study, a novel body motion monitoring and estimation system has been developed. A wireless tri-axis accelerometer is used to measure body motion. Both a mean and maximum motion index is derived from the square summation of three axes. Two experiments were conducted in this study. The first experiment was to investigate the motion index baseline among three leg-crossing postures. The second experiment was to observe posture dynamics for thirty minute’s meditation. Twenty-six subjects participated in the experiments. In one experiment, thirteen subjects were recruited from an experienced meditation group (meditation experience > 3 years); and the other thirteen subjects were beginners (meditation experience < 1 years). There was a significant posture stability difference between both groups in terms of either mean or maximum parameters (p < 0.05), according to the results of the experiment. Results from another experiment showed that the motion index is different for various postures, such as full-lotus < half-lotus < non-lotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ming Chang
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Huei Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Hsin-Yi Lee
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Congo Tak-Shing Ching
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chun-Lung Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Automatic Engineering, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua 510, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-4-8359-000 (ext. 2532); Fax: +886-4-8394-076
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Comparing Individual Preferences for Four Meditation Techniques: Zen, Vipassana (Mindfulness), Qigong, and Mantra. Explore (NY) 2012; 8:237-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Moss AS, Wintering N, Roggenkamp H, Khalsa DS, Waldman MR, Monti D, Newberg AB. Effects of an 8-Week Meditation Program on Mood and Anxiety in Patients with Memory Loss. J Altern Complement Med 2012; 18:48-53. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2011.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy Wintering
- Jefferson–Myrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hannah Roggenkamp
- Jefferson–Myrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Daniel Monti
- Jefferson–Myrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrew B. Newberg
- Jefferson–Myrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Prakash R, Dubey I, Abhishek P, Gupta SK, Rastogi P, Siddiqui SV. Long-term Vihangam Yoga meditation and scores on tests of attention. Percept Mot Skills 2010; 110:1139-48. [PMID: 20866002 DOI: 10.2466/pms.110.c.1139-1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the literature indicates that meditation has beneficial effects on several aspects of human functioning, few studies have specifically investigated the effects of meditation on various domains of attention. This study was conducted to examine the differences in various domains of attention between long-term concentrative meditators versus matched controls. 15 practitioners of Vihangam Yoga (> 10 yr. experience) were enrolled in the study. Controls matched on age, sex, and years of education were recruited. Both groups were administered the Stroop, Trail-Making, and Digit Symbol Substitution tests as well as the Digit Forward and Digit Backward tests. The group of Vihangam Yogis had significantly better mean performance on all tests of attention. Long-term Vihangam Yoga meditation improves attention span, processing speed, attention alternation ability, and performance in interference tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Prakash
- Department of Psychiatry, Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Allied Sciences, Kanke, Ranchi, India.
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