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Geib R, Colacino E, Gremaud L. Sustainable Beckmann Rearrangement using Bead-Milling Technology: The Route to Paracetamol. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301921. [PMID: 38353034 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
To address the growing demand for more sustainable and greener chemistry, mechanochemical methodologies are emerging as key players. However, to date there has been little data highlighting the benefits of these rising mechanochemical technologies with regard to process scale-up activities or implementation in commercial production scale. Herein, we report the first application of bead-mill technology (Dyno®-mill) for the sustainable mechanochemical synthesis of Acetaminophen, known under the brand name Paracetamol. Using the Beckmann rearrangement, the optimized solvent-free methodology delivered a final product on a scale of several tens of grams. In comparison to current production solvent-based process, the proposed process achieves a higher yield while also allowing the removal of solvents in the chemical reaction, hereby reducing one of the extensive drivers to waste generation. The mechanochemical approach was compared to solvent-based process using a combination of green metrics and EcoScale score. The mechanochemical synthesis of paracetamol scores the highest for all the metrics over currently used solution-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Geib
- School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry -, Institute of Chemical Technology, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Boulevard de Pérolles, 80, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Ludovic Gremaud
- School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry -, Institute of Chemical Technology, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Boulevard de Pérolles, 80, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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2
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Maestrelli F, Rossi P, Paoli P, De Luca E, Mura P. The role of solid state properties on the dissolution performance of flufenamic acid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 180:113058. [PMID: 31881398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Flufenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug characterized by a low solubility and a variable oral bioavailability. Flufenamic acid is present in the commercial products in two polymorphic enantiotropic forms (Form I and III). Bioinequivalence was observed for commercial solid dosage forms due to the different dissolution rate of batches. Aim of this work is the full characterization of the solid state properties of flufenamic acid in order to evidence reasons of its variable dissolution properties. Two different batches of pure drug obtained by different suppliers were fully characterized. In order to evaluate the effect of the technological processes used for tablet production, the powders were submitted to grinding, kneading, and compression. Thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction studies proved that the drug was provided by both suppliers as Form I, Form III is obtained by recrystallization from ethanol or ethanol/water of both batches and no changes were observed after the different mechanical treatments. No difference was observed between the two forms in terms of equilibrium solubility values. Dissolution rate studies evidenced a difference between the two batches due to their different particle size, which disappeared after sieving. Interestingly, a significant difference in terms of intrinsic dissolution rate and surface wettability of the two compacted powders was observed, even after sieving, probably related to a different behavior of the two powder samples under compaction. These results should be taken into account, during a tablet formulation, in order to obtain a reproducible dissolution performance of the drug, regardless of its original supplier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maestrelli
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via U. Schiff, 6 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Rossi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, via Santa Marta 3, Florence, Italy.
| | - Paola Paoli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, via Santa Marta 3, Florence, Italy.
| | - Enrico De Luca
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via U. Schiff, 6 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Paola Mura
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via U. Schiff, 6 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Cruz PC, Rocha FA, Ferreira AM. Application of Selective Crystallization Methods To Isolate the Metastable Polymorphs of Paracetamol: A Review. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrı́cia C. Cruz
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando A. Rocha
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - António M. Ferreira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Leyk E, Wesolowski M. Interactions Between Paracetamol and Hypromellose in the Solid State. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:14. [PMID: 30740052 PMCID: PMC6357930 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose) is a widely known excipient commonly used in the preparation of drug formulations. It can interact with some active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), thereby contributing to a reduction in crystallinity, serve as a solvent for API or form stable dispersion with no tendency to aggregation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hypromellose on the solubility, miscibility and amorphization of paracetamol in mixture with this polymer. Homogenized mixtures of paracetamol with hypromellose were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hot-stage microscopy (HSM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman methods to obtain a deeper insight into the interactions between ingredients in solid state including phase diagram construction for crystalline API and amorphous polymer. A DSC study revealed potential interaction between ingredients resulting in reduced paracetamol crystallinity. This was proved using heating-cooling-heating test to confirm paracetamol amorphization. FT-IR and Raman investigations excluded chemical reaction and hydrogen bonding between ingredients. The phase diagram developed facilitates predictions on the solubility of API in polymer, on the mutual miscibility of ingredients and on the temperature of mixture glass transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Leyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Wesolowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Amado AM, Azevedo C, Ribeiro-Claro PJA. Conformational and vibrational reassessment of solid paracetamol. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 183:431-438. [PMID: 28494395 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This work provides an answer to the urge for a more detailed and accurate knowledge of the vibrational spectrum of the widely used analgesic/antipyretic drug commonly known as paracetamol. A comprehensive spectroscopic analysis - including infrared, Raman, and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) - is combined with a computational approach which takes account for the effects of intermolecular interactions in the solid state. This allows a full reassessment of the vibrational assignments for Paracetamol, thus preventing the propagation of incorrect data analysis and misassignments already found in the literature. In particular, the vibrational modes involving the hydrogen-bonded NH and OH groups are correctly reallocated to bands shifted by up to 300cm-1 relatively to previous assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Amado
- Química-Física Molecular, Departamento de Química, FCTUC, Universidade de Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Celeste Azevedo
- CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Chen R, Wang X, Liu W, Zhang K, Li Y, Wei Z. A Comparative Study on Dissolution Enhancement of Acetaminophen by Cooling, Anti-solvent, and Solvent Evaporation Crystallization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:224-230. [PMID: 26961968 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare APAP crystals by cooling, anti-solvent, and solvent evaporation crystallization to enhance its dissolution rate and to make comparisons of the three methods. Agitating speeds and types were regarded as factors affecting crystallization procedure. Samples were made with different ratios of PEG4000. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Dissolution tests were conducted to assess their dissolution property. The proportions of carriers existing in crystals by cooling and anti-solvent crystallization ranged from 1.3 to 5.1%. Mean dissolution time (MDT) of samples by the two methods was about 3 min, which was 17.2 min for untreated APAP. Addition of too much PEG4000 in solvent evaporation crystallization could decrease dissolution rate of APAP. Samples agitated by a rotor with speed of 100, 500, and 1000 rpm dissolved faster than those by a high shear mixer with speed of 3400 and 5000 rpm or by a glass rod. Agitating speed and type could affect particle size and drug dissolution. Dissolution enhancement of APAP might be attributed to decrease of fine particles and increase of particle wettability.
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Patel RB, Stepanov V, Qiu H. Dependence of Raman Spectral Intensity on Crystal Size in Organic Nano Energetics. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 70:1339-1345. [PMID: 27449371 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816654077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectra for various nitramine energetic compounds were investigated as a function of crystal size at the nanoscale regime. In the case of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), there was a linear relationship between intensity of Raman spectra and crystal size. Notably, the Raman modes between 120 cm(-1) and 220 cm(-1) were especially affected, and at the smallest crystal size, were completely eliminated. The Raman spectral intensity of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), like that of CL-20's, depended linearly on crystal size. The Raman spectral intensity of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), however, was not observably changed by crystal size. A non-nitramine explosive compound, 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5- trinitrobenzene (TATB), was also investigated. Its spectral intensity was also found to correlate linearly with crystal size, although substantially less so than that of HMX and CL-20. To explain the observed trends, it is hypothesized that disordered molecular arrangement, originating from the crystal surface, may be responsible. In particular, it appears that the thickness of the disordered surface layer is dependent on molecular characteristics, including size and conformational flexibility. Furthermore, as the mean crystal size decreases, the volume fraction of disordered molecules within a specimen increases, consequently, weakening the Raman intensity. These results could have practical benefit for allowing the facile monitoring of crystal size during manufacturing. Finally, these findings could lead to deep insights into the general structure of the surface of crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajen B Patel
- U.S. Army, Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, USA
| | - Victor Stepanov
- U.S. Army, Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, USA
| | - Hongwei Qiu
- Engineering and Technology Solutions Division, Leidos, Inc., Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, USA
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Okude A, Takiyama H. Selective recrystallization of metastable polymorph of melt acetaminophen by using tempering operation. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Chan SY, Qi S, Craig DQM. An investigation into the influence of drug-polymer interactions on the miscibility, processability and structure of polyvinylpyrrolidone-based hot melt extrusion formulations. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:95-106. [PMID: 26428633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While hot melt extrusion is now established within the pharmaceutical industry, the prediction of miscibility, processability and structural stability remains a pertinent issue, including the issue of whether molecular interaction is necessary for suitable performance. Here we integrate the use of theoretical and experimental drug-polymer interaction assessment with determination of processability and structure of dispersions in two polyvinylpyrrolidone-based polymers (PVP and PVP vinyl acetate, PVPVA). Caffeine and paracetamol were chosen as model drugs on the basis of their differing hydrogen bonding potential with PVP. Solubility parameter and interaction parameter calculations predicted a greater miscibility for paracetamol, while ATR-FTIR confirmed the hydrogen bonding propensity of the paracetamol with both polymers, with little interaction detected for caffeine. PVP was found to exhibit greater interaction and miscibility with paracetamol than did PVPVA. It was noted that lower processing temperatures (circa 40°C below the Tg of the polymer alone and Tm of the crystalline drug) and higher drug loadings with associated molecular dispersion up to 50% w/w were possible for the paracetamol dispersions, although molecular dispersion with the non-interactive caffeine was noted at loadings up to 20% w./w. A lower processing temperature was also noted for caffeine-loaded systems despite the absence of detectable interactions. The study has therefore indicated that theoretical and experimental detection of miscibility and drug-polymer interactions may lead to insights into product processing and extrudate structure, with direct molecular interaction representing a helpful but not essential aspect of drug-polymer combination prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siok-Yee Chan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, England, UK
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, England, UK
| | - Duncan Q M Craig
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, England, UK.
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10
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Dahmash EZ, Mohammed AR. Functionalised particles using dry powder coating in pharmaceutical drug delivery: promises and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1867-79. [PMID: 26289674 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Production of functionalised particles using dry powder coating is a one-step, environmentally friendly process that paves the way for the development of particles with targeted properties and diverse functionalities. AREAS COVERED Applying the first principles in physical science for powders, fine guest particles can be homogeneously dispersed over the surface of larger host particles to develop functionalised particles. Multiple functionalities can be modified including: flowability, dispersibility, fluidisation, homogeneity, content uniformity and dissolution profile. The current publication seeks to understand the fundamental underpinning principles and science governing dry coating process, evaluate key technologies developed to produce functionalised particles along with outlining their advantages, limitations and applications and discusses in detail the resultant functionalities and their applications. EXPERT OPINION Dry particle coating is a promising solvent-free manufacturing technology to produce particles with targeted functionalities. Progress within this area requires the development of continuous processing devices that can overcome challenges encountered with current technologies such as heat generation and particle attrition. Growth within this field requires extensive research to further understand the impact of process design and material properties on resultant functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Z Dahmash
- a Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University , Birmingham, UK +44 0121 204 4183 ;
| | - Afzal R Mohammed
- a Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University , Birmingham, UK +44 0121 204 4183 ;
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11
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Abstract
Two different amorphous states were identified as structure defining precursors during the crystallization of paracetamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Nguyen Thi
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Rademann
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Zakharov BA, Ogienko AG, Yunoshev AS, Ancharov AI, Boldyreva EV. Bis(paracetamol) pyridine – a new elusive paracetamol solvate: from modeling the phase diagram to successful single-crystal growth and structure–property relations. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the synthon approach, it is equally important to consider phase diagrams when searching for practical methods of crystallising multi-component crystals, either as single crystals or as powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A. Zakharov
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey G. Ogienko
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Yunoshev
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics SB RAS
- Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey I. Ancharov
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS
| | - Elena V. Boldyreva
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS
- Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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