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Monaco D, Reynolds GK, Tajarobi P, Litster JD, Salman AD. Modelling the effect of L/S ratio and granule moisture content on the compaction properties in continuous manufacturing. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122624. [PMID: 36690126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical field is currently moving towards continuous manufacturing pursuing reduced waste, consistency, and automation. During continuous manufacturing, it is important to understand how both operating conditions and material properties throughout the process affect the final properties of the product to optimise and control production. In this study of a continuous wet granulation line, the liquid to solid ratio (L/S) and drying times were varied to investigate the effect of the final granule moisture content and the liquid to solid ratio on the properties of the granules during tabletting and the final tensile strength of the tablets. Both variables (L/S and granule moisture) affected the tablet tensile strength with the moisture content having a larger impact. Further analysis using a compaction model, showed that the compactability of the granules was largely unaffected by both L/S and moisture content while the compressibility was influenced by these variables, leading to a difference in the final tablet strength and porosity. The granule porosity was linked to the L/S ratio and used instead for the model fitting. The effect of moisture content and granule porosity was added to the model using a 3d plane relationship between the compressibility constant, the moisture content and porosity of the granules. The tablet tensile strength model, considering the effect of moisture and granule porosity, performed well averaging a root mean squared error across the different conditions of 0.17 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Monaco
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Gavin K Reynolds
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Pirjo Tajarobi
- Early Product Development and Manufacture, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - James D Litster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Agba D Salman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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2
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Okezue M, Bogdanowich-Knipp S, Smith D, Zeller M, Byrn S, Smith P, Purcell DK, Clase K. Salts and Polymorph Screens for Bedaquiline. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:228. [PMID: 34435280 PMCID: PMC8387259 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bedaquiline is used to treat multi-resistant tuberculosis in adults. The fumarate salt is commercially available and used in the product Sirturo. To provide open access to bedaquiline molecule once the patent on the chemical substance expires, new salts were screened. This work offers additional information on the bedaquiline system, as new salts may present better pharmacokinetic properties. The current studies focus on the attempted isolation of the acetate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, hydrobromide, succinate, hydrochloride, tartrate, lactate, maleate, malate, and mesylate salts of bedaquiline. Potential salts were screened using a unique combination of conventional screening, and small-scale experiments supplemented by crystallographic analysis and infrared microspectroscopy. Salts were prepared on a larger scale by dissolving 1:1 ratios of the individual salt formers and bedaquiline base (30 mg, 0.055 mmol) in different solvents and allowing the solutions to evaporate or crystallize. X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and spectroscopic and thermal analyses were employed to characterize the salts. The benzoate and maleate salts were selected as lead candidates after reviewing preliminary characterization data. To determine the most stable forms for the leads, a polymorph screen was conducted using solvents of various polarities. These salt screens successfully generated five new salts of bedaquiline, namely, benzoate, maleate, hydrochloride, besylate, and mesylate. The existence of these salts was confirmed by powder XRD, proton NMR, and IR spectroscopies. TGA and DSC thermal analysis along with hot-stage optical microscopy were further used to characterize the salts. The polymorph screen conducted on the salts suggested the absence of additional polymorphs at 1 g scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Okezue
- Biotechnology Innovation and Regulatory Science Center, ABE, Purdue University, 225 S. University Street, Indiana, 47906, West Lafayette, USA.
| | | | - Daniel Smith
- Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall, Indiana, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr, Indiana, 47907-2084, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Stephen Byrn
- Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall, Indiana, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
- Improved Pharma LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel Blvd, Indiana, 47906, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Pamela Smith
- Improved Pharma LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel Blvd, Indiana, 47906, West Lafayette, USA
- Leading With Smart Science, LLC, 5315 Shootingstar Ln, Indiana, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Dale K Purcell
- Chemical Microscopy LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel Blvd, Indiana, 47906, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Kari Clase
- Biotechnology Innovation and Regulatory Science Center, ABE, Purdue University, 225 S. University Street, Indiana, 47906, West Lafayette, USA
- Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall, Indiana, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
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Tumwesigye K, O'Brien E, Oliveira J, Crean A, Sousa-Gallagher M. Engineered food supplement excipients from bitter cassava for minimisation of cassava processing waste in environment. FUTURE FOODS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2020.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Szałaj U, Świderska-Środa A, Chodara A, Gierlotka S, Łojkowski W. Nanoparticle Size Effect on Water Vapour Adsorption by Hydroxyapatite. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1005. [PMID: 31336907 PMCID: PMC6669690 DOI: 10.3390/nano9071005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Handling and properties of nanoparticles strongly depend on processes that take place on their surface. Specific surface area and adsorption capacity strongly increase as the nanoparticle size decreases. A crucial factor is adsorption of water from ambient atmosphere. Considering the ever-growing number of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles applications, we decided to investigate how the size of nanoparticles and the changes in relative air humidity affect adsorption of water on their surface. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles of two sizes: 10 and 40 nm, were tested. It was found that the nanoparticle size has a strong effect on the kinetics and efficiency of water adsorption. For the same value of water activity, the quantity of water adsorbed on the surface of 10 nm nano-hydroxyapatite was five times greater than that adsorbed on the 40 nm. Based on the adsorption isotherm fitting method, it was found that a multilayer physical adsorption mechanism was active. The number of adsorbed water layers at constant humidity strongly depends on particles size and reaches even 23 layers for the 10 nm particles. The amount of water adsorbed on these particles was surprisingly high, comparable to the amount of water absorbed by the commonly used moisture-sorbent silica gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Szałaj
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland.
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 41, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Świderska-Środa
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chodara
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 41, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Gierlotka
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Łojkowski
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
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Thapa P, Lee AR, Choi DH, Jeong SH. Effects of moisture content and compression pressure of various deforming granules on the physical properties of tablets. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The development of a growth regime map for a novel reverse-phase wet granulation process. Int J Pharm 2016; 512:224-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gabbott IP, Al Husban F, Reynolds GK. The combined effect of wet granulation process parameters and dried granule moisture content on tablet quality attributes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 106:70-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shah IG, Stagner WC. Effect of Percent Relative Humidity, Moisture Content, and Compression Force on Light-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) Response as a Process Analytical Tool. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:951-7. [PMID: 27435199 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of percent relative humidity (16-84% RH), moisture content (4.2-6.5% w/w MC), and compression force (4.9-44.1 kN CF) on the light-induced fluorescence (LIF) response of 10% w/w active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) compacts is reported. The fluorescent response was evaluated using two separate central composite designs of experiments. The effect of % RH and CF on the LIF signal was highly significant with an adjusted R (2) = 0.9436 and p < 0.0001. Percent relative humidity (p = 0.0022), CF (p < 0.0001), and % RH(2) (p = 0.0237) were statistically significant factors affecting the LIF response. The effects of MC and CF on LIF response were also statistically significant with a p value <0.0001 and adjusted R (2) value of 0.9874. The LIF response was highly impacted by MC (p < 0.0001), CF (p < 0.0001), and MC(2) (p = 0022). At 10% w/w API, increased % RH, MC, and CF led to a nonlinear decrease in LIF response. The derived quadratic model equations explained more than 94% of the data. Awareness of these effects on LIF response is critical when implementing LIF as a process analytical tool.
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García-Armenta E, Téllez-Medina DI, Alamilla-Beltrán L, Hernández-Sánchez H, Gutiérrez-López GF. Morphometric Analysis of Transverse Surface of Fractured Maltodextrin Agglomerates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1136940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina García-Armenta
- Departamento de Graduados e Investigación en Alimentos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santo Tomas, Mexico
| | - Darío I. Téllez-Medina
- Departamento de Graduados e Investigación en Alimentos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santo Tomas, Mexico
| | - Liliana Alamilla-Beltrán
- Departamento de Graduados e Investigación en Alimentos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santo Tomas, Mexico
| | - Humberto Hernández-Sánchez
- Departamento de Graduados e Investigación en Alimentos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santo Tomas, Mexico
| | - Gustavo F. Gutiérrez-López
- Departamento de Graduados e Investigación en Alimentos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santo Tomas, Mexico
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The evolution of granule fracture strength as a function of impeller tip speed and granule size for a novel reverse-phase wet granulation process. Int J Pharm 2015; 488:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Uğurlu T, Halaçoğlu MD. Effects of hexagonal boron nitride on dry compression mixture of Avicel DG and Starch 1500. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:415-27. [PMID: 25716058 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1016617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the lubrication properties of hexagonal boron nitride (HBN) on a (1:1) binary mixture of Avicel DG and Starch 1500 after using the dry granulation-slugging method and compare it with conventional lubricants, such as magnesium stearate (MGST), glyceryl behenate (COMP) and stearic acid (STAC). MGST is one of the most commonly used lubricants in the pharmaceutical industry. However, it has several adverse effects on tablet properties. In our current study, we employed various methods to eradicate the work hardening phenomenon in dry granulation, and used HBN as a new lubricant to overcome the adverse effects of other lubricants on tablet properties. HBN was found to be as effective as MGST and did not show any significant adverse effects on the crushing strength or work hardening. From the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, it was concluded that HBN distributed better than MGST. As well as showing better distribution, HBN's effect on disintegration was the least pronounced. Semi-quantitative weight percent distribution of B and N elements in the tablets was obtained using EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Based on atomic force microscope (AFM) surface roughness images, formulations prepared with 1% HBN showed better plastic character than those prepared with MGST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timuçin Uğurlu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Marmara University , Haydarpaşa , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Mekin Doğa Halaçoğlu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Marmara University , Haydarpaşa , Istanbul , Turkey
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Wade JB, Martin GP, Long DF. Controlling granule size through breakage in a novel reverse-phase wet granulation process: the effect of impeller speed and binder liquid viscosity. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:439-46. [PMID: 25475017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of a novel reverse-phase wet granulation process has been established previously highlighting several potential advantages over the conventional wet granulation process and making recommendations for further development of the approach. The feasibility study showed that in the reverse-phase process granule formation proceeds via a controlled breakage mechanism. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of impeller speeds and binder liquid viscosity on the size distribution and intragranular porosity of granules using this novel process. Impeller tip speed was found to have different effects on the granules produced by a conventional as opposed to a reverse-phase granulation process. For the conventional process, an increase in impeller speed from 1.57 to 3.14 ms(-1) had minimal effect on granule size distribution. However, a further increase in impeller tip speed to 3.93 and 4.71 ms(-1) resulted in a decrease in intragranular porosity and a corresponding increase in mean granule size. In contrast when the reverse-phase process was used, an increase in impeller speed from 1.57 to 4.71 ms(-1) resulted in increased granule breakage and a decrease in the mean granule size. This was postulated to be due to the fact that the granulation process begins with fully saturated pores. Under these conditions further consolidation of granules at increased impeller tip speeds is limited and rebound or breakage occurs. Based on these results and analysis of the modified capillary number the conventional process appears to be driven by viscous forces whereas the reverse-phase process appears to be driven by capillary forces. Additionally, in the reverse-phase process a critical impeller speed, represented by the equilibrium between centrifugal and gravitational forces, appears to represent the point above which breakage of large wet agglomerates and mechanical dispersion of binder liquid take place. In contrast the conventional process appears to be difficult to control due to variations in granule consolidation, which depends upon experimental variables. Such variations meant increased impeller tip speed both decreased and increased granule size. The reverse-phase process appears to offer simple control over granule porosity and size through manipulation of the impeller speed and further evaluation of the approach is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Wade
- Technical Services/Manufacturing Science Division, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - G P Martin
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - D F Long
- Technical Services/Manufacturing Science Division, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Wade J, Martin G, Long D. Feasibility assessment for a novel reverse-phase wet granulation process: The effect of liquid saturation and binder liquid viscosity. Int J Pharm 2014; 475:450-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Halaçoğlu MD, Uğurlu T. Compression parameters of hexagonal boron nitride on direct compression mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and modified starch. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:747-54. [PMID: 24841191 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.920354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of conventional lubricants including a new candidate lubricant "hexagonal boron nitride (HBN)" on direct compression powders. Lubricants such as magnesium stearate (MGST), glyceryl behenate, stearic acid, talc and polyethylene glycol6000 were studied and tablets were manufactured on a single station instrumented tablet press. This study comprised the continuation of our previous one, so mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and modified starch was used as a master formula to evaluate effects of lubricants on pharmaceutical excipients that undergo complete plastic deformation without any fragmentation under compression pressure. Bulk and tapped densities, and Carr's index parameters were calculated for powders. Tensile strength, cohesion index, lower punch ejection force and lubricant effectiveness values were investigated for tablets. The deformation mechanisms of tablets were studied during compression from the Heckel plots with or without lubricant. MGST was found to be the most effective lubricant and HBN was found very close to it. HBN did not show a significant negative effect on the crushing strength and disintegration time of the tablets when we compared with MGST. Based on the Heckel plots at the level of 1%, formulation prepared with HBN showed the most pronounced plastic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekin Doğa Halaçoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University , Haydarpasa, Istanbul , Turkey
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