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Momeni V, Hufnagl M, Shahroodi Z, Gonzalez-Gutierrez J, Schuschnigg S, Kukla C, Holzer C. Research Progress on Low-Pressure Powder Injection Molding. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:379. [PMID: 36614718 PMCID: PMC9822315 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Powder injection molding (PIM) is a well-known technique to manufacture net-shaped, complicated, macro or micro parts employing a wide range of materials and alloys. Depending on the pressure applied to inject the feedstock, this process can be separated into low-pressure (LPIM) and high-pressure (HPIM) injection molding. Although the LPIM and HPIM processes are theoretically similar, all steps have substantial differences, particularly feedstock preparation, injection, and debinding. After decades of focusing on HPIM, low-viscosity feedstocks with improved flowability have recently been produced utilizing low-molecular-weight polymers for LPIM. It has been proven that LPIM can be used for making parts in low quantities or mass production. Compared to HPIM, which could only be used for the mass production of metallic and ceramic components, LPIM can give an outstanding opportunity to cover applications in low or large batch production rates. Due to the use of low-cost equipment, LPIM also provides several economic benefits. However, establishing an optimal binder system for all powders that should be injected at extremely low pressures (below 1 MPa) is challenging. Therefore, various defects may occur throughout the mixing, injection, debinding, and sintering stages. Since all steps in the process are interrelated, it is important to have a general picture of the whole process which needs a scientific overview. This paper reviews the potential of LPIM and the characteristics of all steps. A complete academic and research background survey on the applications, challenges, and prospects has been indicated. It can be concluded that although many challenges of LPIM have been solved, it could be a proper solution to use this process and materials in developing new applications for technologies such as additive manufacturing and processing of sensitive alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Momeni
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | - Zahra Shahroodi
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
- Functional Polymers Research Unit, Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4940 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Christian Kukla
- Industrial Liaison Department, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Clemens Holzer
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
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Manchili SK, Liu F, Hryha E, Nyborg L. Carbon-coated iron nanopowder as a sintering aid for water-atomized iron powder. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17850. [PMID: 36284168 PMCID: PMC9596440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper examines the influence of carbon coating on iron nanopowder used as a sintering aid for water-atomized iron powder. Iron nanopowder without such a coating was used as a reference sintering aid to isolate the influence of the carbon coating. Both nanopowder variants were characterised using XPS and HRTEM. The results showed a core–shell structure for both variants. The iron nanopowder is covered by a 3–4 nm thick iron oxide layer, while the carbon-coated iron nanopowder is encapsulated with several nanometric carbon layers. Thermogravimetry conducted in a pure hydrogen environment shows a multipeak behaviour for the carbon-coated iron nanopowder, while a single peak behaviour is observed for the iron nanopowder. Two types of micro/nanobimodal powders were obtained by mixing the nanopowder with water-atomized iron powder. Improved linear shrinkage was observed during sintering when the carbon-coated iron nanopowder was added. This can be explained by the reduction in surface diffusion in the nanopowder caused by the carbon coating, which allows the nanopowder to sinter at higher temperatures and improves densification. Carbon and oxygen analysis, density measurements, optical microscopy and JMatPro calculations were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi K. Manchili
- grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.450308.a0000 0004 0369 268XSIMaP, Grenoble INP, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - F. Liu
- grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E. Hryha
- grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L. Nyborg
- grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Manchili SK, Wendel J, Hryha E, Nyborg L. Sintering of bimodal micrometre/nanometre iron powder compacts - A master sintering curve approach. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Microstructural evolution and magnetic properties of pressureless-sintered nanosized iron prepared by a facile combustion-based route. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Effect of Thermal Debinding Conditions on the Sintered Density of Low-Pressure Powder Injection Molded Iron Parts. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Low-pressure powder injection molding (LPIM) is a cost-effective technology for producing intricate small metal parts at high, medium, and low production volumes in applications which, to date, have involved ceramics or spherical metal powders. Since the use of irregular metal powders represents a promising way to reduce overall production costs, this study aims to investigate the potential of manufacturing powder injection molded parts from irregular commercial iron powders using the LPIM approach. To this end, a low viscosity feedstock was injected into a rectangular mold cavity, thermally wick-debound using three different pre-sintering temperatures, and finally sintered using an identical sintering cycle. During debinding, an increase in pre-sintering temperature from 600 to 850 °C decreased the number of fine particles. This decreased the sintered density from 6.2 to 5.1 g/cm3, increased the average pore size from 9 to 14 μm, and decreased pore circularity from 67 to 59%.
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What We Should Consider for Full Densification when Sintering. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163578. [PMID: 32823630 PMCID: PMC7475820 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To fully densify a powder compact, we should avoid two things: (i) entrapment of insoluble gases within pores and (ii) entrapment of isolated pores within grains. This paper describes general directions for promoting full densification in view of the above two points. Emphasis is placed on ways to potentially prevent pore entrapment in terms of grain growth control. Currently available techniques that can enhance densification while suppressing grain growth are briefly described, and their major mechanisms are discussed.
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Analysis of Iron Oxide Reduction Kinetics in the Nanometric Scale Using Hydrogen. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071276. [PMID: 32629776 PMCID: PMC7407808 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron nanopowder could be used as a sintering aid to water-atomised steel powder to improve the sintered density of metallurgical (PM) compacts. For the sintering process to be efficient, the inevitable surface oxide on the nanopowder must be reduced at least in part to facilitate its sintering aid effect. While appreciable research has been conducted in the domain of oxide reduction of the normal ferrous powder, the same cannot be said about the nanometric counterpart. The reaction kinetics for the reduction of surface oxide of iron nanopowder in hydrogen was therefore investigated using nonisothermal thermogravimetric (TG) measurements. The activation energy values were determined from the TG data using both isoconversional Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) method and the Kissinger approach. The values obtained were well within the range of reported data. The reaction kinetics of Fe2O3 as a reference material was also depicted and the reduction of this oxide proceeds in two sequential stages. The first stage corresponds to the reduction of Fe2O3 to Fe3O4, while the second stage corresponds to a complete reduction of oxide to metallic Fe. The activation energy variation over the reduction process was observed and a model was proposed to understand the reduction of surface iron oxide of iron nanopowder.
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Incorporation of HA into porous titanium to form Ti-HA biocomposite foams. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 96:193-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Oh JW, Seong Y, Shin DS, Park SJ. Investigation and two-stage modeling of sintering behavior of nano/micro-bimodal powders. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Analysis of compaction and sintering behavior of 316L stainless steel nano/micro bimodal powder. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kim SH, Shin GH, Kim BK, Kim KT, Yang DY, Aranas C, Choi JP, Yu JH. Thermo-mechanical improvement of Inconel 718 using ex situ boron nitride-reinforced composites processed by laser powder bed fusion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14359. [PMID: 29085008 PMCID: PMC5662723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride-reinforced Inconel 718 (h-BN/IN718) composites were fabricated using a laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique to treat a nanosheet-micropowder precursor mixture prepared in a mechanical blending process. Tailoring the BN in IN718 enhanced the thermal resistance of the composites, thereby dampening the sharpness of the melting temperature peak at 1364 °C. This is because the presence of the BN reinforcement, which has a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), resulted in a heat-blocking effect within the matrix. Following this lead, we found that the BN (2.29 g/cm3) was uniformly distributed and strongly embedded in the IN718 (8.12 g/cm3), with the lowest alloy density value (7.03 g/cm3) being obtained after the addition of 12 vol% BN. Consequently, its specific hardness and compressive strength rose to 41.7 Hv0.5·cm3/g and 92.4 MPa·cm3/g, respectively, compared to the unreinforced IN718 alloy with 38.7 Hv0.5·cm3/g and 89.4 MPa·cm3/g, respectively. Most importantly, we discovered that the wear resistance of the composite improved compared to the unreinforced IN718, indicated by a decrease in the coefficient of friction (COF) from 0.43 to 0.31 at 2400 s. This is because the BN has an exfoliated surface and intrinsically high sliding and lubricating characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Kim
- Powder Technology Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hun Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kee Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Tae Kim
- Powder Technology Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeol Yang
- Powder Technology Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Clodualdo Aranas
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Joon-Phil Choi
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Ji-Hun Yu
- Powder Technology Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea.
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Analysis of the rheological behavior of Fe trimodal micro-nano powder feedstock in micro powder injection molding. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hamidi MFFA, Harun WSW, Samykano M, Ghani SAC, Ghazalli Z, Ahmad F, Sulong AB. A review of biocompatible metal injection moulding process parameters for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:1263-1276. [PMID: 28575965 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible metals have been revolutionizing the biomedical field, predominantly in human implant applications, where these metals widely used as a substitute to or as function restoration of degenerated tissues or organs. Powder metallurgy techniques, in specific the metal injection moulding (MIM) process, have been employed for the fabrication of controlled porous structures used for dental and orthopaedic surgical implants. The porous metal implant allows bony tissue ingrowth on the implant surface, thereby enhancing fixation and recovery. This paper elaborates a systematic classification of various biocompatible metals from the aspect of MIM process as used in medical industries. In this study, three biocompatible metals are reviewed-stainless steels, cobalt alloys, and titanium alloys. The applications of MIM technology in biomedicine focusing primarily on the MIM process setting parameters discussed thoroughly. This paper should be of value to investigators who are interested in state of the art of metal powder metallurgy, particularly the MIM technology for biocompatible metal implant design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F F A Hamidi
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - W S W Harun
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - M Samykano
- Structural and Material Degradation Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - S A C Ghani
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Z Ghazalli
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - F Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
| | - A B Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Malaysia
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Kim SH, Choi J, Yun J, Jeong EW. Bimodal NdNiAl and NdFeB hybrid catalytic and magnetic nanoparticles laminated on Fe foam: catalytic conversion of CO + 3H2 to CH4. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00940b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
For the production of CH4 from CO hydrogenation, a hybrid foam with high catalytic activity and strong magnetic bonding ability was fabricated by electrospraying and co-sintering NdNiAl and NdFeB nanoparticles over a Fe foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Kim
- Powder Technology Department
- Korea Institute of Materials Science
- Changwon 51508
- Republic of Korea
| | - Joonphil Choi
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - Jaecheol Yun
- Powder Technology Department
- Korea Institute of Materials Science
- Changwon 51508
- Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-wook Jeong
- Powder Technology Department
- Korea Institute of Materials Science
- Changwon 51508
- Republic of Korea
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Lee JW, Timilsina S, Kim GW, Kim JS. A new strategy for novel binder discovery in nano and μ powder injection molding: A metaheuristics-assisted virtual combinatorial materials search. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mariot P, Leeflang M, Schaeffer L, Zhou J. An investigation on the properties of injection-molded pure iron potentially for biodegradable stent application. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Control of the Nano-Particle Weight Ratio in Stainless Steel Micro and Nano Powders by Radio Frequency Plasma Treatment. METALS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/met5042058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sintering behavior of 316L stainless steel micro–nanopowder compact fabricated by powder injection molding. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Sintering effect on crystallite size, hydrogen bond structure and morphology of the silane-derived silicon powders. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Choi JP, Lyu HG, Lee WS, Lee JS. Investigation of the rheological behavior of 316L stainless steel micro-nano powder feedstock for micro powder injection molding. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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