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Yasmin H, Giwa SO, Noor S, Sharifpur M. Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Metal Oxide Nanofluids: A Critical Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13030597. [PMID: 36770558 PMCID: PMC9920789 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in technology related to energy systems, such as heat exchangers, electronics, and batteries, are associated with the generation of high heat fluxes which requires appropriate thermal management. Presently, conventional thermal fluids have found limited application owing to low thermal conductivity (TC). The need for more efficient fluids has become apparent leading to the development of nanofluids as advanced thermal fluids. Nanofluid synthesis by suspending nano-size materials into conventional thermal fluids to improve thermal properties has been extensively studied. TC is a pivotal property to the utilization of nanofluids in various applications as it is strongly related to improved efficiency and thermal performance. Numerous studies have been conducted on the TC of nanofluids using diverse nanoparticles and base fluids. Different values of TC enhancement have been recorded which depend on various factors, such as nanoparticles size, shape and type, base fluid and surfactant type, temperature, etc. This paper attempts to conduct a state-of-the-art review of the TC enhancement of metal oxide nanofluids owing to the wide attention, chemical stability, low density, and oxidation resistance associated with this type of nanofluid. TC and TC enhancements of metal oxide nanofluids are presented and discussed herein. The influence of several parameters (temperature, volume/weight concentration, nano-size, sonication, shape, surfactants, base fluids, alignment, TC measurement techniques, and mixing ratio (for hybrid nanofluid)) on the TC of metal oil nanofluids have been reviewed. This paper serves as a frontier in the review of the effect of alignment, electric field, and green nanofluid on TC. In addition, the mechanisms/physics behind TC enhancement and techniques for TC measurement have been discussed. Results show that the TC enhancement of metal oxide nanofluids is affected by the aforementioned parameters with temperature and nanoparticle concentration contributing the most. TC of these nanofluids is observed to be actively enhanced using electric and magnetic fields with the former requiring more intense studies. The formulation of green nanofluids and base fluids as sustainable and future thermal fluids is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Yasmin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Solomon O. Giwa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye P.M.B. 2002, Nigeria
| | - Saima Noor
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen Sharifpur
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Mid-temperature stability of oil-based WO2.9 nanofluids modified with hexadecyl trimethoxysilane: Experimental research. POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Esfe MH, Esfandeh S, Kamyab MH, Toghraie D. Analytical-statistical review of selected researches in the field of thermal conductivity of nanofluids. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Krishna Poloju V, Khadanga V, Mukherjee S, Chandra Mishra P, Aljuwayhel NF, Ali N. Thermal conductivity and dispersion properties of SDBS decorated ternary nanofluid: Impacts of surfactant inclusion, sonication time and ageing. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yu J, Wang Y, Qi C, Zhang W. Solar thermal power generation characteristics based on metal foam and phase change materials doped with nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mehta B, Subhedar D, Panchal H, Said Z. Synthesis, stability, thermophysical properties and heat transfer applications of nanofluid – a review. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Sajid MU, Bicer Y. Impacts of ultrasonication time and surfactants on stability and optical properties of CuO, Fe 3O 4, and CNTs/water nanofluids for spectrum selective applications. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 88:106079. [PMID: 35763944 PMCID: PMC9240367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The prime objective of the present experimental work is to evaluate the impact of ultrasonication time and surfactants on the optical characteristics (transmittance and absorbance) and stability of CuO/water, CNTs/water, and Fe3O4/water nanofluids to be used in spectrum selective applications. Two-step method with various ultrasonication times (30 min, 60 min, and 90 min) was employed to prepare nanofluids (having volume fractions of 0.004 % and 0.0004 %). Furthermore, various surfactants (anionic, cationic, and polymer) were added to the base fluid. The study results revealed that surfactants have a significant effect on the stability of nanofluids over ultrasonication time. The nanofluids prepared using sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) have the highest zeta potential values than other surfactants used in the experimentation. The increase in transmittance of nanofluid was more prominent for lower concentration (0.0004 %) after one week of preparation. The concentration of nanoparticles, ultrasonication time, temperature, and surfactants influenced the optical characteristics of nanofluids. The most stabled CNTs nanofluid with 0.004 % concentration and 90 min of ultrasonication obtained an average of 67.6 % and 74.6 % higher absorbance than stabled CuO and Fe3O4 nanofluids, respectively. The irradiance transmitted through nanofluid was strongly dependent on the concentration and type of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Sajid
- Division of Sustainable Development (DSD), College of Science and Engineering (CSE), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Education City, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Yusuf Bicer
- Division of Sustainable Development (DSD), College of Science and Engineering (CSE), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Education City, Doha, Qatar
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Adding Nano-TiO2 to Water and Paraffin to Enhance Total Efficiency of a Photovoltaic Thermal PV/T System Subjected to Harsh Weathers. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132266. [PMID: 35808099 PMCID: PMC9268364 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Iraq is characterized by hot and sunny weather with high radiation intensity. These conditions are suitable to produce photovoltaic electricity, on the one hand, but on the other hand are not suitable for photovoltaic modules whose efficiency decreases with increasing temperature. In this study, a photovoltaic module was practically cooled by two PV/T systems, one cooled by water and the other by nanofluid and nano-paraffin. Iraqi-produced paraffin was used in this study for its cheap price, and because its melting and freezing temperature (46 °C) is close to the operating range of photovoltaic modules. Nano-TiO2 was adopted as an additive to water and paraffin. The study results showed an obvious enhancement of the thermal conductivity of both water and paraffin, by up to 126.6% and 170%, respectively, after adding a 2% mass fraction of nano-TiO2. The practical experiments were carried out outdoors in the city of Baghdad, Iraq. A fluid mass flow rate of 0.15 kg/s was selected for practical reasons, since at this rate the system operates without vibration. The PV panel’s temperature, in the PV/T system (nano-fluid and nano-paraffin), decreased by an average of 19 °C when the tested systems operated during the peak period (12 PM to 3 PM). The decrease in temperatures of the PV module caused a clear improvement in its electrical efficiency, as it was 106.5% and 57.7% higher than the PV module (standalone) and water-cooled PV system, respectively. The thermal efficiency of this system was 43.7% higher than the case of the water-cooled PV/T system. The proposed system (nano-fluid and nano-paraffin) provides a greater possibility of controlling the heat capacity and increasing both efficiencies (electrical and thermal), when compared to a standalone PV module, in harsh Iraqi weather.
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Nano-Iron Oxide-Ethylene Glycol-Water Nanofluid Based Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) System with Spiral Flow Absorber: An Energy and Exergy Analysis. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15113870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Both electrical and thermal efficiencies combine in determining and evaluating the performance of a PV/T collector. In this study, two PV/T systems consisting of poly and monocrystalline PV panels were used, which are connected from the bottom by a heat exchanger consisting of a spiral tube through which a nanofluid circulates. In this study, a base fluid, water, and ethylene glycol were used, and iron oxide nanoparticles (nano-Fe2O3) were used as an additive. The mixing was carried out according to the highest specifications adopted by the researchers, and the thermophysical properties of the fluid were carefully examined. The prepared nanofluid properties showed a limited effect of the nanoparticles on the density and viscosity of the resulting fluid. As for the thermal conductivity, it increased by increasing the mass fraction added to reach 140% for the case of adding 2% of nano-Fe2O3. The results of the zeta voltage test showed that the supplied suspensions had high stability. When a mass fraction of 0.5% nano-Fe2O3 was added the zeta potential was 68 mV, while for the case of 2%, it reached 49 mV. Performance tests showed a significant increase in the efficiencies with increased mass flow rate. It was found when analyzing the performance of the two systems for nanofluid flow rates from 0.08 to 0.17 kg/s that there are slight differences between the monocrystalline, and polycrystalline systems operating in the spiral type of exchanger. As for the case of using monocrystalline PV the electrical, thermal, and total PV/T efficiencies with 2% added Fe2O3 ranged between 10% to 13.3%, 43–59%, and 59 to 72%, respectively, compared to a standalone PV system. In the case of using polycrystalline PV, the electrical, thermal, and total PV/T efficiencies ranged from 11% to 13.75%, 40.3% to 63%, and 55.5% to 77.65%, respectively, compared to the standalone PV system. It was found that the PV/T electrical exergy was between 45, and 64 W with thermal exergy ranged from 40 to 166 W, and total exergy from 85 to 280 W, in the case of using a monocrystalline panel. In the case of using polycrystalline, the PV/T electrical, thermal, and total exergy were between 45 and 66 W, 42–172 W, and 85–238 W, respectively. The results showed that both types of PV panels can be used in the harsh weather conditions of the city of Baghdad with acceptable, and efficient productivity.
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Experimental Investigation on Mid-Temperature Thermal Stability of WO2.9-SiC Binary Nanofluid. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Ibrahim SI, Ali AH, Hafidh SA, Chaichan MT, Kazem HA, Ali JM, Isahak WNR, Alamiery A. Stability and thermal conductivity of different nano-composite material prepared for thermal energy storage applications. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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12
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Prado JI, Vallejo JP, Lugo L. A new relationship on transport properties of nanofluids. Evidence with novel magnesium oxide based n-tetradecane nanodispersions. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.117082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Process Parameters Effect Investigations on Viscosity of Water-ethylene Glycol-based α-alumina Nanofluids: An Ultrasonic Experimental and Statistical Approach. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-05790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Introducing two scenarios to reduce building energy usage: PCM installation and integrating nanofluid solar collectors with DHW system. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rubbi F, Das L, Habib K, Aslfattahi N, Saidur R, Alam SU. A comprehensive review on advances of oil-based nanofluids for concentrating solar thermal collector application. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ji W, Yang L, Chen Z, Mao M, Huang JN. Experimental studies and ANN predictions on the thermal properties of TiO2-Ag hybrid nanofluids: Consideration of temperature, particle loading, ultrasonication and storage time. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Mukherjee S, Mishra PC, Chakrabarty S, Chaudhuri P. Effects of Sonication Period on Colloidal Stability and Thermal Conductivity of SiO2–Water Nanofluid: An Experimental Investigation. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-021-02100-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zainon S, Azmi W. Recent Progress on Stability and Thermo-Physical Properties of Mono and Hybrid towards Green Nanofluids. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020176. [PMID: 33670250 PMCID: PMC7918202 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown the remarkable enhancement of thermo-physical properties with the addition of a small quantity of nanoparticles into conventional fluids. However, the long-term stability of the nanofluids, which plays a significant role in enhancing these properties, is hard to achieve, thus limiting the performance of the heat transfer fluids in practical applications. The present paper attempts to highlight various approaches used by researchers in improving and evaluating the stability of thermal fluids and thoroughly explores various factors that contribute to the enhancement of the thermo-physical properties of mono, hybrid, and green nanofluids. There are various methods to maintain the stability of nanofluids, but this paper particularly focuses on the sonication process, pH modification, and the use of surfactant. In addition, the common techniques to evaluate the stability of nanofluids are undertaken by using visual observation, TEM, FESEM, XRD, zeta potential analysis, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Prior investigations revealed that the type of nanoparticle, particle volume concentration, size and shape of particles, temperature, and base fluids highly influence the thermo-physical properties of nanofluids. In conclusion, this paper summarized the findings and strategies to enhance the stability and factors affecting the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of mono and hybrid of nanofluids towards green nanofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.N.M. Zainon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia;
| | - W.H. Azmi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia;
- Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid and Processes, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Numerical Investigation on Forced Hybrid Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer Inside a Three-Dimensional Annulus Equipped with Hot and Cold Rods: Using Symmetry Simulation. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12111873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3D computational fluid dynamics method is used in the current study to investigate the hybrid nanofluid (HNF) flow and heat transfer in an annulus with hot and cold rods. The chief goal of the current study is to examine the influences of dissimilar Reynolds numbers, emissivity coefficients, and dissimilar volume fractions of nanoparticles on hydraulic and thermal characteristics of the studied annulus. In this way, the geometry is modeled using a symmetry scheme. The heat transfer fluid is a water, ethylene–glycol, or water/ethylene–glycol mixture-based Cu-Al2O3 HNF, which is a Newtonian NF. According to the findings for the model at Re = 3000 and ϕ1 = 0.05, all studied cases with different base fluids have similar behavior. ϕ1 and ϕ2 are the volume concentration of Al2O3 and Cu nanoparticles, respectively. For all studied cases, the total average Nusselt number (Nuave) reduces firstly by an increment of the volume concentrations of Cu nanoparticles until ϕ2 = 0.01 or 0.02 and then, the total Nuave rises by an increment of the volume concentrations of Cu nanoparticles. Additionally, for the case with water as the base fluid, the total Nuave at ϕ2 = 0.05 is higher than the values at ϕ2 = 0.00. On the other hand, for the other cases, the total Nuave at ϕ2 = 0.05 is lower than the values at ϕ2 = 0.00. For all studied cases, the case with water as the base fluid has the maximum Nuave. Plus, for the model at Re = 4000 and ϕ1 = 0.05, all studied cases with different base fluids have similar behavior. For all studied cases, the total Nuave reduces firstly by an increment of the volume concentrations of Cu nanoparticles until ϕ2 = 0.01 and then, the total Nuave rises by an increment of the volume concentrations of Cu nanoparticles. The Nuave augments are found by an increment of Reynolds numbers. Higher emissivity values should lead to higher radiation heat transfer, but the portion of radiative heat transfer in the studied annulus is low and therefore, has no observable increment in HNF flow and heat transfer.
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Experimental Research and Development on the Natural Convection of Suspensions of Nanoparticles-A Comprehensive Review. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091855. [PMID: 32948081 PMCID: PMC7559740 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Suspensions of nanoparticles, widely known as nanofluids, are considered as advanced heat transfer media for thermal management and conversion systems. Research on their convective thermal transport is of paramount importance for their applications in such systems such as heat exchangers and solar collectors. This paper presents experimental research on the natural convection heat transfer performances of nanofluids in different geometries from thermal management and conversion perspectives. Experimental results and available experiment-derived correlations for the natural thermal convection of nanofluids are critically analyzed. Other features such as nanofluid preparation, stability evaluation and thermophysical properties of nanofluids that are important for this thermal transfer feature are also briefly reviewed and discussed. Additionally, techniques (active and passive) employed for enhancing the thermo-convection of nanofluids in different geometries are highlighted and discussed. Hybrid nanofluids are featured in this work as the newest class of nanofluids, with particular focuses on the thermophysical properties and natural convection heat transfer performance in enclosures. It is demonstrated that there has been a lack of accurate stability evaluation given the inconsistencies of available results on these properties and features of nanofluids. Although nanofluids exhibit enhanced thermophysical properties such as viscosity and thermal conductivity, convective heat transfer coefficients were observed to deteriorate in some cases when nanofluids were used, especially for nanoparticle concentrations of more than 0.1 vol.%. However, there are inconsistencies in the literature results, and the underlying mechanisms are also not yet well-understood despite their great importance for practical applications.
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Shahsavar A, Khanmohammadi S, Afrand M, Shahsavar Goldanlou A, Rosatami S. On evaluation of magnetic field effect on the formation of nanoparticles clusters inside aqueous magnetite nanofluid: An experimental study and comprehensive modeling. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Effect of dispersion behavior on the heat transfer characteristics of alumina nanofluid: an experimental investigation and development of a new correlation function. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40089-020-00306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zheng Y, Shahsavar A, Afrand M. Sonication time efficacy on Fe 3O 4-liquid paraffin magnetic nanofluid thermal conductivity: An experimental evaluation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 64:105004. [PMID: 32171684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the duration of sonication efficacy on the thermal conductivity of Fe3O4-liquid paraffin nanofluid is investigated. The nanofluid is produced at 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025 and 0.03 vol concentrations by applying two-step method. The sonication process is performed in a temperature range of 20-90 °C. The duration of sonication seems to have two important effects: On the one hand, increasing the duration of sonication breaks the nanoparticles clusters, hence distributes the nanoparticles more uniformly which in turn rises thermal conductivity. On the other hand, an excessive increase in the duration of sonication can impair nanofluid stability. The results of experimental tests proved that the optimal duration of sonication is 3 h. The optimal duration of sonication is not dependent on the nanoparticles volume fraction (φ) and temperature. It was found that at the highest temperature and φ (90 °C,0.03), the greatest thermal conductivity enhancement (28.49%) is obtained. In contrast, at the lowest temperature and φ (20 °C,0.005) the lowest thermal conductivity enhancement was obtained (2.82%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhou Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, 588 Youyi Avenue, Wuhan, China; School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, 588 Youyi Avenue, Wuhan, China
| | - Amin Shahsavar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masoud Afrand
- Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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