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Vahedi SM, Azaiez J. Optimization of polymer coating thickness and strut width in drug Eluting stents using Magnetic field. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 203:114455. [PMID: 39147171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The transport of drug/magnetic particle (MP) conjugates in the presence of a Magnetic Field (MF) in Drug Eluting Stents (DESs) is modeled numerically using the Finite Volume Method (FVM). The effects of physiological conditions corresponding to different degrees of calcification, drug particles sizes and hematocrit level, were analyzed by investigating the roles of the tissue permeability, its anisotropy and the plasma viscosity. It was found that both in the absence and presence of the MF, as the tissue permeability decreases or the plasma viscosity increases, the free-phase drug and Extracellular Matrix (ECM)-bound phase contents increase. Stronger tissue anisotropy leads to a decrease of the free-phase drug content and an increase of the ECM-bound phase content. Within the explored ranges, the Specific Receptor (SR)-bound phase of the drug was found to be insensitive to the tissue permeability and plasma viscosity, and to be larger in anisotropic tissues. The activation of the MF leads systematically to larger free-phase drug contents, with the increases most prominent at smaller tissue permeability, anisotropy and plasma viscosity. On the other hand, the effects on the ECM-bound phase content are found to be stronger at larger permeability, smaller plasma viscosity and lower tissue anisotropy. For an isotropic tissue, the MF induces a decrease of the ECM-bound phase content at early times, followed by an increase at later times. For the considered ranges of permeability and viscosity, the MF does not seem to have any noticeable effects on the SR-bound phase. However, this phase of the drug tends to increase with the activation of the MF in isotropic tissues and is unchanged in anisotropic ones. These reported effects of the MF hold promise for alleviating two factors contributing to In-Stent Restenosis, namely the polymer coating width and thickness. The study reveals that a narrower or thinner polymer layer, in combination with the MF, can mimic the drug release dynamics of a wider or thicker polymer layer in the absence of the MF. The corresponding width and thickness of the magnetized stents, that we referred to as the equivalent polymer width (EPW) and equivalent polymer thickness (EPT) were determined and their dependence on the tissue permeability, isotropy and the plasma viscosity, was investigated. The study shows that it is possible to achieve the same drug delivery with polymer coating of half the width or half the thickness of the non-magnetized stent when an electric intensity of 3A is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Masoud Vahedi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Jalel Azaiez
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Akhtar Y, Ahmad S, Khalid F, Junjua MUD, Aryanfar Y, Hendy AS, Tlija M, Soliman AT. Machine learning- a new paradigm in nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery to cancerous tissues through the human cardiovascular system enhanced by magnetic field. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22048. [PMID: 39333571 PMCID: PMC11436989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery offers a promising approach to targeted cancer therapy, leveraging the ability of nanoparticles to deliver therapeutic agents directly to cancerous tissues with minimal impact on surrounding healthy cells. The presence of these nanoparticles is governed by a concentration equation, which accounts for the diffusion, convection, and reaction of the nanoparticles with the blood components. It is well-known that whenever a disease or infection occurs in a human, in 80% of cases a rise in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the blood occurs. This is the reason why blood is assumed to contain hydrogen peroxide (in the present study), which is a biomarker of oxidative stress and inflammation. This study explores the integration of machine learning (ML) techniques into the optimization of drug delivery processes within the human cardiovascular system, focusing on the enhancement of these processes through the application of magnetic fields. By employing ML algorithms, we analyze and predict the behavior of nanoparticles as they navigate the complex fluid dynamics of the cardiovascular system, particularly under the influence of an external magnetic field. The predictive power of ML models enables the precise control of nanoparticle trajectories, optimizing their accumulation in cancerous tissues and improving the efficacy of the drug delivery system. The findings of this study demonstrate that ML-enhanced magnetic targeting can significantly enhance the precision and effectiveness of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery, offering a new paradigm in cancer treatment strategies. This approach has the potential to revolutionize the field by providing personalized and highly efficient therapeutic solutions for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Akhtar
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shabbir Ahmad
- Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
- School of Ocean Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande - RS, 96203900, Brazil.
| | - Fareeha Khalid
- Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Moin-Ud-Din Junjua
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Mathematics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, 32200, Pakistan.
| | - Yashar Aryanfar
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Recourses and Hydraulic Engineering, College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Electric Engineering and Computation, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez, Av. Del Charro 450 Norte, Col. Partido Romero, Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
- Thermo-Fluids research group, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Ahmed S Hendy
- Department of Computational Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
- Department of Mechanics and Mathematics, Western Caspian University, Baku, 1001, Azerbaijan
| | - Mehdi Tlija
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed T Soliman
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Gandhi R, Sharma BK, Mishra NK, Al-Mdallal QM. Computer Simulations of EMHD Casson Nanofluid Flow of Blood through an Irregular Stenotic Permeable Artery: Application of Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li Correlations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:652. [PMID: 36839020 PMCID: PMC9958988 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel analysis of the electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) non-Newtonian nanofluid blood flow incorporating CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles through a permeable walled diseased artery having irregular stenosis and an aneurysm is analyzed in this paper. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood flow is addressed by the Casson fluid model. The effective viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluids are calculated using the Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li model, which takes into account the Brownian motion of nanoparticles. The mild stenosis approximation is employed to reduce the bi-directional flow of blood to uni-directional. The blood flow is influenced by an electric field along with a magnetic field perpendicular to the blood flow. The governing mathematical equations are solved using Crank-Nicolson finite difference approach. The model has been developed and validated by comparing the current results to previously published benchmarks that are peculiar to this study. The results are utilized to investigate the impact of physical factors on momentum diffusion and heat transfer. The Nusselt number escalates with increasing CuO nanoparticle diameter and diminishing the diameter of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The relative % variation in Nusselt number enhances with Magnetic number, whereas a declining trend is obtained for the electric field parameter. The present study's findings may be helpful in the diagnosis of hemodynamic abnormalities and the fields of nano-hemodynamics, nano-pharmacology, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, wound healing, and blood purification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishu Gandhi
- Department of Mathematics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Bhupendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Mathematics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Nidhish Kumar Mishra
- Department of Basic Science, College of Science and Theoretical Studies, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qasem M. Al-Mdallal
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17551, United Arab Emirates
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Shaw S, Shit G, Tripathi D. Impact of drug carrier shape, size, porosity and blood rheology on magnetic nanoparticle-based drug delivery in a microvessel. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ganguly S, Margel S. Design of Magnetic Hydrogels for Hyperthermia and Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4259. [PMID: 34883761 PMCID: PMC8659876 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are spatially organized hydrophilic polymeric systems that exhibit unique features in hydrated conditions. Among the hydrogel family, composite hydrogels are a special class that are defined as filler-containing systems with some tailor-made properties. The composite hydrogel family includes magnetic-nanoparticle-integrated hydrogels. Magnetic hydrogels (MHGs) show magneto-responsiveness, which is observed when they are placed in a magnetic field (static or oscillating). Because of their tunable porosity and internal morphology they can be used in several biomedical applications, especially diffusion-related smart devices. External stimuli may influence physical and chemical changes in these hydrogels, particularly in terms of volume and shape morphing. One of the most significant external stimuli for hydrogels is a magnetic field. This review embraces a brief overview of the fabrication of MHGs and two of their usages in the biomedical area: drug delivery and hyperthermia-based anti-cancer activity. As for the saturation magnetization imposed on composite MHGs, they are easily heated in the presence of an alternating magnetic field and the temperature increment is dependent on the magnetic nanoparticle concentration and exposure time. Herein, we also discuss the mode of different therapies based on non-contact hyperthermia heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Ganguly
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Shlomo Margel
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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A Review of the Methods of Modeling Multi-Phase Flows within Different Microchannels Shapes and Their Applications. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12091113. [PMID: 34577756 PMCID: PMC8465032 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In industrial processes, the microtechnology concept refers to the operation of small devices that integrate the elements of operational and reaction units to save energy and space. The advancement of knowledge in the field of microfluidics has resulted in fabricating devices with different applications in micro and nanoscales. Micro- and nano-devices can provide energy-efficient systems due to their high thermal performance. Fluid flow in microchannels and microstructures has been widely considered by researchers in the last two decades. In this paper, a review study on fluid flow within microstructures is performed. The present study aims to present the results obtained in previous studies on this type of system. First, different types of flows in microchannels are examined. The present article will then review previous articles and present a general summary in each section. Then, the multi-phase flows inside the microchannels are discussed, and the flows inside the micropumps, microturbines, and micromixers are evaluated. According to the literature review, it is found that the use of microstructures enhances energy efficiency. The results of previous investigations revealed that the use of nanofluids as a working fluid in microstructures improves energy efficiency. Previous studies have demonstrated special attention to the design aspects of microchannels and micro-devices compared to other design strategies to improve their performance. Finally, general concluding remarks are presented, and the existing challenges in the use of these devices and suggestions for future investigations are presented.
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Thermo-hydraulic performance of nanofluids in a bionic fractal microchannel heat sink with traveling-wave fins. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Investigation of the plaque morphology effect on changes of pulsatile blood flow in a stenosed curved artery induced by an external magnetic field. Comput Biol Med 2021; 135:104600. [PMID: 34214938 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In a new therapeutic technique, called magnetic drug targeting (MDT), magnetic particles carrying therapeutic agents are directed to the target tissue by applying an external magnetic field. Meanwhile, this magnetic field also affects the blood as a biomagnetic fluid. Therefore, it is necessary to select a magnetic field with an acceptable range of influence on the blood flow. This study investigates the effect of an external magnetic field on the pulsatile blood flow in a stenosed curved artery to identify a safe magnetic field. The effects of a number of parameters, including the magnetic susceptibility of blood in oxygenated and deoxygenated states and the magnetic field strength, were studied. Moreover, the effect of the plaque morphology, including the occlusion percentage and the chord length of the stenosis, on changes in blood flow induced by the magnetic field was investigated. The results show that applying a magnetic field increases the wall shear stress (WSS) and the pressure of the deoxygenated blood. Comparing the wall shear stresses of the deoxygenated and oxygenated blood shows that the effect of magnetic field on the deoxygenated blood is more significant than its effect on the oxygenated blood due to its higher magnetic susceptibility. The study of the stenosis geometry shows that the influence of magnetic field on the blood flow is increased by decreasing the occlusion percentage of the artery. Furthermore, among the evaluated lengths, the 50° chord length results in the highest variation under the influence of the magnetic field. Finally, the magnetic field of Mn = 2.5 can be utilized as a safe field for MDT purposes in such a stenosed curved artery.
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Khazayinejad M, Hafezi M, Dabir B. Peristaltic transport of biological graphene-blood nanofluid considering inclined magnetic field and thermal radiation in a porous media. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Effects of geometrical parameters on the capture efficiency of nanoparticles under the influence of the magnetic field in a stenosed vessel. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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