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Singh M, Barua H, Jyothi VGSS, Dhondale MR, Nambiar AG, Agrawal AK, Kumar P, Shastri NR, Kumar D. Cocrystals by Design: A Rational Coformer Selection Approach for Tackling the API Problems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041161. [PMID: 37111646 PMCID: PMC10140925 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) with unfavorable physicochemical properties and stability present a significant challenge during their processing into final dosage forms. Cocrystallization of such APIs with suitable coformers is an efficient approach to mitigate the solubility and stability concerns. A considerable number of cocrystal-based products are currently being marketed and show an upward trend. However, to improve the API properties by cocrystallization, coformer selection plays a paramount role. Selection of suitable coformers not only improves the drug’s physicochemical properties but also improves the therapeutic effectiveness and reduces side effects. Numerous coformers have been used till date to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable cocrystals. The carboxylic acid-based coformers, such as fumaric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, and citric acid, are the most commonly used coformers in the currently marketed cocrystal-based products. Carboxylic acid-based coformers are capable of forming the hydrogen bond and contain smaller carbon chain with the APIs. This review summarizes the role of coformers in improving the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of APIs, and deeply explains the utility of afore-mentioned coformers in API cocrystal formation. The review concludes with a brief discussion on the patentability and regulatory issues related to pharmaceutical cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maan Singh
- Pharmaceutical Solid State Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Harsh Barua
- Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster (SSPC), Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Vaskuri G. S. Sainaga Jyothi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Madhukiran R. Dhondale
- Pharmaceutical Solid State Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Amritha G. Nambiar
- Pharmaceutical Solid State Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashish K. Agrawal
- Pharmaceutical Solid State Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | | | - Dinesh Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Solid State Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
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Mechanical Activation by Ball Milling as a Strategy to Prepare Highly Soluble Pharmaceutical Formulations in the Form of Co-Amorphous, Co-Crystals, or Polymorphs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102003. [PMID: 36297439 PMCID: PMC9607342 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost half of orally administered active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have low solubility, which affects their bioavailability. In the last two decades, several alternatives have been proposed to modify the crystalline structure of APIs to improve their solubility; these strategies consist of inducing supramolecular structural changes in the active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as the amorphization and preparation of co-crystals or polymorphs. Since many APIs are thermosensitive, non-thermal emerging alternative techniques, such as mechanical activation by milling, have become increasingly common as a preparation method for drug formulations. This review summarizes the recent research in preparing pharmaceutical formulations (co-amorphous, co-crystals, and polymorphs) through ball milling to enhance the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. This report includes detailed experimental milling conditions (instrumentation, temperature, time, solvent, etc.), as well as solubility, bioavailability, structural, and thermal stability data. The results and description of characterization techniques to determine the structural modifications resulting from transforming a pure crystalline API into a co-crystal, polymorph, or co-amorphous system are presented. Additionally, the characterization methodologies and results of intermolecular interactions induced by mechanical activation are discussed to explain the properties of the pharmaceutical formulations obtained after the ball milling process.
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Zhang J, Liang Z, Yang F, JI S, Lan P, Liao YX. Unique sandwich structure of pyrazinamide-methylmalonic acid cocrystal:ternary phase diagrams, characterization and property evaluation. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01609a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Pyrazinamide (PZA)-Methylmalonic acid (MMA) cocrystal was prepared and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Hirshfeld surface...
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