Psychosocial functioning and its impact on implementing behavioral interventions for childhood obesity

Physical Examination Findings Among Children and Adolescents With Obesity: An Evidence-Based Review

Overweight and obesity affects 1 in 3 US children and adolescents. Clinical recommendations have largely focused on screening guidelines and counseling strategies. However, the physical examination of the child or adolescent with obesity can provide the clinician with additional information to guide management decisions. This expert-based review focuses on physical examination findings specific to children and adolescents with obesity. For each physical examination element, the authors define the finding and its prevalence among pediatric patients with obesity, discuss the importance and relevance of the finding, describe known techniques to assess severity, and review evidence regarding the need for additional evaluation. The recommendations presented represent a comprehensive review of current evidence as well as expert opinion. The goal of this review is to highlight the importance of conducting a targeted physical examination during pediatric weight management visits.

'I just don't want to get bullied anymore, then I can lead a normal life'; Insights into life as an obese adolescent and their views on obesity treatment

BACKGROUND

Adolescent obesity is a complex condition involving social, emotional, behavioural and cultural issues.

DESIGN

One-to-one interviews and small focus groups with overweight and obese young people were conducted. Qualitative research is an appropriate method to explore the complexity of this issue.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Overweight and obese adolescent's attending a community weight management intervention in South Yorkshire.

MAIN VARIABLES STUDIED

Interviews aimed to explore the experiences of obese adolescents and their perspectives towards obesity treatment.

RESULTS

Adolescent's provided detailed accounts of their perspectives on weight gain, alluding to disordered patterns of eating and overeating, reported as being triggered by social and emotional factors, and in particular, bullying. Avoidance of bullying and a desire to integrate socially with peers were key drivers to seek treatment. Young people reported what they should do to lose weight, yet responsibility for successful weight loss and lifestyle change was repeatedly attributed to the treatment received, as opposed to viewing this as a combination of self-motivation coupled with support provided by friends and family.

CONCLUSION

Weight loss programmes need to consider the complex experience of obese young people in their design, focusing on how to implement long-term lifestyle changes.

Implementation of childhood obesity identification and prevention strategies in primary care: A quality improvement project

The high incidence and prevalence of childhood obesity, coupled with significant morbidity and financial burden, clearly suggest the need for identification and implementation of effective pediatric obesity prevention strategies in primary care. A solution to this problem includes evidence based clinical guidelines that provide concise, culturally appropriate information on the identification and prevention of childhood obesity in primary care settings. The objective of this quality improvement project was to implement childhood obesity identification and prevention guidelines from evidence-based recommendations into practice. Guidelines were implemented during preventative care visits through the use of a tracking form. The development of the tracking form included input from practice staff resulting in increased fidelity. The tracking form included directions for clear and concise guideline implementation and provided opportunities to record patient BMI, nutritional intake, physical activity, familial obesity prevention education and motivational interviewing and facilitated a practice increase in childhood obesity identification and education. Presence of chart indicators, including nutrition and exercise history, were analyzed to determine the fidelity of the practice change in obesity identification and prevention education. Key outcomes included a significant (p < .0001) practice increase in childhood obesity identification as well as a significant increase (p < .05) in documentation of obesity prevention education through motivational interviewing. Practice change incorporating childhood obesity identification and familial prevention guidelines had positive effects in a pediatric population. Implementation of evidence-based guidelines can result in increased identification of children at risk for childhood obesity and enhanced familial obesity prevention education; leading to the long-term goal of creating healthier lifestyles and decreasing risk factors in a vulnerable population.

Traditional and cyberbullying victimization as correlates of psychosocial distress and barriers to a healthy lifestyle among severely obese adolescents--a matched case-control study on prevalence and results from a cross-sectional study

Background

Obese youth are at increased risk for peer victimization, which may heighten their risk of psychosocial problems and physical activity avoidance, and lower the effectiveness of professional and lifestyle weight-loss initiatives. Little is known about obese adolescents’ risk for victimization from cyber-bullying and how this relates to psychosocial functioning and healthy lifestyle barriers. The purpose of the study was to assess traditional and cyber-victimization among adolescents with severe obesity and its relation to psychosocial distress and barriers to healthy lifestyles.

Methods

A sample of 102 obese adolescents (mean age = 15.32 ±1.71) in residential treatment was matched with 102 normal-weight youngsters from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) study (mean age = 15.30 ±1.73).

Results

Adolescents with obesity were significantly more often cyber-victimized than normal-weight peers. Obese youth victimized by traditional bullying experienced lower quality of life, lower motivation for physical activity and higher avoidance and emotional coping towards healthy lifestyles than those non-victimized. Obese cyber-victims experienced significantly higher suicidal ideation.

Conclusions

Traditional and cyber-victimization may hinder treatment effectiveness and healthy lifestyle change in adolescents with obesity. Health professionals should pro-actively address peer victimization and psychosocial functioning during multidisciplinary obesity treatment. Schools could contribute to a better physical and psychosocial health of obese youth by implementing multi-behavioral health-promotion programs.

[Factorial study of the psychopathological factors of morbid obesity in the adolescent]

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of paediatric obesity is high in most countries. Added to this, the degree of paediatric obesity is also on the rise. It is however to be noted that although the psychological causes of the problem are well known, they remain difficult to assess. Facing the great number of adolescents suffering from severe obesity, who are looking for treatment and failing to find one, this survey aims at facts-finding and analyses of the psychological and psychopathological origin and associated severity of obesity, and of the parameters that can lead to a successful treatment.

METHODS

This survey has been carried out among 125 adolescents suffering from grade 2 obesity. To lose weight, the adolescents were treated during 1 year at the boarding dietary department of the "Institut Médical Pédiatrique Clairs-Vallons" in Belgium. The evaluation consists in a type CFTMEA-R-2000 psychopathological diagnosis including previous traumatic factors, taking into consideration the information regarding weight, weight evolution over one year and a quality assessment of the compliance of the patient with the treatment. These data have been submitted to the SPADN statistical program in order to carry out an analysis taking into account the various connections.

RESULTS

Our results have underlined that the severity of the obesity in our population can be coupled with pathological family environment factors such as mental illness, care deficiencies, child abuse and, as a result, the presence of a psychopathological diagnosis. The same can be said in cases of lesser compliance with the treatment by the patient and his family, although in the short term the weight loss is greater. Likewise, a less severe obesity and a better compliance with the treatment can be coupled with the absence of both psychopathological diagnosis and pathological family environment.

CONCLUSION

In our sample population, the psychological and psychopathological factors tend to be linked with a more severe obesity, and less good compliance with the treatment on both individual and family accounts. As a result, obesity could be considered as a way for the patient to adapt him/herself or compensate in front of traumatic family experiences. The isolation from the family seems therefore indispensable for any change in the adolescent, but then raises the problem of long term care after hospitalisation. If obesity is an adaptation process, the loss of weight could then have deeper psychological implications, implying a more complex follow-up of the patient.