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Liu A, Xue T, Zhao X, Zou J, Pu H, Hu X, Tian Z. Pseudorabies Virus Associations in Wild Animals: Review of Potential Reservoirs for Cross-Host Transmission. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102254. [PMID: 36298809 PMCID: PMC9609849 DOI: 10.3390/v14102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has received widespread attention for its potential health effects on humans, wildlife, domestic animals, and livestock. In this review, we focus on PRV dynamics in wildlife, given the importance of wild-origin PRV transmission to domestic and farm animals. Wild boars, pigs, and raccoons can serve as reservoirs of PRV, with viral transmission to domestic livestock occurring via several routes, such as wild herd exposure, contaminated meat consumption, and insect vector transmission. Many endangered feline and canine species can be infected with PRV, with acute disease and death within 48 h. The first confirmed human case of PRV infection in mainland China was reported in 2017. Thus, PRV exhibits potentially dangerous cross-host transmission, which is likely associated with inappropriate vaccination, poor awareness, and insufficient biosecurity. Currently, no vaccine provides full protection against PRV in all animals. Here, we summarize the epidemiology and pathogenesis of PRV infection in wild, domestic, and farmed animals, which may facilitate the design of novel therapeutics and strategies for controlling PRV infection and improving wildlife protection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Liu
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tong Xue
- School of Mathematical Science, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Hongli Pu
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Xiaoliang Hu
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Zhige Tian
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
- Correspondence:
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Wang J, Han H, Liu W, Li S, Guo D. Diagnosis and gI antibody dynamics of pseudorabies virus in an intensive pig farm in Hei Longjiang Province. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e23. [PMID: 33774939 PMCID: PMC8007445 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudorabies (PR), caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV), is an endemic disease in some regions of China. Although there are many reports on epidemiological investigations into pseudorabies, information on PRV gI antibody dynamics in one pig farm is sparse. Objectives To diagnose PR and analyze the course of PR eradication in one pig farm. Methods Ten brains and 1,513 serum samples from different groups of pigs in a pig farm were collected to detect PRV gE gene and PRV gI antibody presence using real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results The July 2015 results indicated that almost all brain samples were PRV gE gene positive, but PRV gI antibody results in the serum samples of the same piglets were all negative. In the boar herd, from October 2015 to July 2018 three positive individuals were culled in October 2015, and the negative status of the remaining boars was maintained in the following tests. In the sow herd, the PRV gI antibody positive rate was always more than 70% from October 2015 to October 2017; however, it decreased to 27% in January 2018 but increased to 40% and 52% in April and July 2018, respectively. The PRV gI antibody positive rate in 100-day pigs markedly decreased in October 2016 and was maintained at less than 30% in the following tests. For 150-day pigs, the PRV gI antibody positive rate decreased notably to 10% in April 2017 and maintained a negative status from July 2017. The positive trend of PRV gI antibody with an increase in pig age remarkably decreased in three tests in 2018. Conclusions The results indicate that serological testing is not sensitive in the early stage of a PRV infection and that gilt introduction is a risk factor for a PRV-negative pig farm. The data on PRV gI antibody dynamics can provide reference information for pig farms wanting to eradicate PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Gaoxin District, Daqing, Hei Longjiang 163319, China.,Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hei Longjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Harbin, Hei Longjiang 150038, China
| | - Huansheng Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Gaoxin District, Daqing, Hei Longjiang 163319, China.,Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hei Longjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Harbin, Hei Longjiang 150038, China
| | - Wanning Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Gaoxin District, Daqing, Hei Longjiang 163319, China
| | - Shinian Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Gaoxin District, Daqing, Hei Longjiang 163319, China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Gaoxin District, Daqing, Hei Longjiang 163319, China.
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Ma Z, Han Z, Liu Z, Meng F, Wang H, Cao L, Li Y, Jiao Q, Liu S, Liu M. Epidemiological investigation of porcine pseudorabies virus and its coinfection rate in Shandong Province in China from 2015 to 2018. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e36. [PMID: 32476312 PMCID: PMC7263908 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies, also known as Aujeszky's disease, is caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV) and has been recognized as a critical disease affecting the pig industry and a wide range of animals around the world, resulting in great economic losses each year. Shandong province, one of the most vital food animal-breeding regions in China, has a very dense pig population, within which pseudorabies infections were detected in recent years. The data, however, on PRV epidemiology and coinfection rates of PRV with other major swine diseases is sparse. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the PRV epidemiology in Shandong and analyze the current control measures. METHODS In this study, a total number of 16,457 serum samples and 1,638 tissue samples, which were collected from 362 intensive pig farms (≥ 300 sows/farm) covered all cities in Shandong, were tested by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Overall, 52.7% and 91.5% of the serum samples were positive for PRV-gE and -gB, respectively, based on ELISA results. In addition, 15.7% of the tissue samples were PCR positive for PRV. The coinfection rates of PRV with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and classical swine fever virus were measured; coinfection with PCV2 was 35.0%, higher than those of the other two viruses. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions were observed in various tissues during histopathological examination. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the PRV prevalence and its coinfection rates in Shandong province and indicate that pseudorabies is endemic in pig farms in this region. This study provides epidemiological data that can be useful in the prevention and control of pseudorabies in Shandong, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Zifeng Han
- Emergency Centre for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Beijing 100600, China
| | - Zhaohu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Fanliang Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Longlong Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qiulin Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Mengda Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.,Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China.
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Zhou H, Pan Y, Liu M, Han Z. Prevalence of Porcine Pseudorabies Virus and Its Coinfection Rate in Heilongjiang Province in China from 2013 to 2018. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:550-554. [PMID: 32397944 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) is a highly contagious disease affecting a wide range of animals, which annually causes great economic losses in China. In this study, a total number of 18,815 serum samples and 1,589 tissue samples were collected from 311 intensive pig farms (≥350 sows) located in eight cities in Heilongjiang province, and tested by ELISA and PCR. Overall, the serum positive rates of gE and gB protein were 16.3% and 84.5%, respectively. The PCR-positive rate of PR virus (PRV) in tissue samples was 17.8%. The coinfection rates of PRV with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) were also measured. The rate of PRV coinfected with PRRSV was 36.0% followed by 12.9% with PCV2 and 1.8% with CSFV, respectively. These results clearly demonstrate PRV prevalence and its coinfection rate in Heilongjiang province, indicating high PR endemic in pig farms in this region. This study provides data for further epidemiological investigations and a reference for developing PRV control strategies in this region and in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Animal Health and Diagnostic Center of CP Group, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mengda Liu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Zifeng Han
- Emergency Centre for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Beijing, China
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Tabak MA, Pedersen K, Miller RS. Detection error influences both temporal seroprevalence predictions and risk factors associations in wildlife disease models. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10404-10414. [PMID: 31632645 PMCID: PMC6787870 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the prevalence of pathogens in invasive species is essential to guide efforts to prevent transmission to agricultural animals, wildlife, and humans. Pathogen prevalence can be difficult to estimate for wild species due to imperfect sampling and testing (pathogens may not be detected in infected individuals and erroneously detected in individuals that are not infected). The invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa, also referred to as wild boar and feral swine) is one of the most widespread hosts of domestic animal and human pathogens in North America.We developed hierarchical Bayesian models that account for imperfect detection to estimate the seroprevalence of five pathogens (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, pseudorabies virus, Influenza A virus in swine, Hepatitis E virus, and Brucella spp.) in wild pigs in the United States using a dataset of over 50,000 samples across nine years. To assess the effect of incorporating detection error in models, we also evaluated models that ignored detection error. Both sets of models included effects of demographic parameters on seroprevalence. We compared our predictions of seroprevalence to 40 published studies, only one of which accounted for imperfect detection.We found a range of seroprevalence among the pathogens with a high seroprevalence of pseudorabies virus, indicating significant risk to livestock and wildlife. Demographics had mostly weak effects, indicating that other variables may have greater effects in predicting seroprevalence.Models that ignored detection error led to different predictions of seroprevalence as well as different inferences on the effects of demographic parameters.Our results highlight the importance of incorporating detection error in models of seroprevalence and demonstrate that ignoring such error may lead to erroneous conclusions about the risk associated with pathogen transmission. When using opportunistic sampling data to model seroprevalence and evaluate risk factors, detection error should be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Tabak
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal HealthUnited States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColorado
| | - Kerri Pedersen
- Wildlife ServicesUnited States Department of AgricultureRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Ryan S. Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal HealthUnited States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColorado
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Xia L, Sun Q, Wang J, Chen Q, Liu P, Shen C, Sun J, Tu Y, Shen S, Zhu J, Zhao H, Wang Q, Li B, Tao J, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Yan Y, Cai C. Epidemiology of pseudorabies in intensive pig farms in Shanghai, China: Herd-level prevalence and risk factors. Prev Vet Med 2018; 159:51-56. [PMID: 30314790 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also known as Aujeszky's disease, is a highly contagious disease affecting pigs and a wide range of animals. Pseudorabies is enzootic in many countries. In China, it is a priority animal disease for control and eradication, however the data on disease frequency in intensive pig farms and the information on associated risk factors is inadequate. A cross-sectional study of intensive pig farms (≥350 sows) in Shanghai was conducted to determine herd-level prevalence of PRV and associated risk factors. Following a two-stage random sampling design, a total of 1349 sow serum samples were tested by gpI-ELISA from a total of 91 intensive pig farms in Shanghai. A herd was classified as positive if at least one PRV test-positive sow was present. Information on putative risk/protective factors was collected using questionnaires to pig farm owners or veterinarians. A logistic regression model was built to identify risk/protective factors for herd positivity. The results indicated that the herd-level true prevalence was 67.6% (95% CI:57.0-77.0). In the multivariable logistic regression model using backward stepwise procedure, two risk factors were found to be significantly associated with herd positivity: 'Breeding with introduced sows in the last 12 months' (OR = 3.5, 95%CI:1.2, 10.3) and 'Presence of stray dogs or cats' (OR = 4.0, 95%CI: 1.2, 12.6). The multivariable logistic model fitted the data well. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test showed χ2 = 10.86 (df = 8, p = 0.21 > 0.05) and the predictability (area under the ROC curve) was 0.86. This study suggested that PR was highly endemic in intensive pig farms in Shanghai. The risk and protective factors identified in this study could be useful to improve the prevention policy of PR in Shanghai and other areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Xia
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, 855 Hongjing Road, Shanghai, China; School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanyun Sun
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, 855 Hongjing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, 855 Hongjing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Peihong Liu
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, 855 Hongjing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaojian Shen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Tu
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, 855 Hongjing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Sufang Shen
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, 855 Hongjing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiuchao Zhu
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, 855 Hongjing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjin Zhao
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, 855 Hongjing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Quzhi Wang
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, 855 Hongjing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Baolong Li
- Shanghai Jiading Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, 899 Xincheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Shanghai Jiading Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, 899 Xincheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhaes
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia; Children Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaxian Yan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chang Cai
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 6150 Australia; Australia-China Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Road, Hangzhou, China.
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Lipowski A, Szczotka-Bochniarz A, Pejsak Z. Prevalence of Antibodies to Aujeszky's Disease Virus in Wild Boar in Poland, Between 2011 and 2014: A Retrospective Study. J Vet Res 2018; 61:397-404. [PMID: 29978101 PMCID: PMC5937336 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV) infects a wide range of animals, including members of the Suidae family, i.e. domestic and wild pigs, as well as wild boar. Since wild boar are a potential ADV reservoir and a source of infection for domestic pigs, the aim of the study was to evaluate ADV antibody prevalence in the Polish wild boar population, during the years 2011 to 2014. Material and Methods Wild boar blood samples were collected during three consecutive hunting seasons; i.e. 2011/2012, 2012/2013, and 2013/2014, and tested for ADV antibodies by ELISA. Results ADV antibodies were detected in samples from all tested voivodships. The average seroprevalence reached 32.2%. Seroprevalence, over the examined hunting seasons, was 27.4% in 2011/2012, 32.4% in 2012/2013, and 35.5% in 2013/2014. The highest percentage of seroreagents was detected in four voivodships, situated along the western border of Poland, i.e. Zachodnio-Pomorskie (ZP), Lubuskie (LB), Dolnośląskie (DS), and Opolskie (OP). This area is positively correlated with the highest density of the wild boar population and the highest wild boar hunting bag. Conclusion The results of this study confirm that the wild boar population may still pose a threat to domestic pigs, which is of special importance at the final stage of Aujeszky’s disease eradication programme in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Lipowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | | | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Schneider MR, Mangels R, Dean MD. The molecular basis and reproductive function(s) of copulatory plugs. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:755-767. [PMID: 27518218 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In many animals, male ejaculates coagulate to form what has been termed a copulatory plug, a structure that varies in size and shape but often fills and seals the female's reproductive tract. The first published observation of a copulatory plug in a mammal was made more than 160 years ago, and questions about its formation and role in reproduction continue to endear evolutionary and population geneticists, behavioral ecologists, and molecular, reproductive, and developmental biologists alike. Here, we review the current knowledge of copulatory plugs, focusing on rodents and asking two main questions: how is it formed and what does it do? An evolutionary biology perspective helps us understand the latter, potentially leading to insights into the selective regimes that have shaped the diversity of this structure. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 755-767, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Mangels
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew D Dean
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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