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de Aquino LM, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Trindade ASN, Leal LLLL, E Sousa LJMP, Vale FL, Zapa DMB, Ferreira LL, Soares VE, Cruz BC, Borges FDA, Monteiro CMDO, Costa-Junior LM, Lopes WDZ. Annual number of generations and biology of non-parasitic phase of Rhipicephalus microplus in irrigated and non-irrigated pasture in a tropical region. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110278. [PMID: 39116548 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the number of R. microplus annual generations in irrigated and non-irrigated pastures compared to the constant ideal environment. It also sought to evaluate the biology of the non-parasitic phase of this tick for each generation in these different areas of pasture; assess the larvae population dynamics in the pasture of each tick generation, and evaluate the R. microplus population dynamics parasitizing cattle in non-irrigated pasture. In the field experiment, two sub-areas were subjected to artificial irrigation (IRRI-A and IRRI-B) with artesian water, while the other two remained non-irrigated (NIRRI-A and NIRRIG-B). When more than 75 % of the total surviving engorged females from all 90 repetitions of each area (irrigated or non-irrigated) produced mature larvae within one tick generation, two cattle were infested with approximately 10,000 R. microplus larvae from the tick colony used in this study. On the 22nd day post-infestation, a new tick generation was started by releasing these females in different areas (IRRI-B and NIRRIG-B). This procedure was repeated successively, and each year was analyzed independently. In both the non-irrigated and irrigated areas, there were five generations of R. microplus per year. It can be observed that there the number of annual generations of ticks in this region has increased when compared to 30 years ago. Under the constant ideal temperature and humidity conditions (B.O.D. chamber), R. microplus completed an average of 6.59 generations. In the environment, the longest generation was the first (July to October), while the 2nd, 3rd and 4th (December to March) were the most similar to B.O.D. conditions. Although the number of generations was the same in the different areas, the population density of R. microplus larvae was higher in the irrigated area, probably because the irrigation provided milder temperatures, higher relative humidity and lower saturation deficit values during about eight hours per day. Between the 3rd and 5th generation of ticks, there was an overlap of larvae in the pastures, belonging to different generations, and at each peak of infestation observed in cattle between these generations, there were up to 30 % of larvae from the previous generation, and consequently up to 70 % of larvae from the new generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Mendes de Aquino
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Breno Cayeiro Cruz
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Klafke GM, Golo PS, Monteiro CMO, Costa-Júnior LM, Reck J. Brazil's battle against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks: current strategies and future directions. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e001423. [PMID: 38922203 PMCID: PMC11253825 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Ticks are parasitic arthropods that cause significant economic losses to livestock production worldwide. Although Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the cattle tick, occurs throughout the Brazilian territory, there is no official program to control this tick, which is the vector of tick fever pathogens. We address the situation of R. (B.) microplus resistance to synthetic acaricides in Brazil, including cattle tick management; the status of tick resistance per Brazilian state; the history of resistance occurrence of different acaricides; multiple resistance occurrence; and the main strategies for integrated tick management. Tick control in Brazil is characterized by management errors. Local laboratories affiliated with federal and state research institutions and universities employ the Adult Immersion Test as a primary diagnostic method to assess acaricide resistance to topically applied drugs. Only three states (Acre, Amapá, and Amazonas) have no reports on resistant populations. Misinformation on tick control strategies, misuse of available products for tick control, no adoption of Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) practices, low technical support to producers, and the high-speed emergence of acaricide-resistant tick populations are the main problems. We also propose a list of needs and priorities for cattle tick control regarding communication, research, and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Silva Golo
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor – IPVDF, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brasil
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Zapa DMB, de Aquino LM, Couto LFM, Heller LM, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Trindade ASN, de Freitas Paula WV, de Lima NJ, Ferreira LL, de Castro Rodrigues D, Strydom T, Torres S, Soares VE, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, da Silva Krawczak F, Lopes WDZ. Enzootic stability of tick fever in Holstein calves grazing in a tropical region, subjected to strategic cattle tick control with fluralaner. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:120. [PMID: 38461304 PMCID: PMC10924980 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2022, fluralaner was launched on the market for use in the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus after showing 100% efficacy in registration trials against the causative agents of cattle tick fever (TFAs). The aim of the present study was to determine whether a strategic control regimen against R. microplus using fluralaner (FLU) in Holstein calves grazing in a tropical region would alter the enzootic stability status of cattle tick fever, triggering outbreaks in these animals up to 22 months age. METHODS In this study, a group of calves treated with FLU was compared with a control group treated with the regimen currently being used on the farm, which consisted of the fipronil + fluazuron formulation (FIFLUA). In the first experiment, the efficacy of the FIFLUA pour-on formulation was evaluated in a field study. In the second experiment, which lasted 550 days, two experimental groups (n = 30/group) of Holstein calves naturally infested with R. microplus were analyzed. Calves aged 4 to 10 months received either a specific treatment regimen with FLU (experimental group) or FIFLUA (control group). During this period, tick counts, animal weight measurement, feces collection (to determine eggs and oocysts per gram of feces), tick fever monitoring, blood smears (to ascertain enzootic stability of the herd), PCR testing for TFAs and serology (indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [iELISA]) were performed. All calves were evaluated for signs of tick fever between ages 11 and 22 months. RESULTS FIFLUA showed an acaricidal efficacy of > 90% from post-treatment days 14 to 35. Regarding treatments against the TFAs, the average number of treatments was similar between groups, but animals treated with FLU had a smaller reduction in packed cell volume on some of the evaluation dates of the second and third treatment against TFAs. In calves aged 10 months in the FLU group, B. bovis was not detected by PCR (0/15 samples), 40% of the samples had antibody titers and 33% (10/30) of the samples had positive blood smears. Regarding B. bigemina, > 86% of the samples in both groups tested positive for B. bigemina DNA and antibodies; there was no difference in the antibody titers between the groups. There were no clinical cases of cattle tick fever in calves aged 11 to 22 months. CONCLUSIONS In comparison with the control treatment, the strategic control regimen against R. microplus with FLU that was implemented in the present study did not negatively affect the enzootic stability status of A. marginale and B. bigemina in the herd up to 22 months of age. The enzootic stability status of B. bovis was not reached by either group. These results likely represent a characteristic of the local tick population, so further studies should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Maria Beltran Zapa
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lidia Mendes de Aquino
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Monteiro Couto
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Igor Maciel Lopes de Morais
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Ferreira Salvador
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luccas Lourenzzo Lima Lins Leal
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Artur Siqueira Nunes Trindade
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Warley Vieira de Freitas Paula
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Jalowitzki de Lima
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- MSD Animal Health, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tom Strydom
- MSD Animal Health, 20 Spartan Road, Isando, Kempton Park, 1619, South Africa
| | | | | | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Felipe da Silva Krawczak
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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de Aquino LM, Zapa DMB, de Castro Rodrigues D, Strydom T, Torres S, Ferreira LL, Barufi F, de Amaral HOA, de Borges FDA, Gallina T, de Mendonça RP, Soares VE, Monteiro CMO, Lopes WDZ. Two protocols using fluralaner for Rhipicephalus microplus strategic control on taurine cattle in a tropical region. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:15. [PMID: 38191412 PMCID: PMC10775593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different treatment strategies using a new commercial formulation containing pour-on fluralaner on Rhipicephalus microplus infestation in cattle and in pastures in a tropical climate region where up to five generations of this tick species can occur per year. METHODS Forty-five naturally infested cattle were divided into three experimental groups: T01, treated with fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) pour-on every 42 days; T02, the cattle received the first treatment with fluralaner on Day 0 but the next treatment involved a weekly visual evaluation; T03, control, received palliative treatment with a spray formulation when the group mean was ≥ 30 ticks. Counts of female R. microplus were performed weekly until day 343, and larval counts on pasture were performed on Days 0, 30, and 60 and every 30 days until Day 330. RESULTS Using fluralaner, six applications were performed in Group T01, and four were performed in Group T02. In the control group (T03), it was necessary to perform eight palliative acaricide treatments with the spray formulation. The animals in T01 and T02 showed lower mean tick counts (p ≤ 0.05) than the control group (T03) on 28 and 27 of the 49 evaluated dates, respectively. In the paddock where the animals were kept as controls, the R. microplus larvae counts increased to 1458. In the paddocks where the animals were treated with fluralaner, the number was ≤ 19 per paddock during the study. CONCLUSIONS The different strategic treatment protocols performed with pour-on fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) over a year in taurine cattle in a tropical region with a history of up to five annual generations of cattle ticks were effective, maintaining levels of R. microplus infestations in animals and in pastures close to zero in most of the study. Depending on the retreatment criterion adopted, the number of applications per year may be lower, resulting in a reduction in the mean cost of acaricide treatment per year and lower exposure of R. microplus populations to the active ingredient, resulting in lower resistance and selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Mendes de Aquino
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Dina Maria Beltran Zapa
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- MSD Animal Health, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tom Strydom
- MSD Animal Health, 20 Spartan Road, Isando, Kempton Park, 1619, South Africa
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando de Almeida de Borges
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vando Edésio Soares
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- University of Brazil, Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio Oliveira Monteiro
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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da Costa AJ, de Souza Martins JR, de Almeida Borges F, Vettorato LF, Barufi FB, de Oliveira Arriero Amaral H, Abujamra LC, de Castro Rodrigues D, Zanetti Lopes WD. First report of the efficacy of a fluralaner-based pour-on product (Exzolt® 5%) against ectoparasites infesting cattle in Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:336. [PMID: 37752574 PMCID: PMC10523720 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes the effectiveness of a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient, fluralaner (isoxazoline class), against important ectoparasites infesting cattle in Brazil. METHODS A total of 13 studies involving a 5% fluralaner-based pour-on formulation (Exzolt 5%; further referred to as Exzolt) were conducted. Specifically, the effectiveness of this formulation was studied against Rhipicephalus microplus (6 studies), Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae (4 studies), Dermatobia hominis larvae (1 study) and Haematobia irritans flies (2 studies). RESULTS The therapeutic efficacy of Exzolt was found to exceed 98% at 4 days post treatment (DPT), while persistent efficacy (> 90% efficacy) against repeated infestations of R. microplus was observed for up to 79 DPT. In field studies, ≥ 98% therapeutic efficacy was demonstrated at all study sites by 7 DPT, and a persistent efficacy (> 90% efficacy) was observed for 42, 49 or 56 DPT. Exzolt prevented C. hominivorax eggs from developing to the larval stage, thus mitigating the development of myiasis in cattle naturally and artificially infested with this screworm. The efficacy of Exzolt against D. hominis larvae was 98% at 3 DPT, while persistent efficacy (> 90% effectiveness) was found to last for up to 70 DPT. Against H. irritans, Exzolt showed therapeutic efficacy (≥ 90%) within the first day of treatment at both study sites, while persistent efficacy (≥ 90%) was observed for 7 DPT at one site and for 21 DPT at the other site. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results from these studies confirm that Exzolt is therapeutically efficacious against the most important ectoparasites infesting cattle in Brazil. The novel active pharmaceutical ingredient, fluralaner, provides a new treatment option for farmers to control cattle ectoparasites, especially where there is resistance to other chemical classes. In addition, an effective control of ectoparasites will improve overall cattle health and well-being as well as production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvimar José da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- MSD Saúde Animal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Nicaretta JE, de Melo Junior RD, Naves RB, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Teixeira ALC, Ferreira LL, Klafke GM, Monteiro CMDO, Borges FDA, Costa Junior LM, Rodrigues DS, Lopes WDZ. Selective versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus microplus in cattle: A comparative analysis of efficacy, animal health, productivity, cost, and resistance management. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:109999. [PMID: 37556962 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study compared selective control versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, under conditions of a real dairy farm. Strategic control requires that all animals be treated with acaricide at regular pre-determined intervals. Selective control only requires treatment of infested animals and only when they are at or above a pre-determined threshold. Tick counts on animals and in pasture were performed and the susceptibility of tick populations to the different treatment methods was evaluated at the beginning and end of the study using the Larval Packet Test, Larval Immersion Test, and Adult Immersion Test. Over the four years of the study strategic control was more advantageous than the selective control as the group experienced lower tick burden on animals and in pasture, absence of skin lesions and myiases, lower operating costs, treatments concentrated in fewer months of the year and lower resistance pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Raphaela Barbosa Naves
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Marcondes Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Sobreira Rodrigues
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Campo Experimental Santa Rita, Prudente de Morais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Cattle tick and gastrointestinal nematodes strategic control in dairy 31/32 Gyr x Holstein and beef ½ Brangus: is the same way? Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Gomes LVC, Teixeira WFP, Maciel WG, Felippelli G, Buzzulini C, Soares VE, de Melo DP, Cruz BC, Rodrigues DDC, Ferreira LL, Monteiro CMDO, Lopes WDZ, da Costa AJ. Strategic control of cattle co-parasitized by tick, fly and gastrointestinal nematodes: Is it better to use ecto + endoparasiticide or just endectocide formulations? Vet Parasitol 2021; 301:109622. [PMID: 34861577 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ticks, flies, and gastrointestinal helminths (GINs) significantly affect cattle productivity; thus, ectoparasiticide, endoparasiticide, and endectocide drugs have commonly been used for their control. The study aimed to compare the technical (parasites counts), productive, and financial effects of a treatment protocol comprising ecto- + endoparasiticides formulations (T01: fluazuron 2.5 mg/kg + fipronil 1.25 mg/kg and fenbendazole 5 mg/kg; n = 15) to a treatment with one formulation of endectocide (T02: ivermectin 450 μg/kg + abamectin 250 μg/kg; n = 15) over 308 days under field conditions in crossbred cattle co-parasitized by Rhipicephalus microplus, Haematobia irritans, and GINs. Bovine weight gain and return on investment (ROI) were also evaluated. Bovines from T01 received four treatments against the cattle tick and two against two GINs. For T02, four treatments were performed. Animals from T01 gained 15.4 kg more than T02 and provided a comparative ROI of 15.8. In cattle co-parasitized with R. microplus, H. irritans, and GINs, the treatment protocol used in this study with ecto- + endoparasiticidal action formulations showed better technical results regarding parasite counts and productive and financial data than the strategic treatment protocol using only an endectocide formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gustavo Felippelli
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Buzzulini
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vando Edésio Soares
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Brasil, Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pacheco de Melo
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno Cayero Cruz
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Alvimar José da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vilela VLR, Feitosa TF, Bezerra RA, Klafke GM, Riet-Correa F. Multiple acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus in the semi-arid region of Paraíba State, Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Do rainfall and tick burden affect the efficacy of pour-on formulations against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus? Prev Vet Med 2020; 177:104950. [PMID: 32203813 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most important livestock tick, causing economical losses especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Pour-on formulations using synthetic chemicals, remain the most farmer friendly conventional form of tick control method. Misuse of acaricides can lead to the emergence of resistance, residual chemicals in animal products, the poisoning of vertebrates and environment contamination. Despite the increase in the use of pour-on formulations, little is known regarding the therapeutic and residual efficacy of these products after the treated animals are exposed to rainfall. Moreover, information is scanty on whether efficacy is modulated by different levels of tick burden. Three studies were conducted. In the two first experiments, we evaluated the therapeutic and residual efficacies of commercial pour-on products (fluazuron 2.5 mg/kg and fipronil 1.0 mg/kg, respectively) on cattle naturally infested with R. (B.) microplus under the condition of simulated rainfall. In the third study, we investigated whether tick burden affects the efficacy of the drugs used a chemical control method involving three different formulations (Day 0: cypermethrin 5.0 mg/kg + chlorpyrifos 7.0 mg/kg + citronellal 0.5 mg/kg; Day 7: fluazuron 3.0 mg/kg + abamectin 0.5 mg/kg and Day 56: fipronil 1.0 mg/kg + fluazuron 3.0 mg/kg). Tick counts were performed on different days to assess efficacy. It was observed that the residual efficacy of the commercial formulations was lower on animals that received simulated rain. In addition, therapeutic and residual efficacies of the products were reduced in the group of animals with a high tick burden of R. (B.) microplus. In conclusion, rainfall decreases the efficacy of acaricides. Also, the tick burden must be considered when selecting a pour-on formulation.
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The effectiveness of a fixed-dose combination pour-on formulation of 1.25% fipronil and 2.5% fluazuron against economically important ectoparasites and associated pharmacokinetics in cattle. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:627-634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Susceptibility of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to fluazuron (2.5 mg/kg) and a combination of novaluron (2.0 mg/kg) + eprinomectin (0.36 mg/kg) in field studies in Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2016; 135:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gomes LVC, Lopes WDZ, Teixeira WFP, Maciel WG, Cruz BC, Felippelli G, Buzzulini C, Soares VE, de Melo DP, Bichuette MA, Gonçalves Junior G, da Costa AJ. Population dynamics and evaluation of the partial selective treatment of crossbreed steers naturally infested with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in a herd from the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2016; 220:72-6. [PMID: 26995724 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the population dynamics of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus over a period of 13 months on a rural property located in the state of Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil. Animals were treated for ticks indoors by whole body spraying when R. (B.) microplus had an average count equal or more than 30 ticks. The study also evaluated the possibility of a partial selective treatment for bovines to control R. (B.) microplus in which only a percentage of the population would be treated (specifically those bovines with tick counts of ≥20. Moreover, we examined the percentage of the population of R. (B.) microplus present on experimental bovines that did not come into contact with the chemical compounds used in the partial selective treatment. We concluded that in this particular region of Brazil, the crossbreed steers support up to five R. (B.) microplus generations per year and that the number of generations was primarily affected by the pluviometric precipitation. We sprayed the bovines with chemicals seven times during the course of the study. The results of the partial selective treatment method revealed that during the rainy and the dry periods, 42.1% to 60.0% and 61.9% to 79.2% of the animals, respectively, fulfilled the criteria to receive a chemical treatment to reduce the number of cattle ticks. In consideration of the need to slow the development of tick resistance with the chemical compounds used in the spraying treatment, the results showed that the percentage of animals that did not require treatment is not relevant. This was evidenced by the result that bovines that presented tick counts of ≥20 during the dry and rainy periods represented 91.5% and 90.6% of the total recorded R. (B.) microplus populations, respectively. Only 8.7% of the tick population remained free from exposure to acaricides during the 13 months of the study, which is an important point when considering the adoption of the partial selective treatment method. Future studies with larger herds must be conducted on these topics; however, our results suggest that the partial selective treatment method most likely will not slow the development of resistance in this R. (B.) microplus population against the chemical compound used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Vinicius Costa Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Access route Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, CEP: 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Access route Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, CEP: 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605050, Brazil.
| | - Weslen Fabricio Pires Teixeira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Access route Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, CEP: 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Giquelin Maciel
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Access route Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, CEP: 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno Cayeiro Cruz
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Access route Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, CEP: 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Felippelli
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Access route Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, CEP: 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Buzzulini
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Access route Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, CEP: 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vando Edésio Soares
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Access route Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, CEP: 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; UNICASTELO-Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pacheco de Melo
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Access route Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, CEP: 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Abud Bichuette
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Access route Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, CEP: 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Gonçalves Junior
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Access route Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, CEP: 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alvimar José da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Access route Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, CEP: 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Effects of different spray formulations on the reproductive parameters of engorged Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus females detached from experimentally infested cattle. Prev Vet Med 2015; 122:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Poché RM, Burruss D, Polyakova L, Poché DM, Garlapati RB. Treatment of livestock with systemic insecticides for control of Anopheles arabiensis in western Kenya. Malar J 2015; 14:351. [PMID: 26377691 PMCID: PMC4574316 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the implementation of vector control strategies, including insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in western Kenya, this area still experiences high level of malaria transmission. Novel vector control tools are required which target such vector species, such as Anopheles arabiensis, that feed outdoors and have minimal contact with ITNs and IRS. Methods To address this need, ivermectin, eprinomectin, and fipronil were evaluated in Zebu cattle under semi-field conditions to evaluate the potential of these compounds to reduce the survival of blood feeding An. arabiensis. Over the course of four experiments, lactating cattle received doses of oral ivermectin at 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg, oral eprinomectin at 0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg, topical eprinomectin at 0.5, 0.75, or 1.5 mg/kg, or oral fipronil at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/kg. On days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days post-treatment, cattle were exposed to An. arabiensis, and mosquito mortality post-blood feeding was monitored. For the analysis of survival data, the Kaplan–Meier estimator and Mantel–Haenszel test was used to contrast the treatment and control survival functions. Results All three compounds significantly reduced the survival time of An. arabiensis. Twenty-one days post-treatment, mortality of mosquitoes fed on cattle dosed orally with 0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg eprinomectin, topically with eprinomectin at 0.5 mg/kg, or orally with either 1.0 or 1.5 mg/kg fipronil was still significantly higher than control mortality. Conclusions These data demonstrate the effectiveness of three insecticidal compounds administered systemically to cattle for controlling the cattle-feeding mosquito An. arabiensis. Eprinomectin and fipronil provided the longest-lasting control. Such endectocidal treatments in cattle are a promising new strategy for control of residual, outdoor malaria transmission and could effectively augment current interventions which target more endophilic vector species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0883-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Poché
- Genesis Laboratories, P.O. Box 1195, Wellington, CO, 80549, USA.
| | - Dylan Burruss
- Genesis Laboratories, P.O. Box 1195, Wellington, CO, 80549, USA.
| | - Larisa Polyakova
- Genesis Laboratories, P.O. Box 1195, Wellington, CO, 80549, USA.
| | - David M Poché
- Genesis Laboratories, P.O. Box 1195, Wellington, CO, 80549, USA.
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Gomes LVC, Lopes WDZ, Cruz BC, Teixeira WF, Felippelli G, Maciel WG, Bichuette MA, Ruivo MA, Alcantara Colli MH, Carvalho RS, Martinez AC, Soares VE, da Costa AJ. Acaricidal effects of fluazuron (2.5 mg/kg) and a combination of fluazuron (1.6 mg/kg) + ivermectin (0.63 mg/kg), administered at different routes, against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus parasitizing cattle. Exp Parasitol 2015; 153:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Cruz BC, Lopes WDZ, Maciel WG, Felippelli G, Fávero FC, Teixeira WFP, Carvalho RS, Ruivo MA, Colli MHA, Sakamoto CAM, Costa AJD, De Oliveira GP. Susceptibility of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to ivermectin (200, 500 and 630μg/kg) in field studies in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2015; 207:309-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cruz BC, Lopes WDZ, Maciel WG, Felipelli G, Teixeira WFP, Favero FC, Prando L, Buzzulini C, Sorares VE, Gomes LVC, Bichuette MA, Costa AJD. Effect of a spray formulation on the reproductive parameters of a susceptible population of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:421-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The number of studies emphasizing the possible damage that acaricidal spray formulations can cause on engorged female ticks' reproductive parameters is small. The present study evaluated the deleterious effects of a spray formulation (dichlorvos 60% + chlorpyrifos 20%) on the reproductive parameters of a susceptible population of Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus females, using the Stall Test. The ticks were allocated randomly to treatments according to the mean numbers of females detached from each cow on days -3, -2 and -1 and the cattle pen location. The numbers of engorged female ticks that naturally detached from the cattle were counted daily from day 1 to day 30. For each group, 20 detached engorged female ticks or the available number collected daily were evaluated regarding reproductive parameters. Associations of organophosphates demonstrated elevated acaricidal efficacy, as well as deleterious effects on the reproductive parameters of R. (B.) microplus females. The engorged female weight (days 1 to 7), weight of egg masses (days 5 to 10) and larval hatching percentage (days 5 to 19) were decreased (P ≤ 0.05). It is possible that a formulation can lead to deleterious effects on R. (B.) microplus females when the tick population analyzed shows elevated sensitivity towards a particular formulation. However, further studies need to be conducted.
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Corrêa RR, Lopes WDZ, Teixeira WFP, Cruz BC, Gomes LVC, Felippelli G, Maciel WG, Fávero FC, Buzzulini C, Bichuette MA, Soares VE, da Costa AJ. A comparison of three different methodologies for evaluating Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus susceptibility to topical spray compounds. Vet Parasitol 2014; 207:115-24. [PMID: 25468670 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare three different methodologies (Adult Immersion Tests, field trials with naturally infected animals, and a Stall Test using artificially infested cattle) to evaluate the efficacy of two topical formulations that we administered as whole body sprays (15% Cypermethrin+30% Chlorpyriphos+15% Fenthion-Colosso(®) FC 30, Ouro Fino Agronegócios; and 60% Dichlorvos+20% Chlorpyriphos-Ectofós(®), Vallée Saúde Animal Ltd.), against a susceptible strain of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. To achieve this objective, two natural infestation trials were conducted, as well as two artificial infestation trials (Stall Tests) and two Adult Immersion Tests (AIT). The AIT results showed that both spray formulations achieved 100% efficacy against R. (B.) microplus fully engorged females. However, when observing results obtained by field trials (natural infestations) and Stall Tests, none of these topically applied compounds reached 100% efficacy or affected the reproductive capacity of the fully engorged female ticks. Additional studies must be conducted to compare these in vivo methodologies with different in vitro techniques, such as the Larval Packet Test. However, based on results obtained here, we can conclude that depending on the spray formulations used, the AIT can overestimate acaricidal efficacy and values of reproductive efficiency of such compounds against R (B.) microplus. Specifically, when dealing with spray formulations in the Stall Tests, the period of residual action can increase because these animals are sheltered from contact with environmental factors that might interfere with the efficacy of the products tested. It may be necessary to take in vivo trial results into consideration (such as field trials with naturally infested animals or Stall Tests) to standardize a specific in vitro assay, such as the Adult Immersion Test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rodrigues Corrêa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional de Jataí, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Weslen Fabricio Pires Teixeira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno Cayeiro Cruz
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vinicius Costa Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Felippelli
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Giquelin Maciel
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Carolina Fávero
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Buzzulini
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Abud Bichuette
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vando Edésio Soares
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; UNICASTELO - Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alvimar José da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Via de acesso prof. Paulo Donatto Castellani, s/n CEP:14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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