1
|
Gates MC, Earl L, Enticott G. Factors influencing the performance of voluntary farmer disease reporting in passive surveillance systems: A scoping review. Prev Vet Med 2021; 196:105487. [PMID: 34507237 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of exotic disease incursions on livestock industries can be mitigated by having robust surveillance systems in place that decrease the time between disease introduction and detection. An important component of this is having farmers routinely observe their animals for indications of clinical disease, recognise the existence of problems, and then decide to notify their veterinarian or animal health authorities. However, as highlighted by this literature review, farmers are believed to be underreporting clinical events due to factors such as (1) uncertainty around the clinical signs and situations that warrant reporting, (2) fear over the social and economic consequences from both positive and false positive reports, (3) negative beliefs regarding the efficacy and outcomes of response measures, (4) mistrust and dissatisfaction with animal health authorities, (5) absence of sufficiently attractive financial and non-financial incentives for submitting reports, and (6) poor awareness of the procedures involved with the submission, processing, and response to reports. There have been few formal studies evaluating the efficacy of different approaches to increasing farmer engagement with disease reporting. However, there is a recognised need for any proposed solutions to account for farmer knowledge and experience with assessing their own farm situation as well as the different identities, motivations, and beliefs that farmers have about their role in animal health surveillance systems. Empowering farmers to take a more active role in developing these solutions is likely to become even more important as animal health authorities increasingly look to establish public-private partnerships for biosecurity governance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Carolyn Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Lynsey Earl
- Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, Tiakitanga Pūtaiao Aotearoa, Ministry for Primary Industries, Manatū Ahu Matua, PO Box 2526, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Gareth Enticott
- Cardiff School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3WA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Chen J, Zhang S, Ding Y, Wang M, Zhang H, Liang R, Chen Q, Niu B. Risk assessment and integrated surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Russia based on Monte Carlo simulation. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:268. [PMID: 34376207 PMCID: PMC8353819 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of livestock worldwide. Russia is a big agricultural country with a wide geographical area where FMD outbreaks have become an obstacle for the development of the animal and animal products trade. In this study, we aimed to assess the export risk of FMD from Russia. Results After simulation by Monte Carlo, the results showed that the probability of cattle infected with FMD in the surveillance zone (Surrounding the areas where no epidemic disease has occurred within the prescribed time limit, the construction of buffer areas is called surveillance zone.) of Russia was 1.29 × 10− 6. The probability that at least one FMD positive case was exported from Russia per year in the surveillance zone was 6 %. The predicted number of positive cattle of the 39,530 - 50,576 exported from Russia per year was 0.06. A key node in the impact model was the probability of occurrence of FMD outbreaks in the Russian surveillance zone. By semi-quantitative model calculation, the risk probability of FMD defense system defects was 1.84 × 10− 5, indicating that there was a potential risk in the prevention and control measures of FMD in Russia. The spatial time scan model found that the most likely FMD cluster (P < 0.01) was in the Eastern and Siberian Central regions. Conclusions There was a risk of FMDV among cattle exported from Russia, and the infection rate of cattle in the monitored area was the key factor. Understanding the export risk of FMD in Russia and relevant epidemic prevention measures will help policymakers to develop targeted surveillance plans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02967-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjia Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hirschinger J, Vergne T, Corre T, Hingrat Y, Guerin JL, Le Loc'h G. Exposure assessment for avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses from peridomestic wild birds in a conservation breeding site in the United Arab Emirates. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2361-2372. [PMID: 34333870 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, wild birds are frequently suspected to be involved in the occurrence of outbreaks of different diseases in captive-bred birds although proofs are lacking and most of the dedicated studies are insufficiently conclusive to confirm or characterize the roles of wild birds in such outbreaks. The aim of this study was to assess and compare, for the most abundant peridomestic wild birds, the different exposure routes for avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses in conservation breeding sites of Houbara bustards in the United Arab Emirates. To do so, we considered all of the potential pathways by which captive bustards could be exposed to avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses by wild birds, and ran a comparative study of the likelihood of exposure via each of the pathways considered. We merged data from an ecological study dedicated to local wild bird communities with an analysis of the contacts between wild birds and captive bustards and with a prevalence survey of avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses in wild bird populations. We also extracted data from an extensive review of the scientific literature and by the elicitation of expert opinion. Overall, this analysis highlighted those captive bustards had a high risk of being exposed to pathogens by wild birds. This risk was higher for Newcastle disease virus than avian influenza virus, and House sparrows represented the riskiest species for the transmission of both viruses through direct exposure from direct contact with an infectious bird that got inside the aviary and indirect exposure from consumption of water contaminated from the faeces of an infected bird that got inside the aviary for Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus, respectively. These results also reaffirm the need to implement biosecurity measures to limit contacts between wild and captive birds and highlight priority targets for a thoughtful and efficient sanitary management strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Hirschinger
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France.,Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothée Vergne
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France
| | - Tifenn Corre
- INRAE, US-ODR 0685, Observatoire du Développement Rural, Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Yves Hingrat
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jean Luc Guerin
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Le Loc'h
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Oliveira Sidinei MEA, Marcato SM, Perez HL, Bánkuti FI. Biosecurity, environmental sustainability, and typological characteristics of broiler farms in Paraná State, Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105426. [PMID: 34252614 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Brazil's relevant participation in the global broiler market implies the need to face a set of challenges related to biosecurity and environmental sustainability. In this study, we aimed to assess the level of biosecurity of broiler farms in Paraná State, Brazil, and investigate associations of biosecurity performance with sustainability practices and farm and farmer characteristics. Data from 70 broiler farms were collected through on-site interviews. The questionnaires included questions about production variables, biosecurity, sustainability practices, and sociodemographic characteristics of the farm operator. Biosecurity data were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis, revealing two groups, one comprising low biosecurity farms and the other comprising high biosecurity farms. Production and sustainability data were subjected to factor analysis. Three factors were identified: Farmer knowledge and training, Mandatory environmental sustainability practices, and Non-mandatory environmental sustainability practices. Although the analyzed farms were similar in terms of production variables and operated under the same laws and contractual terms, they differed significantly in biosecurity level. These findings suggest that other factors besides production characteristics and the institutional environment may influence biosecurity, such as the importance attributed by farmers to biosecurity measures. Typological analysis revealed that high biosecurity farms had greater compliance with both mandatory and non-mandatory environmental sustainability requirements. It was also found that operators of high biosecurity farms had a higher education level than those who operated low biosecurity farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simara Márcia Marcato
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia (Universidade Estadual de Maringá), Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Henrique Leal Perez
- Departamento de Zootecnia (Universidade Estadual de Maringá), Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Ferenc Istvan Bánkuti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Sustentável e Saúde Animal (Universidade Estadual de Maringá), Umuarama, PR, 87501-190, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Greening SS, Rawdon TG, Mulqueen K, French NP, Gates MC. Using multiple data sources to explore disease transmission risk between commercial poultry, backyard poultry, and wild birds in New Zealand. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105327. [PMID: 33740595 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The movements of backyard poultry and wild bird populations are known to pose a disease risk to the commercial poultry industry. However, it is often difficult to estimate this risk due to the lack of accurate data on the numbers, locations, and movement patterns of these populations. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the use of three different data sources when investigating disease transmission risk between poultry populations in New Zealand including (1) cross-sectional survey data looking at the movement of goods and services within the commercial poultry industry, (2) backyard poultry sales data from the online auction site TradeMe®, and (3) citizen science data from the wild bird monitoring project eBird. The cross-sectional survey data and backyard poultry sales data were transformed into network graphs showing the connectivity of commercial and backyard poultry producers across different geographical regions. The backyard poultry network was also used to parameterise a Susceptible-Infectious (SI) simulation model to explore the behaviour of potential disease outbreaks. The citizen science data was used to create an additional map showing the spatial distribution of wild bird observations across New Zealand. To explore the potential for diseases to spread between each population, maps were combined into bivariate choropleth maps showing the overlap between movements within the commercial poultry industry, backyard poultry trades and, wild bird observations. Network analysis revealed that the commercial poultry network was highly connected with geographical clustering around the urban centres of Auckland, New Plymouth and Christchurch. The backyard poultry network was also a highly active trade network and displayed similar geographic clustering to the commercial network. In the disease simulation models, the high connectivity resulted in all suburbs becoming infected in 96.4 % of the SI simulations. Analysis of the eBird data included reports of over 80 species; the majority of which were identified as coastal seabirds or wading birds that showed little overlap with either backyard or commercial poultry. Overall, our study findings highlight how the spatial patterns of trading activity within the commercial poultry industry, alongside the movement of backyard poultry and wild birds, have the potential to contribute significantly to the spread of diseases between these populations. However, it is clear that in order to fully understand this risk landscape, further data integration is needed; including the use of additional datasets that have further information on critical variables such as environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Greening
- Massey University School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Thomas G Rawdon
- Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Kerry Mulqueen
- Poultry Industry Association of New Zealand (PIANZ), Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Massey University School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- Massey University School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bryden WL, Li X, Ruhnke I, Zhang D, Shini S. Nutrition, feeding and laying hen welfare. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between nutrition and welfare is usually considered to be a direct result of supplying the hen with adequate quantities of feed and water. This simple notion of freedom from hunger and thirst belies the fact that nutrients play a pivotal role in the body’s response to challenges whether they relate to ambient temperature, gastrointestinal health, pathogen exposure, metabolic disorders, or social and mental stress. In all instances, maintaining homeostasis and allowing for physiologic response is dependent on an adequate and balanced nutrient supply. It is accepted that most laying hens are fed a complete diet, formulated commercially to provide the required nutrients for optimal health, egg production and welfare. In other words, the laying hen, irrespective of her housing, does not experience hunger or thirst. However, despite adequate nutrient and water supply, certain senarios can significantly affect and alter the nutrient requirements of the hen. Furthermore, the chemical composition and also the physical form of feed can significantly contribute to prevent or treat welfare and health conditions and is, therefore, a highly relevant tool to ensure and maintain an adequate welfare status. Therefore, this review takes a broader perspective of nutritional welfare and considers the nutrition of hens managed in different production systems in relation to nutritional physiology, gut microbiota, stress, metabolic disorders and feeding management.
Collapse
|
7
|
Indrawan D, Cahyadi ER, Daryanto A, Hogeveen H. The role of farm business type on biosecurity practices in West Java broiler farms. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104910. [PMID: 32032799 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biosecurity is important to prevent introduction and spread of infectious diseases, including Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI). HPAI is currently endemic in Indonesia and it has triggered the adoption of a biosecurity policy. Although there is anecdotal evidence about the level of biosecurity on Indonesian broiler farms, formal evidence is lacking, as well as knowledge about determinants of low biosecurity levels. This paper has two main objectives: 1) to assess the levels of biosecurity measures across different farm business types, and (2) to analyze the determining factors, with a special reference to farm business type, for the level of biosecurity and the availability of biosecurity infrastructure in the West Java poultry farms. A multi-stage sampling procedure was applied to collect data from approximately 400 broiler farmers in four districts in West Java province, namely Ciamis, Tasikmalaya, Subang and Sukabumi. Data were collected through farmer interviews and direct observation at the farms. The Biosecurity Control Score (BCS), consisting of 16 practice indicators, and the Farm Infrastructures for Biosecurity (FIB) list consisting of 16 building or physical set-ups as biosecurity facilities were used to assess the level of biosecurity. Determinants of biosecurity measures were analyzed via tobit regression analysis. The results show that the BCS was associated with the total number of birds per cycle, and risk perception (P < 0.05). The BCS was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the farm business types 'independent farming', 'price contract farming' and 'company' compared to the 'makloon contract farming' business type (farming for a fee). Physical set-ups as farm infrastructure for biosecurity (FIB) were associated with the total number of birds per cycle, and with risk perception (P < 0.05). FIB was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the farm business types 'independent farming', 'price contract farming' and 'company' compared to makloon contract farming. The results of this study suggest that business types play a significant role in determining biosecurity practices; a makloon contract farm (farming for a fee) tends to have a lower level of biosecurity than other business types due to lack of incentives. Consequently, in developing incentives for improved biosecurity measures. policymakers should encourage farm registration, and at the same time develop incentives that support the independent and price contract farming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dikky Indrawan
- Business Economics, Department of Social Sciences Wageningen UR, Hollandseweg 1 Building 201 P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW, Wageningen, The Netherlands; School of Business, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Raya Pajajaran, SB-IPB Building 16151, Bogor, Indonesia.
| | - Eko Ruddy Cahyadi
- Department Management, Faculty of Economic and Management, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Agatis, 16680, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Arief Daryanto
- School of Business, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Raya Pajajaran, SB-IPB Building 16151, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics, Department of Social Sciences Wageningen UR, Hollandseweg 1 Building 201 P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health-Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 84 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Avian viral surveillance in Victoria, Australia, and detection of two novel avian herpesviruses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194457. [PMID: 29570719 PMCID: PMC5865735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses in avian hosts can pose threats to avian health and some have zoonotic potential. Hospitals that provide veterinary care for avian patients may serve as a site of exposure of other birds and human staff in the facility to these viruses. They can also provide a useful location to collect samples from avian patients in order to examine the viruses present in wild birds. This study aimed to investigate viruses of biosecurity and/or zoonotic significance in Australian birds by screening samples collected from 409 birds presented to the Australian Wildlife Health Centre at Zoos Victoria’s Healesville Sanctuary for veterinary care between December 2014 and December 2015. Samples were tested for avian influenza viruses, herpesviruses, paramyxoviruses and coronaviruses, using genus- or family-wide polymerase chain reaction methods coupled with sequencing and phylogenetic analyses for detection and identification of both known and novel viruses. A very low prevalence of viruses was detected. Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1 was detected from a powerful owl (Ninox strenua) with inclusion body hepatitis, and an avian paramyxovirus most similar to Avian avulavirus 5 was detected from a musk lorikeet (Glossopsitta concinna). Two distinct novel avian alphaherpesviruses were detected in samples from a sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) and a tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides). Avian influenza viruses and avian coronaviruses were not detected. The clinical significance of the newly detected viruses remains undetermined. Further studies are needed to assess the host specificity, epidemiology, pathogenicity and host-pathogen relationships of these novel viruses. Further genome characterization is also indicated, and would be required before these viruses can be formally classified taxonomically. The detection of these viruses contributes to our knowledge on avian virodiversity. The low level of avian virus detection, and the absence of any viruses with zoonotic potential, suggests low risk to biosecurity and human health.
Collapse
|
9
|
Assessing the probability of introduction and spread of avian influenza (AI) virus in commercial Australian poultry operations using an expert opinion elicitation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193730. [PMID: 29494696 PMCID: PMC5832321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elicit experts’ opinions and gather estimates on the perceived probability of introduction and spread of avian influenza (AI) virus in the Australian broiler and layer industry. Using a modified Delphi method and a 4-step elicitation process, 11 experts were asked to give initial individual estimates for the various pathways and practices in the presented scenarios using a questionnaire. Following this, a workshop was conducted to present group averages of estimates and discussion was facilitated to obtain final individual estimates. For each question, estimates for all experts were combined using a discrete distribution, with weights allocated representing the level of expertise. Indirect contact with wild birds either via a contaminated water source or fomites was considered the most likely pathway of introduction of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) on poultry farms. Presence of a water body near the poultry farm was considered a potential pathway for introduction only when the operation type was free range and the water body was within 500m distance from the shed. The probability that LPAI will mutate to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) was considered to be higher in layer farms. Shared personnel, equipment and aerosol dispersion were the most likely pathways of shed to shed spread of the virus. For LPAI and HPAI spread from farm to farm, shared pick-up trucks for broiler and shared egg trays and egg pallets for layer farms were considered the most likely pathways. Findings from this study provide an insight on most influential practices on the introduction and spread of AI virus among commercial poultry farms in Australia, as elicited from opinions of experts. These findings will be used to support parameterization of a modelling study assessing the risk of AI introduction and spread among commercial poultry farms in Australia.
Collapse
|
10
|
More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Breed A, Brouwer A, Guillemain M, Harder T, Monne I, Roberts H, Baldinelli F, Barrucci F, Fabris C, Martino L, Mosbach-Schulz O, Verdonck F, Morgado J, Stegeman JA. Avian influenza. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04991. [PMID: 32625288 PMCID: PMC7009867 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) to the EU were most likely via migratory wild birds. A mathematical model has been developed which indicated that virus amplification and spread may take place when wild bird populations of sufficient size within EU become infected. Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) may reach similar maximum prevalence levels in wild bird populations to HPAIV but the risk of LPAIV infection of a poultry holding was estimated to be lower than that of HPAIV. Only few non-wild bird pathways were identified having a non-negligible risk of AI introduction. The transmission rate between animals within a flock is assessed to be higher for HPAIV than LPAIV. In very few cases, it could be proven that HPAI outbreaks were caused by intrinsic mutation of LPAIV to HPAIV but current knowledge does not allow a prediction as to if, and when this could occur. In gallinaceous poultry, passive surveillance through notification of suspicious clinical signs/mortality was identified as the most effective method for early detection of HPAI outbreaks. For effective surveillance in anseriform poultry, passive surveillance through notification of suspicious clinical signs/mortality needs to be accompanied by serological surveillance and/or a virological surveillance programme of birds found dead (bucket sampling). Serosurveillance is unfit for early warning of LPAI outbreaks at the individual holding level but could be effective in tracing clusters of LPAIV-infected holdings. In wild birds, passive surveillance is an appropriate method for HPAIV surveillance if the HPAIV infections are associated with mortality whereas active wild bird surveillance has a very low efficiency for detecting HPAIV. Experts estimated and emphasised the effect of implementing specific biosecurity measures on reducing the probability of AIV entering into a poultry holding. Human diligence is pivotal to select, implement and maintain specific, effective biosecurity measures.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rossi G, Smith RL, Pongolini S, Bolzoni L. Modelling farm-to-farm disease transmission through personnel movements: from visits to contacts, and back. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2375. [PMID: 28539663 PMCID: PMC5443770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases in livestock can be transmitted through fomites: objects able to convey infectious agents. Between-farm spread of infections through fomites is mostly due to indirect contacts generated by on-farm visits of personnel that can carry pathogens on their clothes, equipment, or vehicles. However, data on farm visitors are often difficult to obtain because of the heterogeneity of their nature and privacy issues. Thus, models simulating disease spread between farms usually rely on strong assumptions about the contribution of indirect contacts on infection spread. By using data on veterinarian on-farm visits in a dairy farm system, we built a simple simulation model to assess the role of indirect contacts on epidemic dynamics compared to cattle movements (i.e. direct contacts). We showed that including in the simulation model only specific subsets of the information available on indirect contacts could lead to outputs widely different from those obtained with the full-information model. Then, we provided a simple preferential attachment algorithm based on the probability to observe consecutive on-farm visits from the same operator that allows overcoming the information gaps. Our results suggest the importance of detailed data and a deeper understanding of visit dynamics for the prevention and control of livestock diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Rossi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, 61802, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, 61802, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Risk Analysis Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via dei Mercati, 13/A, I-43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Bolzoni
- Risk Analysis Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via dei Mercati, 13/A, I-43126, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pearson HE, Toribio JALML, Lapidge SJ, Hernández-Jover M. Evaluating the risk of pathogen transmission from wild animals to domestic pigs in Australia. Prev Vet Med 2015; 123:39-51. [PMID: 26711303 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Wild animals contribute to endemic infection in livestock as well as the introduction, reintroduction and maintenance of pathogens. The source of introduction of endemic diseases to a piggery is often unknown and the extent of wildlife contribution to such local spread is largely unexplored. The aim of the current study was to quantitatively assess the probability of domestic pigs being exposed to different pathogens from wild animals commonly found around commercial piggeries in Australia. Specifically, this study aims to quantify the probability of exposure to the pathogens Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. from European starlings (Sturnus vulgarus); Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Lawsonia intracellularis and Salmonella spp. from rats (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus); and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Leptospira spp., Brucella suis and L. intracellularis from feral pigs (Sus scrofa). Exposure assessments, using scenario trees and Monte Carlo stochastic simulation modelling, were conducted to identify potential pathways of introduction and calculate the probabilities of these pathways occurring. Input parameters were estimated from a national postal survey of commercial pork producers and from disease detection studies conducted for European starlings, rats and feral pigs in close proximity to commercial piggeries in Australia. Based on the results of the exposure assessments, rats presented the highest probability of exposure of pathogens to domestic pigs at any point in time, and L. intracellularis (median 0.13, 5% and 95%, 0.05-0.23) and B. hyodysenteriae (median 0.10, 0.05-0.19) were the most likely pathogens to be transmitted. Regarding European starlings, the median probability of exposure of domestic pigs to pathogenic E. coli at any point in time was estimated to be 0.03 (0.02-0.04). The highest probability of domestic pig exposure to feral pig pathogens at any point in time was found to be for M. hyopneumoniae (median 0.013, 0.007-0.022) and L. intracellularis (median 0.006, 0.003-0.011) for pigs in free-range piggeries. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the presence and number of wild animals around piggeries, their access to piggeries and pig food and water, and, in the case of feral pigs, their proximity to piggeries, are the most influential parameters on the probability of exposure. Findings from this study support identification of mitigation strategies that could be implemented at on-farm and industry level to minimize the exposure risk from European starlings, rats and feral pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E Pearson
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia; Invasive Animal Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Jenny-Ann L M L Toribio
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Steven J Lapidge
- Invasive Animal Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; South Australian Research and Development Institute, Plant Research Centre, Waite Campus, 2b Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Marta Hernández-Jover
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Research (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Booroma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| |
Collapse
|