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Canning M, Birhane MG, Dewey-Mattia D, Lawinger H, Cote A, Gieraltowski L, Schwensohn C, Tagg KA, Francois Watkins LK, Park Robyn M, Marshall KE. Salmonella Outbreaks Linked to Beef, United States, 2012-2019. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100071. [PMID: 37028195 PMCID: PMC10966622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified nontyphoidal Salmonella as one of the top five pathogens contributing to foodborne illnesses in the United States. Beef continues to be a common source of Salmonella outbreaks, despite the implementation of interventions at slaughter and processing facilities to reduce contamination of beef. We described Salmonella outbreaks linked to beef in the United States during 2012-2019, examined trends, and identified potential targets for intervention and prevention strategies. We queried CDC's Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) for all foodborne nontyphoidal Salmonella outbreaks linked to beef as the single contaminated ingredient or implicated food, with the date of first illness onset from 2012 to 2019. Information on antimicrobial resistance (AR) for outbreak-related isolates was obtained from CDC's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). We calculated the number of outbreaks, outbreak-related illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths overall, by beef processing category and Salmonella serotype. During 2012-2019, 27 Salmonella outbreaks were linked to beef consumption, resulting in 1103 illnesses, 254 hospitalizations, and two deaths. The most common category of beef implicated was nonintact raw, ground beef (12 outbreaks, 44%), followed by intact raw (six outbreaks, 22%). Ground beef was responsible for the most illnesses (800, 73%), both of the reported deaths, and was the source of the largest outbreak. AR data were available for 717 isolates from 25 (93%) outbreaks. Nine (36%) of these outbreaks had isolates resistant to one or more of the antibiotics tested by NARMS, of which eight (89%) contained multidrug-resistant isolates. Several outbreaks reported highlight challenges faced during investigations, areas where further research may be warranted, and opportunities to prevent future outbreaks along the farm-to-fork continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Canning
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Meseret G Birhane
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Daniel Dewey-Mattia
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Hannah Lawinger
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Andrea Cote
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, 1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250, USA
| | - Laura Gieraltowski
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Colin Schwensohn
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Kaitlin A Tagg
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | - Misha Park Robyn
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Katherine E Marshall
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Tolentino M, Diano G, Abrera G, Montefalcon DR, Cobar ML, Deocaris C, Baule A, Asaad C. Electron beam irradiation of raw ground beef patties in the Philippines: Microbial quality, sensory characteristics, and cost-analysis. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Pre-Harvest Meat Safety Interventions in Pig Herds to Control Salmonella and Other Foodborne Pathogens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091825. [PMID: 34576721 PMCID: PMC8466550 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of pre-harvest interventions to control the main foodborne pathogens in pork in the European Union. A total of 1180 studies were retrieved from PubMed® and Web of Science for 15 pathogens identified as relevant in EFSA's scientific opinion on the public health hazards related to pork (2011). The study selection focused on controlled studies where a cause-effect could be attributed to the interventions tested, and their effectiveness could be inferred. Altogether, 52 studies published from 1983 to 2020 regarding Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium avium, and Salmonella spp. were retained and analysed. Research was mostly focused on Salmonella (n = 43 studies). In-feed and/or water treatments, and vaccination were the most tested interventions and were, overall, successful. However, the previously agreed criteria for this systematic review excluded other effective interventions to control Salmonella and other pathogens, like Yersinia enterocolitica, which is one of the most relevant biological hazards in pork. Examples of such successful interventions are the Specific Pathogen Free herd principle, stamping out and repopulating with disease-free animals. Research on other pathogens (i.e., Hepatitis E, Trichinella spiralis and Toxoplasma gondii) was scarce, with publications focusing on epidemiology, risk factors and/or observational studies. Overall, high herd health coupled with good management and biosecurity were effective to control or prevent most foodborne pathogens in pork at the pre-harvest level.
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Liu X, Xia B, He T, Li D, Su JH, Guo L, Wang JF, Zhu YH. Oral Administration of a Select Mixture of Lactobacillus and Bacillus Alleviates Inflammation and Maintains Mucosal Barrier Integrity in the Ileum of Pigs Challenged with Salmonella Infantis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E135. [PMID: 31096680 PMCID: PMC6560431 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is important as both a cause of clinical disease in swine and as a source of food-borne transmission of disease to humans. Lactobacillus and Bacillus are often used as antibiotic substitutes to prevent Salmonella infection. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a select mixture of Lactobacillus johnsonii L531, Bacillus licheniformis BL1721 and Bacillus subtilis BS1715 (LBB-mix) in prevention of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis infection in a pig model. LBB-mix was orally administered to newly weaned piglets for seven days before S. Infantis challenge. LBB-mix pretreatment ameliorated S. Infantis-induced fever, leukocytosis, growth performance loss, and ileal inflammation. Pre-administration of LBB-mix reduced the number of Salmonella in the feces but increased the number of goblet cells in the ileum. S. Infantis infection resulted in an increase in cell death in the ileum, this increase was attenuated by LBB-mix consumption. Claudin 1 and cleaved caspase-1 expression was decreased in the ileum of pigs challenged with S. Infantis, but not in pigs pretreated with LBB-mix. In conclusion, our data indicate that a select LBB-mix has positive effects on controlling S. Infantis infection via alleviating inflammation and maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier integrity in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Bing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ting He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Dan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jin-Hui Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Liang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiu-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yao-Hong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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