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Liening-Ewert T, Tichy A, Mader C, Spergser J, Sodoma E, Ortner P, Kössler J, Khol JL. Management and housing factors associated with paratuberculosis-positive herds in small structured alpine cattle husbandry. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105999. [PMID: 37619426 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne´s disease) is a world-wide cattle disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), associated with substantial economic losses. Purchase of subclinically infected animals or contact with animals and equipment of infected farms are known risk factors for disease transmission among herds. The aim of the present study was to identify specific management factors in Austria that triggered a MAP-positive herd status and to evaluate known risk factors for the transmission in cattle in small structured alpine agricultural systems. The agriculture in the Austrian province of Tyrol is characterized by smallholder structures, including shared alpine pastures and traditional barn management techniques. The data from an extensive survey with 50 questions in 2013/2014 and the development of the MAP herd status of 5592 cattle farms by taking feces and blood samples were examined and statistically evaluated. MAP herd status was determined by combining the results of boot swab samples, manure samples, pooled and individual feces samples as well as serological antibody testing by ELISA. The statistical analysis (odds ratio; OR) showed that the use of milk replacers for calf feeding (p = 0.047, OR=0.472) and the use of straw as bedding material for cows (p = 0.032, OR=0.625) were associated with a decreased chance of being a MAP-positive herd. Further, housing cows in deep litter systems (p = 0.028, OR=2.232), the presence of slurry channels (p = 0.028, OR=1.411) and the use of solid manure in young cattle (p = 0.041, OR=1.744) were associated with an increased OR for being MAP-positive. Surprisingly, sharing of lowland pastures (p = 0.564, OR=1.080), alpine pastures (p = 0.419, OR=1.143) or farm equipment (p = 0.733, OR=0.963) and farm size (p = 0.425) had no significant influence on the MAP herd status. The identified differences compared with previously published results in respect of MAP spread in cattle might be attributed to the traditional agricultural structures, including small family-based farms and common pasture during summer in alpine regions. Results of this study contribute to the understanding of the spread of MAP in cattle farming in alpine regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Tichy
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - C Mader
- Veterinary Health Service Tyrol, Austria
| | - J Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology Department for Pathobiology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - E Sodoma
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Linz, Austria
| | - P Ortner
- Regional Veterinary Office Tyrol, Austria
| | - J Kössler
- Regional Veterinary Office Tyrol, Austria
| | - J L Khol
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
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Ha S, Kang S, Jung M, Kim SB, Lee HG, Park HT, Lee JH, Choi KC, Park J, Kim UH, Yoo HS. Comparison of blood parameters according to fecal detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in subclinically infected Holstein cattle. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e70. [PMID: 38031649 PMCID: PMC10556293 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a chronic and progressive granulomatous enteritis and economic losses in dairy cattle in subclinical stages. Subclinical infection in cattle can be detected using serum MAP antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. OBJECTIVES To investigate the differences in blood parameters, according to the detection of MAP using serum antibody ELISA and fecal PCR tests. METHODS We divided 33 subclinically infected adult cattle into three groups: seronegative and fecal-positive (SNFP, n = 5), seropositive and fecal-negative (SPFN, n = 10), and seropositive and fecal-positive (SPFP, n = 18). Hematological and serum biochemical analyses were performed. RESULTS Although the cows were clinically healthy without any manifestations, the SNFP and SPFP groups had higher platelet counts, mean platelet volumes, plateletcrit, lactate dehydrogenase levels, lactate levels, and calcium levels but lower mean corpuscular volume concentration than the SPFN group (p < 0.017). The red blood cell count, hematocrit, monocyte count, glucose level, and calprotectin level were different according to the detection method (p < 0.05). The SNFP and SPFP groups had higher red blood cell counts, hematocrit and calprotectin levels, but lower monocyte counts and glucose levels than the SPFN group, although there were no significant differences (p > 0.017). CONCLUSIONS The cows with fecal-positive MAP status had different blood parameters from those with fecal-negative MAP status, although they were subclinically infected. These findings provide new insights into understanding the mechanism of MAP infection in subclinically infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Ha
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Seogjin Kang
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Mooyoung Jung
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Han Gyu Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ki Choon Choi
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Ui-Hyung Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea.
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Association between calf rearing technology and farm-level paratuberculosis infection in Hungarian dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 2022; 207:105719. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Systematic and meta-analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis related type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4608. [PMID: 35301410 PMCID: PMC8930973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Global increase in diabetes (DM) prevalence necessitated the need to establish the association between DM and environmental triggers including MAP (Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis) that have been postulated to play a role in DM etiopathology for effective management. The present investigation aimed to assess the odds ratio (OR) presenting the association between MAP and DM. MAP-related DM studies were systematically retrieved from 6 databases until 31 September 2021 according to PRISMA principles for data abstraction. The abstracted dataset was fitted to the fixed-effects (FE) and random-effects (RE) models using the Mantel–Haenszel approach. Sixteen studies involving 2072 participants (1152 DM patients (957 type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) & 195 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)) and 920 healthy controls) met the inclusion criteria. Results revealed a significant association between anti-MAP antibodies (abs) seroprevalence and T1DM (FE: OR 7.47, 95% CI 5.50–10.14, p value < 0.0001; RE: OR 7.92, 95% CI 4.39–14.31, p < 0.0001) and MAP DNA with T1DM (FE: OR 4.70 (95% CI 3.10–7.13, p value < 0.0001), RE: OR 3.90 (95% CI 0.93–16.38, p value = 0.06)). Both anti-MAP abs and MAP DNA based meta-analyses had medium heterogeneity (I2 = 47.2–61.0%). Meanwhile, no significant association between MAP and T2DM (FE: OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.54–2.37, p value = 0.74; RE: OR 1.19; 95% CI 0.34–4.12, p value = 0.69), its OR magnitude exceeded 1 and prediction interval (0.09–15.29) suggest possibility of association between the duo in the future. The leave-one-out sensitivity analysis depicts a robust meta-analysis in all cases. In conclusion, the study manifests a positive association between MAP and T1DM, highlighting that MAP prevention and environmental control would indubitably revolutionize T1DM management. Also, its projects possible link between MAP and T2DM as more data becomes available. However, it remains elusive whether MAP triggers T1/T2DM or a mere comorbidity in T1/T2DM. Epidemiological activities to fill the global/regional data gaps on MAP-related T1DM and T2DM are advocated in order to assess the burden of MAP-related DM and improve their clinical management.
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Ekundayo TC, Olasehinde TA, Falade AO, Adewoyin MA, Iwu CD, Igere BE, Ijabadeniyi OA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as environmental trigger of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 59:103671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis is responsible for paratuberculosis or Johne's disease in cows, having economic impacts on the dairy industry and a prevalence rate exceeding 50% in dairy herds. The economic burden of Johne's disease relates to decreased milk production and costs of disease prevention, treatment, and management, while having an economic impact on dairy producers, processors, consumers, and stakeholders of the dairy industry. Determining the true economic impact of the disease is difficult at regional and farm level as symptoms are not evident in subclinically infected animals. At present, the virulence, pathogenicity, persistence, and infectious dose of M. avium paratuberculosis are poorly understood, consequently effective paratuberculosis control measures remain obscure. M. avium paratuberculosis is potentially zoonotic with foodborne transmission a public health risk due to a possible causative link with inflammatory bowel disease in humans. A preventive approach is necessary to reduce the presence of this drug-resistant pathogen in dairy herds and subsequently dairy food. The use of inefficient diagnostic tests coupled with the long latency period of infection results in delayed animal culling and trade of asymptomatic animals, leading to regional transmission and increased disease prevalence. To date, there has been limited success at controlling and treating this terminal endemic disease, leading to significant prevalence rates. This study aims to outline the key factors associated with Johne's' disease while outlining its significant impact on the dairy sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Sligo Institute of Technology, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
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Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis: A Disease Burden on the Dairy Industry. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101773. [PMID: 33019502 PMCID: PMC7601789 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis is responsible for paratuberculosis or Johne's disease in cows, having economic impacts on the dairy industry and a prevalence rate exceeding 50% in dairy herds. The economic burden of Johne's disease relates to decreased milk production and costs of disease prevention, treatment, and management, while having an economic impact on dairy producers, processors, consumers, and stakeholders of the dairy industry. Determining the true economic impact of the disease is difficult at regional and farm level as symptoms are not evident in subclinically infected animals. At present, the virulence, pathogenicity, persistence, and infectious dose of M. avium paratuberculosis are poorly understood, consequently effective paratuberculosis control measures remain obscure. M. avium paratuberculosis is potentially zoonotic with foodborne transmission a public health risk due to a possible causative link with inflammatory bowel disease in humans. A preventive approach is necessary to reduce the presence of this drug-resistant pathogen in dairy herds and subsequently dairy food. The use of inefficient diagnostic tests coupled with the long latency period of infection results in delayed animal culling and trade of asymptomatic animals, leading to regional transmission and increased disease prevalence. To date, there has been limited success at controlling and treating this terminal endemic disease, leading to significant prevalence rates. This study aims to outline the key factors associated with Johne's' disease while outlining its significant impact on the dairy sector.
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Hassan AA, Khan IUH, Ganz S, Wehrend A, Failing K, Eisenberg T, Abdulmawjood A, Bülte M. Assessing efficacy of N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine-Sodium Hydroxide on bacterial viability and enhanced recovery of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bovine colostrum. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 175:105968. [PMID: 32479871 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The standard procedure for the improved cultural recovery of viable Mycobacterium spp. from diverse samples mainly depends on reducing the viability of background microbiota using different chemical compounds. This study was designed to i) evaluate the efficacy and comparison between N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine-Sodium hydroxide (NALC-2% NaOH) and hexadecylpyridinium chloride (0.75% HPC) treatment and exposure time on reducing the viability of undesirable microorganisms with minimal impact on colostrum consistency; and ii) assess the impact of NALC-2% NaOH on improved and enhanced recovery of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in spiked postpartum colostrum samples and consistency of colostrum. A total of 40 samples, each treated with NALC-2% NaOH for 15 min or 0.75% HPC for 5 h, were investigated for total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB) and enterobacteria (EB) (CFU mL-1). The results showed that treatment of colostrum samples with NALC-2% NaOH completely eliminated EB and significantly reduced MAB (3.6 log10 CFU mL-1). Conversely, samples treated with 0.75% HPC produced a complex mixture following interaction with the colostrum protein and showed non-significant and variable results. In addition, the spiked colostrum treated with NALC-2% NaOH for 15 min revealed recovery of viable MAP cells with a minimum limit of detection of 1.36 log10 CFU 10 mL-1 where no change in the consistency of colostrum was observed. In conclusion, 15-min NALC-2% NaOH treatment of colostrum may significantly reduce the viability of undesirable microorganisms and help to enhance the efficient recovery of MAP without impacting the consistency of high quality postpartum colostrum. This rapid procedure is suitable for efficient recovery and early detection of MAP as well as preventing its transmission to neonates and young calves in MAP infected herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahed Ahmed Hassan
- Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Street 92, D-35392 Gießen, Germany; Department of Veterinary Public Health (DVPH), College of Veterinary Medicine, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq.
| | - Izhar U H Khan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Sebastian Ganz
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere mit Tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 106, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere mit Tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 106, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Biomathematik und Datenverarbeitung, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 95, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, Schubertstr. 60, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Bülte
- Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Street 92, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
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Garvey M. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: A possible causative agent in human morbidity and risk to public health safety. Open Vet J 2018; 8:172-181. [PMID: 29911021 PMCID: PMC5987349 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a bacterial parasite and the causative agent of paratuberculosis, a disease predominately found in cattle and sheep. Infection with this microorganism results in substantial farming economic losses and animal morbidity. The link between infection with this pathogen and human disease has been theorised for many years with Crohn's disease being one of many suspected resultant conditions. Mycobacterium avium may be spread from animal to human hosts by water and foodborne transmission routes, where the foodborne route of exposure represents a significant risk for susceptible populations, namely children and the immune-compromised. Following colonisation of the host, the parasitic organism evades the host immune system by use of molecular mimicry, displaying peptide sequences similar to that of the host cells causing a disruption of self-verses non self-recognition. Theoretically, this failure to recognise the invading organism as distinct from host cells may result in numerous autoimmune conditions. Here, the author presents current information assessing the link between numerous diseases states in humans such inflammatory bowel disease, Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto\'s thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis and autism following infection with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. The possibility of zoonotic transmission of the organism and its significant risk to public health safety as a consequence is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Garvey
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group, Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland
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Grant IR, Foddai ACG, Tarrant JC, Kunkel B, Hartmann FA, McGuirk S, Hansen C, Talaat AM, Collins MT. Viable Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis isolated from calf milk replacer. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9723-9735. [PMID: 28987590 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
When advising farmers on how to control Johne's disease in an infected herd, one of the main recommendations is to avoid feeding waste milk to calves and instead feed calf milk replacer (CMR). This advice is based on the assumption that CMR is free of viable Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) cells, an assumption that has not previously been challenged. We tested commercial CMR products (n = 83) obtained from dairy farms around the United States by the peptide-mediated magnetic separation (PMS)-phage assay, PMS followed by liquid culture (PMS-culture), and direct IS900 quantitative PCR (qPCR). Conventional microbiological analyses for total mesophilic bacterial counts, coliforms, Salmonella, coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci, nonhemolytic Corynebacterium spp., and Bacillus spp. were also performed to assess the overall microbiological quality of the CMR. Twenty-six (31.3%) of the 83 CMR samples showed evidence of the presence of MAP. Seventeen (20.5%) tested positive for viable MAP by the PMS-phage assay, with plaque counts ranging from 6 to 1,212 pfu/50 mL of reconstituted CMR (average 248.5 pfu/50 mL). Twelve (14.5%) CMR samples tested positive for viable MAP by PMS-culture; isolates from all 12 of these samples were subsequently confirmed by whole-genome sequencing to be different cattle strains of MAP. Seven (8.4%) CMR samples tested positive for MAP DNA by IS900 qPCR. Four CMR samples tested positive by both PMS-based tests and 5 CMR samples tested positive by IS900 qPCR plus one or other of the PMS-based tests, but only one CMR sample tested positive by all 3 MAP detection tests applied. All conventional microbiology results were within current standards for whole milk powders. A significant association existed between higher total bacterial counts and presence of viable MAP indicated by either of the PMS-based assays. This represents the first published report of the isolation of viable MAP from CMR. Our findings raise concerns about the potential ability of MAP to survive manufacture of dried milk-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene R Grant
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom BT9 7BL.
| | - Antonio C G Foddai
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom BT9 7BL
| | | | - Brenna Kunkel
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Madison 53706
| | - Faye A Hartmann
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Wisconsin Veterinary Care, Madison 53706
| | - Sheila McGuirk
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | | | - Adel M Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Madison 53706
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