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Suanes A, Macchi MV, Fernández F, Salaberry X, Moreira C, Gil AD. Seroprevalence and herd-level associated factors of pathogenic Leptospira spp. circulating locally in dairy cattle in Uruguay. Prev Vet Med 2024; 223:106097. [PMID: 38160485 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide importance. In Uruguay, it is endemic in cattle and primarily affects people with occupational exposure to livestock. The aim of this study was to determine the national seroprevalence and associated factors of local pathogen Leptospires in dairy cattle. A cross-sectional study was carried out. Herds were stratified by size (1-50, 51-250, and > 250 cattle), and up to 60 dairy cows per herd were randomly selected. A total of 4269 serum samples from 101 dairy herds were analyzed by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). A two-stage sampling design was used to estimate population seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. In order to determine the factors associated with the disease, herds with at least 1 seropositive animal were considered as case herds. Seroprevalence of Leptospira was 27.80% with a 95% CI [21.06, 34.54] at the animal level and 86.92% with a 95% CI [80.00, 93.75] at the herd level. The serology confirms the predominance of serogroups Sejroe and Pomona in our herd with the presence of incidental leptospires infection, in smaller proportion, but with a wide distribution at farm level. The population size and purchasing replacement of cows on dairy farms were associated with infection at farm level. The serologic studies confirmed that exposure to Leptospira spp. is endemic in our herds, and the spreading over dairy herds. Although the movement of purchased females and the size of the herd were associated with the disease, more studies should be conducted, to better understand the epidemiology of the disease and to highlight the possible risks to public health, especially in rural workers, farmers and veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Suanes
- División de Laboratorios Veterinarios, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 km 17, CP 12100 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - María V Macchi
- División de Laboratorios Veterinarios, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 km 17, CP 12100 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Federico Fernández
- Dirección de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 km 17, CP 12100 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ximena Salaberry
- División de Laboratorios Veterinarios, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 km 17, CP 12100 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cintya Moreira
- Dirección de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 km 17, CP 12100 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés D Gil
- Departamento de Bioestadística, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ruta 8 km 18, CP 12100 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Menamvar S, Kumar KV, Alamuri A, Kumar E, Swamy HM, Govindaraj G, Nagalingam M, Belaganahally VM, Reddy YN, Shome BR, Balamurugan V. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of leptospirosis in bovine dairy farms in Telangana state, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:352. [PMID: 37804390 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The current cross-sectional study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in bovine dairy farms in the Telangana state of India, as well as the associated risk factors, in order to implement effective preventive measures for disease control. A total of 469 blood samples were collected from 67 herds/farms in different areas, covering 20 administrative districts in the state. These samples consisted of 253 from cattle and 216 from buffaloes. Questionnaires were used to collect data on host and epidemiological factors. The collected sera were tested using the gold standard serological test, the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), which employed a panel of 18 reference serovars for Leptospira exposure. The statistical analysis of epidemiological data was carried out to identify the risk factors associated with Leptospira exposure. The overall observed seroprevalence at the animal and farm levels was 41.4% and 77.6%, respectively. The most prevalent anti-leptospiral antibodies were observed against the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae (32.4%), Pomona (22.2%), Javanica (19.1%), Australis (17.0%), Bataviae (15.5%), Autumnalis (12.9%), Hebdomadis (12.9%), and others, in the total reacting samples. At the animal level, the significant risk factors associated with exposure to Leptospira species were breed (p = 0.03) and health status (p = 0.03). Furthermore, the multivariate statistical analysis of farm factors revealed that farm size (p = 0.05), presence of dogs (p = 0.04) and rodents (p = 0.01) on the farm, use of fodder from wet soils (p = 0.04), and proximity to water bodies (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with exposure to Leptospira in the studied region. This study provides the first report from India highlighting the important risk factors at the herd/farm and animal level associated with Leptospira infections in cattle and buffaloes. The findings contribute to strengthening the one-health strategy by facilitating the design and planning of appropriate control measures to alleviate the burden of leptospirosis in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Menamvar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
- (KVAFSU), Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India
- P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Anusha Alamuri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Enumula Kumar
- P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Telangana, India
| | - H Manjunath Swamy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Gurrappanaidu Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohandoss Nagalingam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Yella Narasimha Reddy
- P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India.
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Zakharova OI, Korennoy FI, Iashin IV, Toropova NN, Gogin AE, Kolbasov DV, Surkova GV, Malkhazova SM, Blokhin AA. Ecological and Socio-Economic Determinants of Livestock Animal Leptospirosis in the Russian Arctic. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:658675. [PMID: 33912609 PMCID: PMC8071861 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.658675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonotic infectious disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Regional differences in the disease manifestation and the role of ecological factors, specifically in regions with a subarctic and arctic climate, remain poorly understood. We here explored environmental and socio-economic features associated with leptospirosis cases in livestock animals in the Russian Arctic during 2000–2019. Spatial analysis suggested that the locations of the majority of 808 cases were in “boreal” or “polar” climate regions, with “cropland,” “forest,” “shrubland,” or “settlements” land-cover type, with a predominance of “Polar Moist Cropland on Plain” ecosystem. The cases demonstrated seasonality, with peaks in March, June, and August, corresponding to the livestock pasturing practices. We applied the Forest-based Classification and Regression algorithm to explore the relationships between the cumulative leptospirosis incidence per unit area by municipal districts (G-rate) and a number of socio-economic, landscape, and climatic factors. The model demonstrated satisfactory performance in explaining the observed disease distribution (R2 = 0.82, p < 0.01), with human population density, livestock units density, the proportion of crop area, and budgetary investments into agriculture per unit area being the most influential socio-economic variables. Climatic factors demonstrated a significantly weaker influence, with nearly similar contributions of mean yearly precipitation and air temperature and number of days with above-zero temperatures. Using a projected climate by 2100 according to the RCP8.5 scenario, we predict a climate-related rise of expected disease incidence across most of the study area, with an up to 4.4-fold increase in the G-rate. These results demonstrated the predominant influence of the population and agricultural production factors on the observed increase in leptospirosis cases in livestock animals in the Russian Arctic. These findings may contribute to improvement in the regional system of anti-leptospirosis measures and may be used for further studies of livestock leptospirosis epidemiology at a finer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Zakharova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute-Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Fedor I Korennoy
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute-Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Federal Center for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), Vladimir, Russia
| | - Ivan V Iashin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute-Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N Toropova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute-Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Andrey E Gogin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Denis V Kolbasov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Galina V Surkova
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrei A Blokhin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute-Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate risk factors associated with shedding of pathogenic Leptospira species in urine at animal and herd levels. In total, 200 dairy farms were randomly selected from the DairyNZ database. Urine samples were taken from 20 lactating, clinically normal cows in each herd between January and April 2016 and tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using gyrB as the target gene. Overall, 26.5% of 200 farms had at least one PCR positive cow and 2.4% of 4000 cows were shedding Leptospira in the urine. Using a questionnaire, information about risk factors at cow and farm level was collected via face-to-face interviews with farm owners and managers. Animals on all but one farm had been vaccinated against Hardjo and Pomona and cows on 54 of 200 (27%) farms had also been vaccinated against Copenhageni in at least one age group (calves, heifers and cows). Associations found to be statistically significant in univariate analysis (at P < 0.2) were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. Factors associated with shedding included cattle age (Odds ratio (OR) 0.82, 95% CI 0.71–0.95), keeping sheep (OR 5.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46–21.25) or dogs (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.07–1.97) and managing milking cows in a single as opposed to multiple groups (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.20–0.99). We conclude that younger cattle were more likely to be shedding Leptospira than older cattle and that the presence of sheep and dogs was associated with an increased risk of shedding in cows. Larger herds were at higher risk of having Leptospira shedders. However, none of the environmental risk factors that were assessed (e.g. access to standing water, drinking-water source), or wildlife abundance on-farm, or pasture were associated with shedding, possibly due to low statistical power, given the low overall shedding rate.
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Pyskun A, Ukhovskyi V, Pyskun O, Nedosekov V, Kovalenko V, Nychyk S, Sytiuk M, Iwaniak W. Presence of Antibodies Against Leptospira interrogans Serovar hardjo in Serum Samples from Cattle in Ukraine. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 68:295-302. [PMID: 31880874 PMCID: PMC7260633 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2019-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents data on serological studies of 573 sera samples of cattle that were collected from the farms affected by leptospirosis in different regions of Ukraine in the period of 2014-2015. Samples were investigated by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), which was conducted within eight serological groups of Leptospira and nine serovars: Sejroe (serovars polonica and hardjo), Hebdomadis (serovar kabura), Tarassovi (serovar tarassovi), Pomona (serovar pomona), Grippotyphosa (serovar grippotyphosa), Canicola (serovar canicola), Icterohaemorrhagiae (serovar copenhageni), and Australis (serovar bratislava). The circulation of L. interrogans serovar hardjo among cattle has been observed in all 11 regions of Ukraine investigated within 25.8-60.0% of the leptospirosis-positive serum samples in these regions. Antibodies in the cattle sera against serovar hardjo (serogroup Sejroe) were detected in 139 of the 370 cows reacting positively in MAT. Overall, they were detected in 24.3% animals out of the total of 573 cows investigated. These are the preliminary results, however, in our opinion, they should allow to include the serovar hardjo in a standard panel of strains for MAT in Ukraine. The article presents data on serological studies of 573 sera samples of cattle that were collected from the farms affected by leptospirosis in different regions of Ukraine in the period of 2014–2015. Samples were investigated by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), which was conducted within eight serological groups of Leptospira and nine serovars: Sejroe (serovars polonica and hardjo), Hebdomadis (serovar kabura), Tarassovi (serovar tarassovi), Pomona (serovar pomona), Grippotyphosa (serovar grippotyphosa), Canicola (serovar canicola), Icterohaemorrhagiae (serovar copenhageni), and Australis (serovar bratislava). The circulation of L. interrogans serovar hardjo among cattle has been observed in all 11 regions of Ukraine investigated within 25.8–60.0% of the leptospirosis-positive serum samples in these regions. Antibodies in the cattle sera against serovar hardjo (serogroup Sejroe) were detected in 139 of the 370 cows reacting positively in MAT. Overall, they were detected in 24.3% animals out of the total of 573 cows investigated. These are the preliminary results, however, in our opinion, they should allow to include the serovar hardjo in a standard panel of strains for MAT in Ukraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Pyskun
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Vitalii Ukhovskyi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Olena Pyskun
- State Scientific and Research Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Vitalii Nedosekov
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Vyacheslav Kovalenko
- State Scientific Control Institute of Biotechnology and Strains of Microorganisms , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Serhiy Nychyk
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Mykola Sytiuk
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences , Kyiv , Ukraine
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Dhewantara PW, Lau CL, Allan KJ, Hu W, Zhang W, Mamun AA, Soares Magalhães RJ. Spatial epidemiological approaches to inform leptospirosis surveillance and control: A systematic review and critical appraisal of methods. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:185-206. [PMID: 30593736 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease that the transmission is driven by complex geographical and temporal variation in demographics, animal hosts and socioecological factors. This results in complex challenges for the identification of high-risk areas. Spatial and temporal epidemiological tools could be used to support leptospirosis control programs, but the adequacy of its application has not been evaluated. We searched literature in six databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, SciELO and Zoological Record to systematically review and critically assess the use of spatial and temporal analytical tools for leptospirosis and to provide general framework for its application in future studies. We reviewed 115 articles published between 1930 and October 2018 from 41 different countries. Of these, 65 (56.52%) articles were on human leptospirosis, 39 (33.91%) on animal leptospirosis and 11 (9.5%) used data from both human and animal leptospirosis. Spatial analytical (n = 106) tools were used to describe the distribution of incidence/prevalence at various geographical scales (96.5%) and to explored spatial patterns to detect clustering and hot spots (33%). A total of 51 studies modelled the relationships of various variables on the risk of human (n = 31), animal (n = 17) and both human and animal infection (n = 3). Among those modelling studies, few studies had generated spatially structured models and predictive maps of human (n = 2/31) and animal leptospirosis (n = 1/17). In addition, nine studies applied time-series analytical tools to predict leptospirosis incidence. Spatial and temporal analytical tools have been greatly utilized to improve our understanding on leptospirosis epidemiology. Yet the quality of the epidemiological data, the selection of covariates and spatial analytical techniques should be carefully considered in future studies to improve usefulness of evidence as tools to support leptospirosis control. A general framework for the application of spatial analytical tools for leptospirosis was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandji W Dhewantara
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Pangandaran Unit for Health Research and Development, National Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Pangandaran, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Allan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Center for Disease Surveillance and Research, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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