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Matsumoto N, Ward MP, Halasa T, Schemann K, Khounsy S, Douangngeun B, Thepagna W, Phommachanh P, Siengsanan-Lamont J, Young JR, Toribio JALML, Bush RD, Blacksell SD. Novel estimation of African swine fever transmission parameters within smallholder villages in Lao P.D.R. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:166. [PMID: 38758410 PMCID: PMC11101325 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) disease transmission parameters are crucial for making response and control decisions when faced with an outbreak, yet they are poorly quantified for smallholder and village contexts within Southeast Asia. Whilst disease-specific factors - such as latent and infectious periods - should remain reasonably consistent, host, environmental and management factors are likely to affect the rate of disease spread. These differences are investigated using Approximate Bayesian Computation with Sequential Monte-Carlo methods to provide disease parameter estimates in four naïve pig populations in villages of Lao People's Democratic Republic. The villages represent smallholder pig farmers of the Northern province of Oudomxay and the Southern province of Savannakhet, and the model utilised field mortality data to validate the transmission parameter estimates over the course of multiple model generations. The basic reproductive number between-pigs was estimated to range from 3.08 to 7.80, whilst the latent and infectious periods were consistent with those published in the literature for similar genotypes in the region (4.72 to 6.19 days and 2.63 to 5.50 days, respectively). These findings demonstrate that smallholder village pigs interact similarly to commercial pigs, however the spread of disease may occur slightly slower than in commercial study groups. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that despite diversity across the study groups, the disease behaved in a consistent manner. This data can be used in disease control programs or for future modelling of ASF in smallholder contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Matsumoto
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrin Schemann
- Sydney Informatics Hub, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Watthana Thepagna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James R Young
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jenny-Ann L M L Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Russell D Bush
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic.
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Matsumoto N, Siengsanan-Lamont J, Halasa T, Young JR, Ward MP, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Khounsy S, Toribio JALML, Bush RD, Blacksell SD. Retrospective investigation of the 2019 African swine fever epidemic within smallholder pig farms in Oudomxay province, Lao PDR. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1277660. [PMID: 37841473 PMCID: PMC10576527 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1277660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2019 African swine fever (ASF) outbreak in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR or Laos) represented a major epidemiologic event where a transitioning lower-middle income nation (LMIC) experienced a viral epidemic in a naïve pig population. The diversity of pig management styles creates challenges for local and regional policymakers when formulating recommendations to control an ASF outbreak. The aim of this study were to investigate the management of pigs in villages of Oudomxay province that were affected by ASF in 2019, as a case study in a smallholder pig-rasing system in northern Laos. The frequencies of well known risk factors were measured in the affected villages and the timelines and household level stock losses due to the outbreak were investigated. These findings were compared to data available from a similar outbreak in the southern province of Savannakhet. Disease control implications of these findings are discussed. Mean losses were 3.0-23.3 pigs per household, with a mean lost herd value of USD 349, 95% CI (294-415). These pig losses reflect those estimated in Savannakhet (6.7 pigs per household). However, the financial loss estimated per household was higher, USD 349 versus USD 215, possibly due to higher pig values and a higher input/output management approach in Oudomxay. The investigation revealed the presence of numerous ASF risk factors, such as swill-feeding and free-ranging. In addition, poor biosecurity practices - such as inappropriate garbage disposal and slaughtering - that could contaminate the environment were present. ASF cases occurred across all villages between June and December 2019, with outbreak periods ranging from 22-103 days. These values are consistent with the outbreak in Savannakhet; however, notable differences in management styles were observed. These findings demonstrate the need for more disease control resources from the village to the Governmental level. Villages need support in enacting context appropriate biosecurity measures, whilst the ongoing surveillance and investigation of ASF require investment in logistical and veterinary resources at the Governmental level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Matsumoto
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James R. Young
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | - Russell D. Bush
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
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Matsumoto N, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Khounsy S, Phommachanh P, Toribio JA, Bush RD, Selleck PW, Gleeson LJ, Siengsanan-Lamont J, Blacksell SD. Utilising abattoir sero-surveillance for high-impact and zoonotic pig diseases in Lao PDR. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e40. [PMID: 36750223 PMCID: PMC10028928 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882300016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
National disease surveillance systems are essential to a healthy pig industry but can be costly and logistically complex. In 2019, Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) piloted an abattoir disease surveillance system to assess for the presence of high impact pig diseases (HIPDs) using serological methods. The Lao Department of Livestock and Fisheries (DLF) identified Classical Swine Fever (CSF), Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) and Brucella suis as HIPDs of interest for sero-surveillance purposes. Porcine serum samples (n = 597) were collected from six Lao abattoirs in March to December of 2019. Serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods were chosen for their high-throughput and relatively low-costs. The true seroprevalence for CSF and PRRS seropositivity were 68.7%, 95% CI (64.8-72.3) and 39.5%, 95% CI (35.7-43.5), respectively. The results demonstrated no evidence of Brucella spp. seroconversion. Lao breed pigs were less likely to be CSF seropositive (P < 0.05), whilst pigs slaughtered at <1 year of age were less likely to be PRRS seropositive (P < 0.01). The testing methods could not differentiate between seropositivity gained from vaccine or natural infection, and investigators were unable to obtain the vaccine status of the slaughtered pigs from the abattoirs. These results demonstrate that adequate sample sizes are possible from abattoir sero-surveillance and lifetime health traceability is necessary to understand HIPDs in Lao PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Matsumoto
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Souphanouvong Avenue, Sikhottabong District, PO. Box 6644, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Souphanouvong Avenue, Sikhottabong District, PO. Box 6644, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Souphanouvong Avenue, Sikhottabong District, PO. Box 6644, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Souphanouvong Avenue, Sikhottabong District, PO. Box 6644, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell D. Bush
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul W. Selleck
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Laurence J. Gleeson
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
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Siengsanan-Lamont J, Theppangna W, Phommachanh P, Khounsy S, Selleck PW, Matsumoto N, Gleeson LJ, Blacksell SD. Abattoir-Based Serological Surveillance and Spatial Risk Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, and Q Fever in Lao PDR Large Ruminants. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:78. [PMID: 35622705 PMCID: PMC9145528 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A national animal disease surveillance network initiated by the Lao PDR government is adopted and reinforced by a joint research project between the National Animal Health Laboratory (NAHL), the Department of Livestock and Fisheries (DLF), and the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU). The network is strengthened by staff training and practical exercises and is utilised to provide zoonotic or high-impact disease information on a national scale. Between January and December 2020, large ruminant samples are collected monthly from 18 abattoirs, one in each province, by provincial and district agriculture and forestry officers. The surveillance network collected a total of 4247 serum samples (1316 buffaloes and 2931 cattle) over this period. Samples are tested for antibodies against Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Non-Structural Protein (FMD NSP) using commercial ELISA kits and the Rose Bengal test. Seroprevalences of Q fever and brucellosis in large ruminants are low at 1.7% (95% CI: 1.3, 2.1) and 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5, 1.0) respectively, while for FMD NSP it is 50.5% (95% CI: 49.0, 52.0). Univariate analyses show differences in seroprevalences of Q fever between destination (abattoir) province (p-value = 0.005), province of origin (p-value = 0.005), animal type (buffalo or cattle) (p-value = 0.0008), and collection month (p-value = 3.4 × 10−6). Similar to Q fever, seroprevalences of brucellosis were significantly different for destination province (p-value < 0.00001), province of origin (p-value < 0.00001), animal type (p-value = 9.9 × 10−5) and collection month (p-value < 0.00001), plus body condition score (p-value = 0.003), and age (p-value = 0.007). Additionally, risk factors of the FMD NSP dataset include the destination province (p-value < 0.00001), province of origin (p-value < 0.00001), sex (p-value = 7.97 × 10−8), age (p-value = 0.009), collection date (p-value < 0.00001), and collection month (p-value < 0.00001). Spatial analyses revealed that there is no spatial correlation of FMD NSP seropositive animals. High-risk areas for Q fever and brucellosis are identified by spatial analyses. Further investigation of the higher risk areas would provide a better epidemiological understanding of both diseases in Lao PDR. In conclusion, the abattoir serological survey provides useful information about disease exposure and potential risk factors. The network is a good base for field and laboratory staff training in practical technical skills. However, the sustainability of such a surveillance activity is relatively low without an external source of funding, given the operational costs and insufficient government budget. The cost-effectiveness of the abattoir survey could be increased by targeting hotspot areas, reducing fixed costs, and extending the focus to cover more diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Maihdol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.-L.); (P.W.S.); (L.J.G.)
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane 01001, Laos; (W.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane 01001, Laos; (W.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane 01001, Laos;
| | - Paul W. Selleck
- Maihdol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.-L.); (P.W.S.); (L.J.G.)
| | - Nina Matsumoto
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
| | - Laurence J. Gleeson
- Maihdol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.-L.); (P.W.S.); (L.J.G.)
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Maihdol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.S.-L.); (P.W.S.); (L.J.G.)
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane 01000, Laos
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Wada M, Subharat S, Sutar A, Abila R, Khounsy S, Heuer C. Socioeconomic impacts of clinical foot-and-mouth disease and a risk-based partial vaccination campaign for smallholders in Lao People's Democratic Republic. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1825-e1838. [PMID: 35294113 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). A risk-based partial vaccination campaign was implemented in Champasak, Savannakhet and Xiengkhouang Provinces in Lao PDR in 2016-20, which had limited effects on reducing the circulation of FMD virus. The objectives of this study were to measure the socioeconomic effects of (i) a clinical FMD occurrence and (ii) the vaccination campaign on livestock production performance of smallholders in Lao PDR in 2016-2020. Two questionnaire surveys were conducted at the beginning (2016) and the end (2020) of the campaign, involving 1,609 smallholders in 160 villages comparing areas with and without FMD control. Mixed-effect multivariable regression models were fitted to measure the association between livestock production parameters at the household level (rates of birth, sale, purchase, and death, sale price, costs, gross gains and net gains) and (i) a clinical FMD occurrence and (ii) the vaccination campaign, while adjusting for village, herd size, province, vaccination status and FMD knowledge. We found no significant difference in annual household-level costs, gains and net gains by due absence of FMD. However, smallholders with FMD had a 52% higher cattle death rate, a 43% lower goat sale rate and a 78% lower pig sale price than those without FMD. Smallholders with FMD also had a lower purchase rate of livestock (cattle -15% and pigs -93%) compared with those without FMD. There was a general improvement in livestock production in target villages over the five years of the vaccination campaign, whereas there was an overall decline in non-target villages, resulting in USD 218 higher net gains in target villages in 2020 compared with non-target villages, possibly due to reduced severity of disease and improved awareness on FMD and general livestock health. The findings of this study will help improve strategies for sustainable and efficient FMD control in Lao PDR, while the challenges and importance of gaining participation by smallholders are highlighted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Wada
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Supatsak Subharat
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ashish Sutar
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ronello Abila
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Cord Heuer
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Okello DM, Aliro T, Odongo W, Ndyomugyenyi EK, Owiny DO. Alone or a combination: Ascertaining factors associated with choice of pig health management strategies amongst smallholder farmers in northern Uganda. Prev Vet Med 2021; 199:105562. [PMID: 34953300 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pig production is an important farm enterprise for an increasing number of smallholder farmers due to its potential for improving household incomes. The sector is however faced with high burden of health issues that limit most farmers from realizing the benefits. In order to improve management of pig health for smallholder farmers, an understanding of the major health issues and factors associated with farmers' choice of the pig health management strategies are paramount. Using a cross-sectional survey of 240 smallholder pig farmers in northern Uganda, this study assessed the factors associated with the use of different pig health management practices adopted by smallholder pig farmers. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and two different regression models. Binary Probit Regression model was used to assess factors associated with the use of a single pig health management strategy, while, Generalized Poisson Regression model was used to assess the factors associated with the number of pig health management strategies used by the farmers. Results showed that the common health issues were African Swine Fever, lice, worms and mange, while the common strategies for health management involved self-administering antibiotics, consulting veterinarians, deworming, spraying with acaricides, selling the sick pigs, treatment with local herbs, and burying dead pigs. These pig health management strategies were influenced by farmers location, experience, age, access to extension, use of information and communication technologies, and use of processed feeds. This study recommends improving farmers' access to relevant information and expanding veterinary extension services by promoting the use of radio and mobile phones in pig health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Micheal Okello
- Department of Rural Development and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P. O. Box, 166, Gulu, Uganda.
| | - Tonny Aliro
- Department of Animal Production and Range Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P. O. Box, 166, Gulu, Uganda.
| | - Walter Odongo
- Department of Rural Development and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P. O. Box, 166, Gulu, Uganda.
| | - Elly Kurobuza Ndyomugyenyi
- Department of Animal Production and Range Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P. O. Box, 166, Gulu, Uganda.
| | - David Okello Owiny
- Department of Animal Production and Range Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P. O. Box, 166, Gulu, Uganda.
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Xayalath S, Novotni-Dankó G, Balogh P, Brüssow KP, Rátky J. Reproductive performance of indigenous Lao pigs reared by small-scale farmers in northern provinces of Laos. Arch Anim Breed 2021; 64:365-373. [PMID: 34541294 PMCID: PMC8444231 DOI: 10.5194/aab-64-365-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigenous pigs are essential domestic animals for rural
life and meat supply in Laos, especially for ethnic people in remote areas.
Northern provinces have the most numerous indigenous pig populations, i.e.
covering 84 % of the total pig population. This study was conducted in
northern Laos, where 164 pig-raising households, 325 sows and 1246 piglets
were included. The study aimed to observe the general trend of change in
indigenous pig utilization and the altered reproductive performance
regarding village location and rearing systems. The semi-structured
questionnaires were a key tool for gathering data required through personal
interviews and field observations. Two types of indigenous Lao pig breeds
(locally named Moo Lath and Moo Hmong) were found in study areas. The village locations were
not influencing on reproductive performance of indigenous Lao pigs. Larger
litter size and birth weight (P<0.004–0.000) was found in the
second cluster (15 to 30 km away from downtown) with an average of 8.24
heads and 0.88 kg, while the first (<15 km) and third (>30 km) clusters had 7.72 versus 7.12 heads, and 0.70 versus 0.63 kg,
respectively. Conversely, the second cluster had lower litter per year (P<0.001) by 1.04, compared to 1.38 for the first and third clusters.
The free-scavenging rearing system (FRS) had a higher litter size (8.5) than
the confinement (CRS) and semi-scavenge (SRS) rearing system (7.36 versus
7.54). The FRS had a marginally smaller litter per year (0.87) that differed
from the CRS and SRS (1.45 and 1.41). The CRS had a shorter suckling period
(2.38 months) with a lower weaning weight (6.74 kg), while the FRS and SRS
had longer (2.72 versus 2.8 months) and higher weaning weight (7.76 and 7.57 kg). The mortality before weaning was 15 %, and no difference was found
related to the villages' location or rearing systems (P>0.070
versus 0.839). Around 56 % of the piglet's deaths were due to poor
management that caused piglets to be crushed/injured by sow or starvation.
More than 54 % of farmers did not keep sows in pens before the farrowing,
and 53 % of sows gave birth near forests. In conclusion, the village
locations and rearing systems did not influence the reproductive performance
of indigenous pigs in northern Laos. However, pre- and post-farrowing
management had a strong effect on it. During the whole study, we took into
consideration the successful example of Hungarian Mangalica pig, which could
find a proper new role in the global premium markets. Our results suggest
that similar complex semi-intensive farm operations as indigenous Mangalica
pig farms in Hungary should be a great option for introducing and adapting
to improve indigenous pig performance in Laos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somsy Xayalath
- Doctoral School of Animal Husbandry, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.,Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Novotni-Dankó
- Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Balogh
- Department of Statistics and Methodology, Institute of Statistics and Methodology, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Klaus-Peter Brüssow
- Centre of Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - József Rátky
- Doctoral School of Animal Husbandry, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medi-cine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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Matsumoto N, Siengsanan-Lamont J, Halasa T, Young JR, Ward MP, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Khounsy S, Toribio JALML, Bush RD, Blacksell SD. The impact of African swine fever virus on smallholder village pig production: An outbreak investigation in Lao PDR. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2897-2908. [PMID: 34146447 PMCID: PMC9292446 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a deadly disease of pigs which spread through southeast Asia in 2019. We investigated one of the first outbreaks of ASFV in Lao People's Democratic Republic amongst smallholder villages of Thapangtong District, Savannakhet Province. In this study, two ASFV affected villages were compared to two unaffected villages. Evidence of ASFV‐like clinical signs appeared in pig herds as early as May 2019, with median epidemic days on 1 and 18 June in the two villages, respectively. Using participatory epidemiology mapping techniques, we found statistically significant spatial clustering in both outbreaks (p < 0.001). Villagers reported known risk factors for ASFV transmission – such as free‐ranging management systems and wild boar access – in all four villages. The villagers reported increased pig trader activity from Vietnam before the outbreaks; however, the survey did not determine a single outbreak source. The outbreak caused substantial household financial losses with an average of nine pigs lost to the disease, and Monte Carlo analysis estimated this to be USD 215 per household. ASFV poses a significant threat to food and financial security in smallholder communities such as Thapangtong, where 40.6% of the district's population are affected by poverty. This study shows ASFV management in the region will require increased local government resources, knowledge of informal trader activity and wild boar monitoring alongside education and support to address intra‐village risk factors such as free‐ranging, incorrect waste disposal and swill feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Matsumoto
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Section of Animal welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - James R Young
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- Section of Animal welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jenny-Ann L M L Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Russell D Bush
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
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Siengsanan-Lamont J, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Khounsy S, Phommachanh P, Kamolsiripichaiporn S, Udon R, Seeyo KB, Selleck PW, Matsumoto N, Gleeson LJ, Blacksell SD. Seroepidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease using passive surveillance techniques in selected provinces of Lao PDR. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:303. [PMID: 33934210 PMCID: PMC8088427 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a high-impact, contagious transboundary animal disease that is endemic in Southeast Asia. Abattoir samples were routinely collected in six selected provinces between March and December 2019. A total of 1280 samples of abattoir animals were tested for FMD Non-Structural Protein (NSP) antibodies to indicate natural infections. Overall, 22.8% were seropositive for FMD NSP antibodies while seroprevalence of cattle (n = 469), buffalo (n = 214), and pigs (n = 597) were 44.6%, 35.0%, and 1.3%, respectively. The highest seroprevalence destination province was Xiengkhouang (35.3% of 272 samples), followed by Savannakhet (27.0% of 244 samples). Risk factors for evidence of natural infection identified by a multivariate logistic regression model included age groups (p-value = 0.02) and origin provinces (p-value = 2.8 × 10−5) of the animals. There were significant differences of FMD NSP seroprevalence between age groups and origin provinces of the animals. The odds ratio of a seropositive result in the less than 1 year old group was 2.5 (95% CI; 1.4, 4.4) when compared to the 3–4 years old group, while the odds ratios for animals that originated from Khammouane and Xiengkhouang provinces were 4.5 (95% CI; 1.1, 18.7) and 2.4 (95% CI; 1.4, 4.1), respectively, when compared to Champasak province. Serotype-specific antibody ELISA for 44 NSP antibody–positive samples revealed evidence of FMD serotypes O and A virus circulation in some provinces. Despite the passive abattoir survey providing useful information on FMD virus previous exposure and geographic locations of the animals, timely information on FMD virus circulation and distribution is also crucial to an effective control program. Alternative approaches to increase the cost-effectiveness of the surveillance network are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Maidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Somjai Kamolsiripichaiporn
- Maidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Romphruke Udon
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in South East Asia, Department of Livestock Development, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kingkarn Boonsuya Seeyo
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in South East Asia, Department of Livestock Development, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Paul W Selleck
- Maidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nina Matsumoto
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Laurence J Gleeson
- Maidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Maidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic.
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