1
|
O'Reilly EL, Viora L, Malcata F, Pepler PT, Zadoks R, Brady N, Hanh HQ, McLaughlin M, Horvatic A, Gelemanovic A, Kules J, Mrljak V, Eckersall PD. Biomarker and proteome analysis of milk from dairy cows with clinical mastitis: Determining the effect of different bacterial pathogens on the response to infection. Res Vet Sci 2024; 172:105240. [PMID: 38608347 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial usage (AMU) could be reduced by differentiating the causative bacteria in cases of clinical mastitis (CM) as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria or identifying whether the case is culture-negative (no growth, NG) mastitis. Immunoassays for biomarker analysis and a Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) proteomic investigation were employed to identify differences between samples of milk from cows with CM caused by different bacteria. A total of 94 milk samples were collected from cows diagnosed with CM across seven farms in Scotland, categorized by severity as mild (score 1), moderate (score 2), or severe (score 3). Bovine haptoglobin (Hp), milk amyloid A (MAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), lactoferrin (LF), α-lactalbumin (LA) and cathelicidin (CATHL) were significantly higher in milk from cows with CM, regardless of culture results, than in milk from healthy cows (all P-values <0.001). Milk cathelicidin (CATHL) was evaluated using a novel ELISA technique that utilises an antibody to a peptide sequence of SSEANLYRLLELD (aa49-61) common to CATHL 1-7 isoforms. A classification tree was fitted on the six biomarkers to predict Gram-positive bacteria within mastitis severity scores 1 or 2, revealing that compared to the rest of the samples, Gram-positive samples were associated with CRP < 9.5 μg/ml and LF ≥ 325 μg/ml and MAA < 16 μg/ml. Sensitivity of the tree model was 64%, the specificity was 91%, and the overall misclassification rate was 18%. The area under the ROC curve for this tree model was 0.836 (95% bootstrap confidence interval: 0.742; 0.917). TMT proteomic analysis revealed little difference between the groups in protein abundance when the three groups (Gram-positive, Gram-negative and no growth) were compared, however when each group was compared against the entirety of the remaining samples, 28 differentially abundant protein were identified including β-lactoglobulin and ribonuclease. Whilst further research is required to draw together and refine a suitable biomarker panel and diagnostic algorithm for differentiating Gram- positive/negative and NG CM, these results have highlighted a potential panel and diagnostic decision tree. Host-derived milk biomarkers offer significant potential to refine and reduce AMU and circumvent the many challenges associated with microbiological culture, both within the lab and on the farm, while providing the added benefit of reducing turnaround time from 14 to 16 h of microbiological culture to just 15 min with a lateral flow device (LFD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L O'Reilly
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, United Kingdom. Emily.O'
| | - Lorenzo Viora
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
| | - Francisco Malcata
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; School of Veterinary Medicine, Oniris, Nantes, France.
| | - P Theo Pepler
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Zadoks
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Nicola Brady
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
| | - Han Quang Hanh
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
| | - Anita Horvatic
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Andrea Gelemanovic
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences (MedILS), 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Josipa Kules
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - P David Eckersall
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Langhorne C, Wood BJ, Wood C, Henning J, McGowan M, Schull D, Ranjbar S, Gibson JS. Understanding barriers to reducing antimicrobials on Australian dairy farms: A qualitative analysis. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:285-292. [PMID: 38342502 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reducing antibiotic use in production animal systems is one strategy which may help to limit the development of antimicrobial resistance. To reduce antimicrobial use in food-producing animals, it is important to first understand how antibiotics are used on farm and what barriers exist to decreasing their use. In dairy production systems, mastitis is one of the most common reasons for administering antimicrobials. Therefore, it is important to understand the motivations and behaviours of dairy farmers in relation to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mastitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we interviewed a sample of dairy farmers and dairy industry professionals from the major dairying regions of eastern Australia regarding their current practices used to diagnose, treat, and control subclinical and clinical mastitis. Inductive thematic analysis was used to code interview transcripts and identify the recurrent themes. RESULTS Four overarching themes were identified: (1) the challenges associated with the detection and diagnosis of clinical mastitis, including with laboratory culture, (2) the motivations behind treatment decisions for different cases, (3) decisions around dry cow therapy and the role of herd recording, and (4) concerns regarding the development of antimicrobial resistance. DISCUSSION This study identifies several challenges which may limit the ability of Australian dairy farmers to reduce antimicrobial use on farm, such as the need for rapid and reliable diagnostic tests capable of identifying the pathogenic causes of mastitis and the difficulties associated with conducting herd recording for the implementation of selective dry cow therapy. Industry professionals were concerned that farmers were not using individual cow records to aid in treatment decisions, which could result in unnecessary antimicrobial use. The results of this study can act as the basis for future research aimed at assessing these issues across the broader Australian dairy industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Langhorne
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - B J Wood
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - C Wood
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - J Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - M McGowan
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - D Schull
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - S Ranjbar
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - J S Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rowe S, House JK, Pooley H, Bullen S, Humphris M, Ingenhoff L, Norris JM, Zadoks RN. Evaluation of Point-of-Care Tests for Identification of Pathogens to Inform Clinical Mastitis Treatment Decisions in Pasture- and Confinement-Managed Dairy Cows in Australia. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00820-8. [PMID: 38788848 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
To support antimicrobial stewardship in livestock production, there is a growing array of point of care diagnostics to guide antimicrobial treatment. The primary objective of this observational study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of 5 point of care tests currently available in Australia for guiding lactational treatment of non-severe clinical mastitis. A secondary objective was to describe the pathogen profiles of mastitis-causing organisms in cows managed in barns ("intensive") and on pasture ("non-intensive"). Foremilk samples (n = 641) were collected by farm staff in dairy herds in Australia (n = 30) and tested at a university laboratory using a reference test and 5 index tests. The reference test was aerobic culture on Trypticase Soy Agar with 5% sheep blood followed by MALDI-TOF for identification of isolates. The following point of care tests were evaluated as index tests: Accumast®, biplate, Check-Up, Mastatest®, and 3M Petrifilm. We found that 23% of samples were contaminated, with the median herd contamination prevalence being 22%. After excluding contaminated samples, the most common diagnoses (according to the reference test) in intensive herds were no growth (31.7%), Klebsiella spp. (28.1%), E. coli (15.0%), and Strep. uberis (8.4%). The most common diagnoses in non-contaminated samples from cows in non-intensive herds were Strep. uberis (35.0%), no growth (26.9%), and E. coli (13.3%). After 24 h of incubation, all index tests demonstrated limited diagnostic sensitivity for identification of pathogens of interest (range: 0.06 to 0.63). Diagnostic performance was better at the group-level, with sensitivity and specificity for identification of non-contaminated gram-positive growths (i.e., cases that are widely considered to be candidates for antimicrobial treatment) being 0.84 and 0.75 (biplate), 0.76 and 0.90 (Accumast), 0.89 and 0.79 (Check-Up), 0.67 and 0.83 (Petrifilm), and 0.55 and 0.81 (Mastatest). In intensive herds, 22.7 to 40% of cases were classified as antimicrobial treatment candidates by index tests, which was less than for cows in non-intensive herds (41.3 to 61.0%). Despite limited diagnostic reliability at genus and species level, and the need to ensure samples are collected aseptically, our findings indicate that implementation of selective treatment protocols using the tests evaluated in this study would likely reduce antimicrobial usage in Australian herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Rowe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia; Livestock Veterinary Services, The University of Sydney, Brownlow Hill, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - John K House
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia; Livestock Veterinary Services, The University of Sydney, Brownlow Hill, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hannah Pooley
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Luke Ingenhoff
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia; Livestock Veterinary Services, The University of Sydney, Brownlow Hill, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zapata-Salas R, Guarín JF, Ríos-Osorio LA. Consumption and Informal Trade of Milk in the North of Antioquia (Colombia). Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:6644328. [PMID: 38562282 PMCID: PMC10982048 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6644328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The excessive and irrational use of antibiotics to control bovine mastitis and the informal trade in milk with antibiotic residues are objects of great interest for public health, due to the problems associated with the consumption of milk with antibiotic residues on human, animal, and environmental health, and antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to understand the attitudes of dairy farmers towards the self-consumption of milk on the farm, the use of milk with antibiotic residues, and the formal and informal milk trade that generates risks for public health. Mixed methods: cross-sectional and grounded theory. Convergent triangulation design. The study was carried out in 9 dairy municipalities in the North of Antioquia, where 216 dairy farmers participated in the quantitative component; and 17 milk producers and 9 veterinarians took part in the qualitative component. A dairy farmer characterization survey was conducted, as well as a survey on the use and marketing of milk from cows with udder health problems and/or under antibiotic treatment. Semistructured interviews were conducted on the same subject. The variable "Intention to sell milk in the village when the dairy industry does not buy it due to high BTSCC" is associated with the BTSCC variable. The variable "Type of marketing reported" is associated with the CFU variable. 5 categories: self-consumption of milk, use of milk with antibiotics, informal milk trade, control of the dairy industry, and beliefs about the elimination of antibiotics in milk, were constructed to theorize about udder health and public health. Sociocultural, political, and economic factors affect decision making in dairy farmers regarding the use and marketing of milk from cows with mastitis and antibiotic residues. These attitudes and behaviors have public health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Zapata-Salas
- School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Research Group in Health and Sustainability, Research Group in Veterinary Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - José F. Guarín
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Research Group in Agricultural Sciences–GRICA (Acronym in Spanish), University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Leonardo A. Ríos-Osorio
- School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Research Group in Health and Sustainability, Research Group in Veterinary Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Böker AR, Bartel A, Do Duc P, Hentzsch A, Reichmann F, Merle R, Arndt H, Dachrodt L, Woudstra S, Hoedemaker M. Status of udder health performance indicators and implementation of on farm monitoring on German dairy cow farms: results from a large scale cross-sectional study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1193301. [PMID: 37261107 PMCID: PMC10227582 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1193301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regional benchmarking data enables farmers to compare their animal health situation to that of other herds and identify areas with improvement potential. For the udder health status of German dairy cow farms, such data were incomplete. Therefore, the aim of this study was (1) to describe the incidence of clinical mastitis (CM), (2) to describe cell count based udder health indicators [annual mean test day average of the proportion of animals without indication of mastitis (aWIM), new infection risk during lactation (aNIR), and proportion of cows with low chance of cure (aLCC); heifer mastitis rate (HM)] and their seasonal variation, and (3) to evaluate the level of implementation of selected measures of mastitis monitoring. Herds in three German regions (North: n = 253; East: n = 252, South: n = 260) with different production conditions were visited. Data on CM incidence and measures of mastitis monitoring were collected via structured questionnaire-based interviews. Additionally, dairy herd improvement (DHI) test day data from the 365 days preceding the interview were obtained. The median (Q0.1, Q0.9) farmer reported incidence of mild CM was 14.8% (3.5, 30.8%) in North, 16.2% (1.9, 50.4%) in East, and 11.8% (0.0, 30.7%) in South. For severe CM the reported incidence was 4.0% (0.0, 12.2%), 2.0% (0.0, 10.8%), and 2.6% (0.0, 11.0%) for North, East, and South, respectively. The median aWIM was 60.7% (53.4, 68.1%), 59.0% (49.7, 65.4%), and 60.2% (51.5, 67.8%), whereas the median aNIR was 17.1% (13.6, 21.6%), 19.9% (16.2, 24.9%), and 18.3% (14.4, 22.0%) in North, East, and South, respectively with large seasonal variations. Median aLCC was ≤1.1% (≤ 0.7%, ≤ 1.8%) in all regions and HM was 28.4% (19.7, 37.2%), 35.7% (26.7, 44.2%), and 23.5% (13.1, 35.9%), in North, East and South, respectively. Participation in a DHI testing program (N: 95.7%, E: 98.8%, S: 89.2%) and premilking (N: 91.1%, E: 93.7%, S: 90.2%) were widely used. Several aspects of udder health monitoring, including exact documentation of CM cases, regular microbiological analysis of milk samples and the use of a veterinary herd health consultancy service were not applied on many farms. The results of this study can be used by dairy farmers and their advisors as benchmarks for the assessment of the udder health situation in their herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas R. Böker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Phuong Do Duc
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonia Hentzsch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederike Reichmann
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidi Arndt
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Linda Dachrodt
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja Woudstra
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Martina Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nesaraj J, Grinberg A, Laven R, Biggs P. Genomic epidemiology of bovine mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus in New Zealand. Vet Microbiol 2023; 282:109750. [PMID: 37099864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
We analysed the genomes of 188 bovine-mastitis-causing S. aureus isolates obtained over a 17-year period from more than 65 dairy farms across New Zealand. The analysis revealed a unique pattern of dominance over the entire period of study, of clonal complex 1, sequence type 1 (CC1/ST1), which accounted for ∼75% of the isolates. CC1/ST1 was also the commonest lineage infecting humans in New Zealand in the same period, but most bovine CC1/ST1 analysed in this study carried the genes coding for the bovine-adaptive bicomponent leucocidin lukF and lukM and lacked the corresponding human-adaptive lukF-PV and lukS-PV genes. Typical ruminant-associated lineages, such as ST97, ST151 and CC133 were also observed. Cluster analyses of the core and accessory genomes revealed genomic segregations according to the CCs, but lack of segregation based on the geographical location or collection year, suggesting a stable population in space and time. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of genomic markers of host adaptation to cattle in S. aureus CC1/ST1, a lineage commonly associated with humans, worldwide. The temporal clonal stability observed would enable the development of a S. aureus vaccine for New Zealand cattle, which is unlikely to undergo substantial reduction of efficacy due to clonal drifts or shifts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jabin Nesaraj
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Alex Grinberg
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Richard Laven
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Jong E, McCubbin KD, Speksnijder D, Dufour S, Middleton JR, Ruegg PL, Lam TJGM, Kelton DF, McDougall S, Godden SM, Lago A, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Orsel K, De Vliegher S, Krömker V, Nobrega DB, Kastelic JP, Barkema HW. Invited review: Selective treatment of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3761-3778. [PMID: 37080782 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of clinical mastitis (CM) and use of antimicrobials for dry cow therapy are responsible for the majority of animal-defined daily doses of antimicrobial use (AMU) on dairy farms. However, advancements made in the last decade have enabled excluding nonsevere CM cases from antimicrobial treatment that have a high probability of cure without antimicrobials (no bacterial causes or gram-negative, excluding Klebsiella spp.) and cases with a low bacteriological cure rate (chronic cases). These advancements include availability of rapid diagnostic tests and improved udder health management practices, which reduced the incidence and infection pressure of contagious CM pathogens. This review informed an evidence-based protocol for selective CM treatment decisions based on a combination of rapid diagnostic test results, review of somatic cell count and CM records, and elucidated consequences in terms of udder health, AMU, and farm economics. Relatively fast identification of the causative agent is the most important factor in selective CM treatment protocols. Many reported studies did not indicate detrimental udder health consequences (e.g., reduced clinical or bacteriological cures, increased somatic cell count, increased culling rate, or increased recurrence of CM later in lactation) after initiating selective CM treatment protocols using on-farm testing. The magnitude of AMU reduction following a selective CM treatment protocol implementation depended on the causal pathogen distribution and protocol characteristics. Uptake of selective treatment of nonsevere CM cases differs across regions and is dependent on management systems and adoption of udder health programs. No economic losses or animal welfare issues are expected when adopting a selective versus blanket CM treatment protocol. Therefore, selective CM treatment of nonsevere cases can be a practical tool to aid AMU reduction on dairy farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen de Jong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J25 2M2
| | - Kayley D McCubbin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J25 2M2
| | - David Speksnijder
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Animal Health Clinic ULP, 3481 LZ Harmelen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Dufour
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J25 2M2; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - Pamela L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Theo J G M Lam
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; GD Animal Health, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - David F Kelton
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J25 2M2; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Scott McDougall
- Cognosco, Anexa, Morrinsville 3340, New Zealand; School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Sandra M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | | | - Päivi J Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Volker Krömker
- Section for Animal Production, Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Diego B Nobrega
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - John P Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J25 2M2.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Jong E, Creytens L, De Vliegher S, McCubbin KD, Baptiste M, Leung AA, Speksnijder D, Dufour S, Middleton JR, Ruegg PL, Lam TJGM, Kelton DF, McDougall S, Godden SM, Lago A, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Orsel K, Krömker V, Kastelic JP, Barkema HW. Selective treatment of nonsevere clinical mastitis does not adversely affect cure, somatic cell count, milk yield, recurrence, or culling: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1267-1286. [PMID: 36543640 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of clinical mastitis (CM) contributes to antimicrobial use on dairy farms. Selective treatment of CM based on bacterial diagnosis can reduce antimicrobial use, as not all cases of CM will benefit from antimicrobial treatment, e.g., mild and moderate gram-negative infections. However, impacts of selective CM treatment on udder health and culling are not fully understood. A systematic search identified 13 studies that compared selective versus blanket CM treatment protocols. Reported outcomes were synthesized with random-effects models and presented as risk ratios or mean differences. Selective CM treatment protocol was not inferior to blanket CM treatment protocol for the outcome bacteriological cure. Noninferiority margins could not be established for the outcomes clinical cure, new intramammary infection, somatic cell count, milk yield, recurrence, or culling. However, no differences were detected between selective and blanket CM treatment protocols using traditional analyses, apart from a not clinically relevant increase in interval from treatment to clinical cure (0.4 d) in the selective group and higher proportion of clinical cure at 14 d in the selective group. The latter occurred in studies co-administering nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories only in the selective group. Bias could not be ruled out in most studies due to suboptimal randomization, although this would likely only affect subjective outcomes such as clinical cure. Hence, findings were supported by a high or moderate certainty of evidence for all outcome measures except clinical cure. In conclusion, this review supported the assertion that a selective CM treatment protocol can be adopted without adversely influencing bacteriological and clinical cure, somatic cell count, milk yield, and incidence of recurrence or culling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen de Jong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada; Mastitis Network, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J25 2M2 Canada
| | - Lien Creytens
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820 Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820 Belgium
| | - Kayley D McCubbin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada; Mastitis Network, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J25 2M2 Canada
| | - Mya Baptiste
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Alexander A Leung
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Science, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - David Speksnijder
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 TD, the Netherlands; University Farm Animal Practice, Harmelen, 3481 LZ, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Dufour
- Mastitis Network, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J25 2M2 Canada; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - Pamela L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Theo J G M Lam
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, the Netherlands; GD Animal Health, Deventer, 7400 AA, the Netherlands
| | - David F Kelton
- Mastitis Network, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J25 2M2 Canada; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Scott McDougall
- Cognosco, Anexa, Morrinsville, 3340 New Zealand; School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Sandra M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | | | - Päivi J Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Volker Krömker
- Section for Animal Production, Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John P Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada; Mastitis Network, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J25 2M2 Canada; Departments of Medicine and Community Health Science, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dyson R, Charman N, Hodge A, Rowe SM, Taylor LF. A survey of mastitis pathogens including antimicrobial susceptibility in southeastern Australian dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1504-1518. [PMID: 34955276 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objectives for this study were to (1) describe the pathogen profile in quarters from cows with clinical mastitis and in cows with subclinical mastitis in southeastern Australia; and (2) describe antimicrobial susceptibility among isolated pathogens. As a secondary objective, we aimed to compare antimicrobial resistance prevalence in pathogens isolated from clinical and subclinical mastitis samples. A convenience sample of dairy herds (n = 65) from 4 regions in southeastern Australia (Gippsland, Northern Victoria, Tasmania, Western Victoria) were invited to submit milk samples from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis over a 14-mo period (January 2011 to March 2012). Farmers were instructed to collect aseptic quarter milk samples from the first 10 cases of clinical mastitis for each month of the study. In addition, farmers submitted composite milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis at 1 or 2 sampling occasions during the study period. Aerobic culture and biochemical tests were used to identify isolates. Isolates were classified as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to a panel of antimicrobial agents based on the zone of growth inhibition around antimicrobial-impregnated disks, with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) classified as nonsusceptibility by combining intermediate and resistant groups into a single category. Generalized linear mixed models were used to compare the prevalence of AMR between clinical and subclinical mastitis isolates. For clinical mastitis samples (n = 3,044), 472 samples (15.5%) were excluded for contamination. Of the remaining samples (n = 2,572), the most common results were Streptococcus uberis (39.2%), no growth (27.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.6%), Escherichia coli (8.4%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (6.4%). For subclinical mastitis samples (n = 1,072), 425 (39.6%) were excluded due to contamination. Of the remaining samples (n = 647), the most common results were no growth (29.1%), Staph. aureus (29.1%), and Strep. uberis (21.6%). The prevalence of AMR among common isolates was low for the majority of antimicrobial agents. Exploratory analysis found that the probability of Staph. aureus demonstrating resistance to penicillin was 5.16 times higher (95% confidence interval: 1.68, 15.88) in subclinical isolates relative to clinical Staph. aureus isolates. A similar association was observed for amoxicillin with subclinical Staph. aureus isolates being 4.70 times (95% confidence interval: 1.49, 14.75) more likely to be resistant than clinical Staph. aureus isolates. We concluded that the most common bacteria causing clinical mastitis in dairy herds in Australia is likely to be Strep. uberis, whereas Staph. aureus is likely to be the most common cause of subclinical mastitis. Despite decades of antimicrobial use to control these organisms, AMR appears to be uncommon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Dyson
- Dairy Focus, 181 Wharparilla Drive, Echuca, Victoria, 3564, Australia
| | - N Charman
- Zoetis Australia, 5 Rider Blvd, Rhodes, New South Wales, 2138, Australia
| | - A Hodge
- Zoetis Australia, 5 Rider Blvd, Rhodes, New South Wales, 2138, Australia
| | - S M Rowe
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - L F Taylor
- Zoetis Australia, 5 Rider Blvd, Rhodes, New South Wales, 2138, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hogeveen H, Klaas IC, Dalen G, Honig H, Zecconi A, Kelton DF, Mainar MS. Novel ways to use sensor data to improve mastitis management. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11317-11332. [PMID: 34304877 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current sensor systems are used to detect cows with clinical mastitis. Although, the systems perform well enough to not negatively affect the adoption of automatic milking systems, the performance is far from perfect. An important advantage of sensor systems is the availability of multiple measurements per day. By clearly defining the need for detection of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) from the farmers' management perspective, detection and management of SCM and CM may be improved. Sensor systems may also be used for other aspects of mastitis management. In this paper we have defined 4 mastitis situations that could be managed with the support of sensor systems. Because of differences in the associated management and the epidemiology of these specific mastitis situations, the required demands for performance of the sensor systems do differ. The 4 defined mastitis situations with the requirements of performance are the following: (1) Cows with severe CM needing immediate attention. Sensor systems should have a very high sensitivity (>95% and preferably close to 100%) and specificity (>99%) within a narrow time window (maximum 12 h) to ensure that close to all cows with true cases of severe CM are detected quickly. Although never studied, it is expected that because of the effects of severe CM, such a high detection performance is feasible. (2) Cows with mastitis that do not need immediate attention. Although these cows have a risk of progressing into severe CM or chronic mastitis, they should get the chance to cure spontaneously under close monitoring. Sensor alerts should have a reasonable sensitivity (>80%) and a high specificity (>99.5%). The time window may be around 7 d. (3) Cows needing attention at drying off. For selective dry cow treatment, the absence or presence of an intramammary infection at dry-off needs to be known. To avoid both false-positive and false-negative alerts, sensitivity and specificity can be equally high (>95%). (4) Herd-level udder health. By combining sensor readings from all cows in the herd, novel herd-level key performance indicators can be developed to monitor udder health status and development over time and raise alerts at significant deviances from predefined thresholds; sensitivity should be reasonably high, >80%, and because of the costs for further analysis of false-positive alerts, the specificity should be >99%. The development and validation of sensor-based algorithms specifically for these 4 mastitis situations will encourage situation-specific farmer interventions and operational udder health management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henk Hogeveen
- Wageningen University and Research, Business Economics group, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ilka C Klaas
- DeLaval International AB, Gustaf De Lavals väg 15, 147 21 Tumba, Sweden
| | | | - Hen Honig
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon Leziyyon, Israel
| | - Alfonso Zecconi
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences - One Health Unit, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - David F Kelton
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Maria Sánchez Mainar
- International Dairy Federation, 70/B Boulevard Auguste Reyers, 1030 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Mastitis, inflammation of the bovine mammary gland, is generally caused by intramammary infection with bacteria, and antimicrobials have long been a corner stone of mastitis control. As societal concern about antimicrobial use in animal agriculture grows, there is pressure to reduce antimicrobial use in dairy farming. Point-of-care tests for on-farm use are increasingly available as tools to support this. In this Research Reflection, we consider available culture-dependent and culture-independent tests in the context of ASSURED criteria for low-resource settings, including convenience criteria, scientific criteria and societal criteria that can be used to evaluate test performance. As tests become more sophisticated and sensitive, we may be generating more data than we need. Special attention is given to the relationship between test outcomes and treatment decisions, including issues of diagnostic refinement, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and detection of viable organisms. In addition, we explore the role of technology, big data and people in improved performance and uptake of point-of-care tests, recognising that societal barriers may limit uptake of available or future tests. Finally, we propose that the 3Rs of reduction, refinement and replacement, which have been used in an animal welfare context for many years, could be applied to antimicrobial use for mastitis control on dairy farms.
Collapse
|