Clinical significance of single microscopic focus of adenocarcinoma at prostate biopsy

Extracellular Matrix- and Integrin Adhesion Complexes-Related Genes in the Prognosis of Prostate Cancer Patients' Progression-Free Survival

Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and one of the main obstacles in its management is the inability to foresee its course. Therefore, novel biomarkers are needed that will guide the treatment options. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important part of the tumor microenvironment that largely influences cell behavior. ECM components are ligands for integrin receptors which are involved in every step of tumor progression. An underlying characteristic of integrin activation and ligation is the formation of integrin adhesion complexes (IACs), intracellular structures that carry information conveyed by integrins. By using The Cancer Genome Atlas data, we show that the expression of ECM- and IACs-related genes is changed in prostate cancer. Moreover, machine learning methods revealed that they are a source of biomarkers for progression-free survival of patients that are stratified according to the Gleason score. Namely, low expression of FMOD and high expression of PTPN2 genes are associated with worse survival of patients with a Gleason score lower than 9. The FMOD gene encodes protein that may play a role in the assembly of the ECM and the PTPN2 gene product is a protein tyrosine phosphatase activated by integrins. Our results suggest potential biomarkers of prostate cancer progression.