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Ben Mariem I, Kaziz S, Belkhiria M, Echouchene F, Belmabrouk H. Numerical optimization of microfluidic biosensor detection time for the SARS-CoV-2 using the Taguchi method. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE CULTIVATION OF SCIENCE (2004) 2023; 97:1-8. [PMID: 37361718 PMCID: PMC10008012 DOI: 10.1007/s12648-023-02632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The performance of microfluidic biosensor of the SARS-Cov-2 was numerically analyzed through finite element method. The calculation results have been validated with comparison with experimental data reported in the literature. The novelty of this study is the use of the Taguchi method in the optimization analysis, and an L8(25) orthogonal table of five critical parameters-Reynolds number (Re), Damköhler number (Da), relative adsorption capacity (σ), equilibrium dissociation constant (KD), and Schmidt number (Sc), with two levels was designed. ANOVA methods are used to obtain the significance of key parameters. The optimal combination of the key parameters is Re = 10-2, Da = 1000, σ = 0.2, KD = 5, and Sc 104 to achieve the minimum response time (0.15). Among the selected key parameters, the relative adsorption capacity (σ) has the highest contribution (42.17%) to the reduction of the response time, while the Schmidt number (Sc) has the lowest contribution (5.19%). The presented simulation results are useful in designing microfluidic biosensors in order to reduce their response time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ben Mariem
- Electronic and Microelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Kaziz
- Quantum and Statistical Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Environment Boulevard, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher National Engineering School of Tunis, Taha Hussein Montfleury Boulevard, University of Tunis, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maissa Belkhiria
- Electronic and Microelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Fraj Echouchene
- Electronic and Microelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Soussse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Belmabrouk
- Electronic and Microelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Physics, College of Science at Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, 11952 Saudi Arabia
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Kaziz S, Ben Romdhane I, Echouchene F, Gazzah MH. Numerical simulation and optimization of AC electrothermal microfluidic biosensor for COVID-19 detection through Taguchi method and artificial network. EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS 2023; 138:96. [PMID: 36741917 PMCID: PMC9884486 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-03712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic biosensors have played an important and challenging role for the rapid detection of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous studies have shown that the kinetic binding reaction of the target antigen is strongly affected by process parameters. The purpose of this research was to optimize the performance of a microfluidic biosensor using two different approaches: Taguchi optimization and artificial neural network (ANN) optimization. Taguchi L8(25) orthogonal array involving eight groups of experiments for five key parameters, which are microchannel shape, biosensor position, applied alternating current voltage, adsorption constant, and average inlet flow velocity, at two levels each, are performed to minimize the detection time of a biosensor excited by an alternating current electrothermal force. Signal to noise ratio ( S / N ) and analysis of variance were used to reach the optimal levels of process parameters and to demonstrate their percentage contributions, in terms of improved device response time. The principal results of this study showed that the Taguchi method was able to identify that the kinetic adsorption rate is the most influential parameter at 93% contribution, and the reaction surface position is the least influential parameter at 0.07% contribution. Also, the ANN model was able to accurately predict the optimal input values with a very low prediction error. Overall, the major conclusion of this study is both the Taguchi and ANN approaches can be effectively utilized to optimize the performance of a microfluidic biosensor. These advances have the potential to revolutionize the field of biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Kaziz
- Quantum and Statistical Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Environment Boulevard, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher National Engineering School of Tunis, Taha Hussein Montfleury Boulevard, University of Tunis, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imed Ben Romdhane
- Laboratory of Electronics and Microelectronics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Environment Boulevard, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Fraj Echouchene
- Laboratory of Electronics and Microelectronics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Environment Boulevard, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Soussse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hichem Gazzah
- Quantum and Statistical Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Environment Boulevard, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Bhowmick TK, Gayen K. Process intensification for the enhancement of growth and chlorophyll molecules of isolated Chlorella thermophila: A systematic experimental and optimization approach. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022:1-19. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2119578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Sarkar
- Department of Chemical engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, India
| | - Sambit Sarkar
- Department of Chemical engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, India
| | - Tridib Kumar Bhowmick
- Department of Bioengineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, India
| | - Kalyan Gayen
- Department of Chemical engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, India
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Kaziz S, Ben Mariem I, Echouchene F, Belkhiria M, Belmabrouk H. Taguchi optimization of integrated flow microfluidic biosensor for COVID-19 detection. EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS 2022; 137:1235. [PMID: 36405040 PMCID: PMC9660129 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-03457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this research, Taguchi's method was employed to optimize the performance of a microfluidic biosensor with an integrated flow confinement for rapid detection of the SARS-CoV-2. The finite element method was used to solve the physical model which has been first validated by comparison with experimental results. The novelty of this study is the use of the Taguchi approach in the optimization analysis. An L 8 2 7 orthogonal array of seven critical parameters-Reynolds number (Re), Damköhler number (Da), relative adsorption capacity ( σ ), equilibrium dissociation constant (KD), Schmidt number (Sc), confinement coefficient (α) and dimensionless confinement position (X), with two levels was designed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods are also used to calculate the contribution of each parameter. The optimal combination of these key parameters was Re = 10-2, Da = 1000, σ = 0.5, K D = 5, Sc = 105, α = 2 and X = 2 to achieve the lowest dimensionless response time (0.11). Among the all-optimization factors, the relative adsorption capacity ( σ ) has the highest contribution (37%) to the reduction of the response time, while the Schmidt number (Sc) has the lowest contribution (7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Kaziz
- Quantum and Statistical Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Environment Boulevard, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher National Engineering School of Tunis, Taha Hussein Montfleury Boulevard, University of Tunis, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Ben Mariem
- Quantum and Statistical Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Environment Boulevard, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Fraj Echouchene
- Laboratory of Electronics and Microelectronics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Environment Boulevard, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Maissa Belkhiria
- Laboratory of Electronics and Microelectronics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Environment Boulevard, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Belmabrouk
- Department of Physics, College of Science at Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
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Pandya DK, Kumar MA. Chemo-metric engineering designs for deciphering the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125154. [PMID: 33858107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are non-polar organic compounds that are omnipresent in the environment and released due to anthropogenic activities through emissions and discharges. PAHs, being xenobiotic and exerts health impacts, thus they attract serious concern by the environmentalists. The stringent regulations and the need of sustainable development urges the hunt for a technically feasible and cost-effective wastewater treatment. Although the conventional physico-chemical treatment are widely preferred, they cause secondary pollution problems and demand subsequent treatment options. This comprehensive review intends to address the (a) different PAHs and their associated toxicity, (b) the remedial strategies, particularly biodegradation. The biological wastewater treatment techniques that involve microbial systems are highly influenced by the different physio-chemical and environmental parameters. Therefore, suitable optimization techniques are prerequisite for effective functioning of the biological treatment that sustains judiciously and interpreted in a lesser time. Here we have aimed to discuss (a) different chemo-metric tools involved in the design of experiments (DoE), (b) design equations and models, (c) tools for evaluating the model's adequacy and (d) plots for graphically interpreting the chemo-metric designs. However, to best of our knowledge, this is a first review to discuss the PAHs biodegradation that are tailored by chemo-metric designs. The associated challenges, available opportunities and techno-economic aspects of PAHs degradation using chemo-metric engineering designs are explained. Additionally, the review highlights how well these DoE tools can be suited for the sustainable socio-industrial sectors. Concomitantly, the futuristic scope and prospects to undertake new areas of research exploration were emphasized to unravel the least explored chemo-metric designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshita Ketan Pandya
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Madhava Anil Kumar
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Optimization of Ultra-Thin Pulsed-DC Magnetron Sputtered Aluminum Films for the Technology of Hyperbolic Metamaterials. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The future applications of hyperbolic metamaterials demand stacks of materials with alternative ultra-thin conductive/dielectric films with good homogeneity of the thickness and reduced roughness level. In this work, the technology of pulsed-DC magnetron sputtering of aluminum was optimized using the Taguchi method in order to fabricate Al films with improved roughness level. The performed structural characterization proved the smaller Al domains and better homogeneity of the surface. The optimized process was used to fabricate a multilayer structure of Al/HfOx as the metamaterial media. The fabricated structures were optically characterized in the UV/VIS range. The presented findings demonstrated the tunability effect of the effective reflectance of the examined stacks. The presented results are promising for the future application of multilayer structures in novel photonic devices based on hyperbolic metamaterials.
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Dutta D, Das MD. Optimization and partial characterization of intracellular anticandidal protein from Aspergillus giganteus MTCC 8408 using taguchi DOE. Bioengineered 2017; 8:536-548. [PMID: 28102738 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1264539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new intracellular antifungal protein (afp) production with average molecular weight 24.3 kDa and yield of 0.65 ± 0.1 mg/gram dry cell weight (gdcw) of mycelia in submerged fermentation of Aspergillus giganteus MTCC 8408 was optimized. Taguchi's DOE (design of experiment) L27 orthogonal array (OA) was constructed using Qualitek-4 software with 8 most influensive factors namely, culture pH, temperature, slant age, inoculum volume, agitation and KH2PO4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to correlate the effect of selected factors on fungal cell morphology and afp production. The crude protein purification was accomplished using pure ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) ion-exchange chromatography and sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The average molecular mass of the purified protein was figured by silver stained SDS (sodium dodecylsulphate)-PAGE (poly-acryl amide gel electrophoresis). In vitro antifungal susceptibility assay was profiled against Candida albicans NCIM 3471 and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were in the range 3 to 4 µg/ml. Characterization of protein was observed with FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis. The optimal production condition for crude afp was obtained as follows: soluble starch: 20 g/l; Corn steep liquor (CSL, 2%) + proteose peptone (PP, 1%): 30 g/l; pH: 5.8; temperature: 25°C; slant age: 3 d; inoculum size: 5% (v/v); agitation: 180 rpm; KH2PO4: 0.1 g/l. The validation experiments using optimized conditions confirmed an improvement in afp production by 59.4% against the expected enhancement of afp production by 61.22%. The present statistical optimization study revealed an opportunity to promote economical design at the industrial level for future scale up of effective antifungal agent against opportunistic oral and vaginal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Dutta
- a School of Biochemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, Banaras Hindu University , India
| | - Mira Debnath Das
- a School of Biochemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, Banaras Hindu University , India
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Prabhu A. A, Chityala S, Garg Y, Venkata Dasu V. Reverse micellar extraction of papain with cationic detergent based system: An optimization approach. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:236-244. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1201685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Prabhu A.
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sushma Chityala
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Yachna Garg
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - V. Venkata Dasu
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Biocatalytic deracemisation of aliphatic β-hydroxy esters: Improving the enantioselectivity by optimisation of reaction parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:173-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Optically pure aliphatic β-hydroxy esters were prepared from their racemates by deracemisation using the biocatalyst Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330. High optical purity (up to >99 %) and good yields (up to 71 %) of the product secondary alcohols were obtained. This study highlights the importance of optimization of reaction conditions using ethyl-3-hydroxybutanoate as the model substrate to improve the enantioselectivity (enantiomeric excess from 9 to 98 %). The present study emphasises the broad substrate scope of the biocatalyst towards deracemisation. This is the first report of Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330-mediated deracemisation of various alkyl-3-hydroxybutanoates to produce either the (R)-enantiomers (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, t-butyl, allyl-3-hydroxybutanoates) or (S)-enantiomers (pentyl, iso-amyl and iso-propyl-3-hydroxybutanoates).
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Nandal P, Ravella SR, Kuhad RC. Laccase production by Coriolopsis caperata RCK2011: optimization under solid state fermentation by Taguchi DOE methodology. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1386. [PMID: 23463372 PMCID: PMC3589721 DOI: 10.1038/srep01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase production by Coriolopsis caperata RCK2011 under solid state fermentation was optimized following Taguchi design of experiment. An orthogonal array layout of L18 (2(1) × 3(7)) was constructed using Qualitek-4 software with eight most influensive factors on laccase production. At individual level pH contributed higher influence, whereas, corn steep liquor (CSL) accounted for more than 50% of the severity index with biotin and KH2PO4 at the interactive level. The optimum conditions derived were; temperature 30°C, pH 5.0, wheat bran 5.0 g, inoculum size 0.5 ml (fungal cell mass = 0.015 g dry wt.), biotin 0.5% w/v, KH2PO4 0.013% w/v, CSL 0.1% v/v and 0.5 mM xylidine as an inducer. The validation experiments using optimized conditions confirmed an improvement in enzyme production by 58.01%. The laccase production to the level of 1623.55 Ugds(-1) indicates that the fungus C. caperata RCK2011 has the commercial potential for laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Nandal
- Lignocellulose Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi-110021, India
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Ramos ADS, Ribeiro JB, Lopes RDO, de Souza ROMA. Whole Cells in Enantioselective Reduction oftert-Butyl Acetoacetate. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2012.655685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ramos ADS, Ribeiro JB, Lopes RDO, Leite SGF, Souza ROMAD. Highly enantioselective bioreduction of ethyl 3-oxohexanoate. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kiani A, Shahbazi M, Asempour H. Hydrogel membranes based on gum tragacanth with tunable structure and properties. I. Preparation method using Taguchi experimental design. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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He X, Hägg MB. Optimization of Carbonization Process for Preparation of High Performance Hollow Fiber Carbon Membranes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie2003279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhong He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - May-Britt Hägg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Ashengroph M, Nahvi I, Zarkesh-Esfahani H, Momenbeik F. Optimization of media composition for improving conversion of isoeugenol into vanillin with Pseudomonas sp. strain KOB10 using the Taguchi method. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2010.530660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Ribeiro JB, de Souza Ramos A, Fiaux SB, Leite SGF, Ramos MDCKV, de Aquino Neto FR, Antunes OA. Immobilized microorganisms in the reduction of ethyl 4-chloro acetoacetate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Efficient Synthesis of (S)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethanol in the Submerged Culture of Alternaria alternata Isolate. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(08)60103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rao RS, Kumar CG, Prakasham RS, Hobbs PJ. The Taguchi methodology as a statistical tool for biotechnological applications: A critical appraisal. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:510-23. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Improvement of natural isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for synthesis of a chiral building block using classic genetics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:659-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Design of Experiments: Useful Orthogonal Arrays for Number of Experiments from 4 to 16. ENTROPY 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/e9040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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