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Gomaa EZ. Microbial chitinases: properties, enhancement and potential applications. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:695-710. [PMID: 33483852 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are a category of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze chitin and are formed by a wide variety of microorganisms. In nature, microbial chitinases are primarily responsible for chitin decomposition and play a vital role in the balance of carbon and nitrogen ratio in the ecosystem. The physicochemical attributes and the source of chitinase are the main bases that determine their functional characteristics and hydrolyzed products. Several chitinases have been reported and characterized, and they obtain a wider consideration for their utilization in a large number of uses such as in agriculture, food, environment, medicine and pharmaceutical companies. The antifungal and insecticidal impacts of several chitinases have been extensively studied, aiming to protect crops from phytopathogenic fungi and insects. Chitooligosaccharides synthesized by chitin degradation have been shown to improve human health through their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. This review aims at investigating chitinase production, properties and their potential applications in various biotechnological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zakaria Gomaa
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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de Oliveira BFR, Carr CM, Dobson ADW, Laport MS. Harnessing the sponge microbiome for industrial biocatalysts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8131-8154. [PMID: 32827049 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Within the marine sphere, host-associated microbiomes are receiving growing attention as prolific sources of novel biocatalysts. Given the known biocatalytic potential of poriferan microbial inhabitants, this review focuses on enzymes from the sponge microbiome, with special attention on their relevant properties and the wide range of their potential biotechnological applications within various industries. Cultivable bacterial and filamentous fungal isolates account for the majority of the enzymatic sources. Hydrolases, mainly glycoside hydrolases and carboxylesterases, are the predominant reported group of enzymes, with varying degrees of tolerance to alkaline pH and growing salt concentrations being common. Prospective areas for the application of these microbial enzymes include biorefinery, detergent, food and effluent treatment industries. Finally, alternative strategies to identify novel biocatalysts from the sponge microbiome are addressed, with an emphasis on modern -omics-based approaches that are currently available in the enzyme research arena. By providing this current overview of the field, we hope to not only increase the appetite of researchers to instigate forthcoming studies but also to stress how basic and applied research can pave the way for new biocatalysts from these symbiotic microbial communities in a productive fashion. KEY POINTS: • The sponge microbiome is a burgeoning source of industrial biocatalysts. • Sponge microbial enzymes have useful habitat-related traits for several industries. • Strategies are provided for the future discovery of microbial enzymes from sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Francesco Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Clodagh M Carr
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marinella Silva Laport
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Response Surface Optimization of Culture Conditions for Cyclic Lipopeptide MS07 from Bacillus siamensis Reveals Diverse Insights Targeting Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8060744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to isolate a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide (AMP) from microbial sources have been on the rise recently. Here, we report the identification, the optimization of the culture conditions, and the characterization of an efficient AMP from the Bacillus strain designated MS07 that exhibits antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. The production of MS07 was maximized by evaluating the culture conditions by the response surface methodology to obtain optimum media compositions. The biochemical integrity of MS07 was assessed by a bioassay indicating inhibition at ~6 kDa, like tricine-SDS-PAGE. MALDI-TOF confirmed the molecular weight and purity, showing a molecular mass of 6.099 kDa. Peptide MS07 exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The MIC of MS07 for Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes faecalis, MRSA, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranged from 16–32 µg/mL, demonstrating superior potency. The biomass was diminished by about 15% and 11%, with rising concentrations up to 8 × MIC, for P. aeruginosa and E. coli biofilm, respectively. MS07 exhibited an 8 µM and 6 µM minimum bactericidal concentration against the biofilm of the Gram-negative strains P. aeruginosa and E. coli, respectively. Peptide MS07 reduced and interrupted the biofilm development in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by BacLight live/dead staining using confocal microscopy.
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Rafiq M, Hussain A, Shah KH, Saeed Q, Sial MU, Ali Z, Buck F, Goodman RE, Khaliq B, Ishaq U, Baig MA, Munawar A, Mahmood S, Akrem A. Computational modeling and functional characterization of a GgChi: A class III chitinase from corms of Gladiolus grandiflorus. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2018; 34:673-683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kim TI, Ki KS, Lim DH, Vijayakumar M, Park SM, Choi SH, Kim KY, Im SK, Park BY. Novel Acinetobacter parvus HANDI 309 microbial biomass for the production of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) using swollen chitin substrate in submerged fermentation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:59. [PMID: 28293289 PMCID: PMC5345198 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc)6 is extensively used as an important bio-agent and a functional food additive. The traditional chemical process for GlcNAc production has some problems such as high production cost, low yield, and acidic pollution. Therefore, to discover a novel chitinase that is suitable for bioconversion of chitin to GlcNAc would be of great value. RESULTS Here, we describe the complete isolation and functional characterization of a novel exo-chitinase from Acinetobacter parvus HANDI 309 for the conversion of chitin. The identified exo-chitinase mainly produced N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, using chitin as a substrate by submerged fermentation. The A. parvus HANDI 309 biofuels producing exo-chitinase were characterized by TLC, and was further validated and quantified by HPLC. Furthermore, the optimal temperature and pH for the exo-chitinase activity was obtained in the culture conditions of 30 °C and 7.0, respectively. The maximum growth of the stationary phase was reached in 24 h after incubation. These results suggest that A. parvus HANDI 309 biofuels producing exo-chitinases may have great potential in chitin to N-acetyl-d-glucosamine conversion. CONCLUSIONS The excellent thermostability and hydrolytic properties may give the exo-chitinase great potential in chitin to GlcNAc conversion in industry. This is the first report that A. parvus HANDI 309 is a novel bacterial strain that has the ability to produce an enormous amount of exo-chitinase-producing bio-agents in a short time on an industrial scale without any pretreatment, as well as being potentially valuable in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Il Kim
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ki
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lim
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Mayakrishnan Vijayakumar
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Seong Min Park
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Sun Ho Choi
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Seok Ki Im
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
| | - Beom Young Park
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, #114, Shinbang 1Gil, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 331-801 South Korea
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Enhancement of Exochitinase Production by Bacillus licheniformis AT6 Strain and Improvement of N-Acetylglucosamine Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:650-666. [PMID: 27639392 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A strain producing chitinase, isolated from potato stem tissue, was identified as Bacillus licheniformis by biochemical properties and 16S RNA sequence analysis. Statistical experimental designs were used to optimize nine independent variables for chitinase production by B. licheniformis AT6 strain in submerged fermentation. Using Plackett-Burman design, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4.7H2O, colloidal chitin, MnCl2 2H2O, and temperature were found to influence chitinase production significantly. According to Box-Behnken response surface methodology, the optimal fermentation conditions allowing maximum chitinase production were (in gram per liter): (NH4)2SO4, 7; K2HPO4, 1; NaCl, 1; MgSO4.7H2O, 0.1; yeast extract, 0.5; colloidal chitin, 7.5; MnCl2.2H2O, 0.2; temperature 35 °C; pH medium 7. The optimization strategy led to a 10-fold increase in chitinase activity (505.26 ± 22.223 mU/mL versus 50.35 ± 19.62 mU/mL for control basal medium). A major protein band with a molecular weight of 61.9 kDa corresponding to chitinase activity was clearly detected under optimized conditions. Chitinase activity produced in optimized medium mainly releases N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) monomer from colloidal chitin. This enzyme also acts as an exochitinase with β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. These results suggest that B. licheniformis AT6 secreting exochitinase is highly efficient in GlcNAc production which could in turn be envisaged as a therapeutic agent or as a conservator against the alteration of several ailments.
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Utilization of Chitinaceous Wastes for the Production of Chitinase. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2016; 78:27-46. [PMID: 27452164 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Marine environment is the most abundant source of chitin. Several marine organisms possess chitin in their structural components. Hence, a huge amount of chitin wastes is deposited in marine environment when such organisms shed their outer skeleton and also after their demise. Waste chitins are potential nutrient source of certain microbes. These microbes produce chitinases that hydrolyze waste chitins. These organisms thus play an important role to remove the chitin wastes from marine environment. In connection with this, chitinases are found to be most important biocatalyst for the utilization of chitin wastes. Therefore, use of chitin for chitinase production is one of the useful tools for different types of bioprocesses.
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Warda EA, Abeer AAEA, Eman RH, Mahmoud AS, Ahmed IED. Applications of Plackett–Burman and Central Composite Design for the Optimization of Novel Brevundimonas diminuta KT277492 Chitinase Production, Investigation of its Antifungal Activity. BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 59. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4324-2016160245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Kim M, Si JB, Reddy LV, Wee YJ. Enhanced production of extracellular proteolytic enzyme excreted by a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis FBL-1 through combined utilization of statistical designs and response surface methodology. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07724b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease production by newly isolated B. subtilis FBL-1 was optimized and enhanced by combined utilization of three statistical experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 38541
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Beom Si
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 38541
- Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Jung Wee
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 38541
- Republic of Korea
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Lee YS, Kim KY. Statistical optimization of medium components for chitinase production byPseudomonas fluorescensstrain HN1205: role of chitinase on egg hatching inhibition of root-knot nematode. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1010702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Application of statistical design for the optimization of dextranase production by a novel fungus isolated from Red Sea sponge. 3 Biotech 2014; 4:533-544. [PMID: 28324388 PMCID: PMC4162893 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-013-0187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine endophytic fungi isolated from Red Sea organisms were screened for the production of dextranase enzyme. The most potent isolate was from the Red Sea sponge Callyspongia spp. and was selected for identification. The18S rRNA amplification for phylogenetic study revealed that the isolate was highly related to Aspergillus flocculosus strain NRRL 5224 by 99 %. Medium composition and culture conditions for dextranase production were optimized by response surface methodology. A significant influence of dextran, yeast extract, K2HPO4, NaNO3, NaCl, MgSO4.7H2O and culture requirements such as incubation time, inoculum size, medium volume and inoculum age on dextranase production was evaluated by Plackett–Burman design. The most significant factors were further optimized using Box–Behnken design. The model predicted a dextranase activity of 438.15 U/ml when dextran concentration, medium volume and incubation time were 2.1 g/l, 52.47/250 ml flask and 80.48 h, respectively. Verification of the model showed that dextranase production of 440 U/ml was observed under the optimal condition confirming the validity of the model.
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Guo Z, Shen L, Ji Z, Wu W. Enhanced production of a novel cyclic hexapeptide antibiotic (NW-G01) by Streptomyces alboflavus 313 using response surface methodology. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:5230-5241. [PMID: 22606040 PMCID: PMC3344276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13045230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NW-G01, produced by Streptomyces alboflavus 313, is a novel cyclic hexapeptide antibiotic with many potential applications, including antimicrobial activity and antitumor agents. This study developed a system for optimizing medium components in order to enhance NW-G01 production. In this study, Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was used to find the key ingredients of medium components, and then response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented to determine their optimal concentrations. The results of PBD revealed that the crucial ingredients related to the production of NW-G01 were (NH(4))(2)SO(4), peptone and CaCO(3). A prediction model has been built in the experiments of central composite design and response surface methodology, and its validation has been further verified. The optimal medium composition was determined (g/L): corn starch 15, glucose 15, peptone 3.80, (NH(4))(2)SO(4) 0.06, NaCl 1.5, CaCO(3) 1.30, MgSO(4)·7H(2)O 0.015, K(2)HPO(4)·3H(2)O 0.015, MnCl(2)·4H(2)O 0.015, FeSO(4)·7H(2)O 0.015, and ZnSO(4)·7H(2)O 0.015. Compared with NW-G01 production (5.707 mg/L) in non-optimized fermentation medium, the production of NW-G01 (15.564 mg/L) in optimized fermentation medium had a 2.73-fold increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; E-Mail:
- Anhui provincial laboratory of Agro-Food safety, Resources & Environment College, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ling Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; E-Mail:
| | - Zhiqin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; E-Mail:
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory Research & Development on Botanical Pesticide, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; E-Mail:
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory Research & Development on Botanical Pesticide, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Optimization of medium composition for enhanced chitin deacetylase production by mutant Penicillium oxalicum SAEM-51 using response surface methodology under submerged fermentation. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bacillamide C production by the optimized cultivation of the Bacillus atrophaeus strain C89 associated with the South China Sea sponge Dysidea avara. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Studies on the ecology of actinomycetes in an agricultural soil amended with organic residues: II. Assessment of enzymatic activities of Actinomycetales isolates. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mokni-Tlili S, Ben Abdelmalek I, Jedidi N, Belghith H, Gargouri A, Abdennaceur H, Marzouki MN. Exploitation of biological wastes for the production of value-added hydrolases by Streptomyces sp. MSWC1 isolated from municipal solid waste compost. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2010; 28:828-837. [PMID: 20022900 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x09357078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Actinomycetes with the ability to degrade natural polysaccharides were isolated during a screening programme from soil, farmyard manure and municipal solid waste compost. One of the most potent isolates was identified as Streptomyces sp. MSWC1 using morphological and biochemical properties along with 16S rDNA partial sequence analysis. The highest enzyme production by Streptomyces was observed for the xylanase and chitinase activity on different carbon sources with an optimum of 12,100 IU ml(-1) and 110 IU ml(-1) at 3 days' culture on 1% of xylan and chitin, respectively. To meet the demand of industry, low-cost medium is required for the production of hydrolases by Streptomyces sp. Strain MSWC1 grown on manure, compost, and a natural carbon source was used to evaluate the re-utilisation of biological wastes for the production of value-added products. Despite the presence of a high amount of toxic heavy metals in the compost, Streptomyces produced interesting enzymes that have been biochemically characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mokni-Tlili
- Laboratoire de Traitement et Recyclage des Eaux Usées, Centre des Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux, Technopole de Borj Cedria, Soliman, Tunisia
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Bioprocessing data for the production of marine enzymes. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1323-72. [PMID: 20479981 PMCID: PMC2866489 DOI: 10.3390/md8041323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is a synopsis of different bioprocess engineering approaches adopted for the production of marine enzymes. Three major modes of operation: batch, fed-batch and continuous have been used for production of enzymes (such as protease, chitinase, agarase, peroxidase) mainly from marine bacteria and fungi on a laboratory bioreactor and pilot plant scales. Submerged, immobilized and solid-state processes in batch mode were widely employed. The fed-batch process was also applied in several bioprocesses. Continuous processes with suspended cells as well as with immobilized cells have been used. Investigations in shake flasks were conducted with the prospect of large-scale processing in reactors.
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Li Z. Advances in marine microbial symbionts in the china sea and related pharmaceutical metabolites. Mar Drugs 2009; 7:113-29. [PMID: 19597576 PMCID: PMC2707038 DOI: 10.3390/md7020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine animals and plants such as sponges, sea squirts, corals, worms and algae host diverse and abundant symbiotic microorganisms. Marine microbial symbionts are possible the true producers or take part in the biosynthesis of some bioactive marine natural products isolated from the marine organism hosts. Investigation of the pharmaceutical metabolites may reveal the biosynthesis mechanisms of related natural products and solve the current problem of supply limitation in marine drug development. This paper reviews the advances in diversity revelation, biological activity and related pharmaceutical metabolites, and functional genes of marine microbial symbionts from the China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Li
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China.
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Zhang H, Zhang F, Li Z. Gene analysis, optimized production and property of marine lipase from Bacillus pumilus B106 associated with South China Sea sponge Halichondria rugosa. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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