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Kinart Z. Stability of the Inclusion Complexes of Dodecanoic Acid with α-Cyclodextrin, β-Cyclodextrin and 2-HP-β-Cyclodextrin. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073113. [PMID: 37049876 PMCID: PMC10095696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presented work, the stability of the formation of inclusion complexes of dodecanoic acid (lauric acid) with three cyclodextrins, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin and 2-HP-β-cyclodextrin, was analyzed from the point of view of the size of the cavity in cyclodextrins, their molar mass and the structure of the studied fatty acid. The measurements were made in a wide temperature range of 283.15–318.15K. The conductometric method was used for these studies. The results obtained allowed us to determine the value of the theoretical limiting molar conductivity (Λm0) of the studied complexes, the values of the inclusion complex formation constants (Kf) and the values of thermodynamic functions (ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0) describing the complexation process in the studied temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdzisław Kinart
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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2
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Lim CH, Rasti B, Sulistyo J, Hamid MA. Comprehensive study on transglycosylation of CGTase from various sources. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06305. [PMID: 33665455 PMCID: PMC7907775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglycosylation is the in-vivo or in-vitro process of transferring glycosyl groups from a donor to an acceptor, which is usually performed by enzymatic reactions because of their simplicity, low steric hindrance, high region-specificity, low production cost, and mild processing conditions. One of the enzymes commonly used in the transglycosylation reaction is cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase). The transglycosylated products, catalyzed by CGTase, are widely used in food additives, supplements, and personal care and cosmetic products. This is due to improvements in the solubility, stability, bioactivity and length of the synthesized products. This paper's focus is on the importance of enzymes used in the transglycosylation reaction, their characteristics and mechanism of action, sources and production yield, and donor and acceptor specificities. Moreover, the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the enzymatic reaction, catalysis of glycosidic linkages, and advantages of CGTase transglycosylation reactions are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Hui Lim
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Babak Rasti
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Joko Sulistyo
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Jalan Ngagel Jaya Selatan, Surabaya, 60294, Indonesia
| | - Mansoor Abdul Hamid
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Abd El-Gawad AM. Assessment of Microbial Biota in Some Localities in the Egyptian Desert Soils. SPRINGER WATER 2021:121-137. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73161-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Scully SM, Orlygsson J. Biotransformation of Carboxylic Acids to Alcohols: Characterization of Thermoanaerobacter Strain AK152 and 1-Propanol Production via Propionate Reduction. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060945. [PMID: 32586016 PMCID: PMC7356315 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoanaerobacter strains have recently gained interest because of their ability to convert short chain fatty acids to alcohols using actively growing cells. Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus strain AK152 was physiologically investigated for its ethanol and other alcohol formation. The temperature and pH optimum of the strain was 70 °C and pH 7.0 and the strain degraded a variety of compounds present in lignocellulosic biomass like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and starch. The strain is highly ethanologenic, producing up to 86% of the theoretical ethanol yield form hexoses. Strain AK152 was inhibited by relatively low initial substrate (30 mM) concentration, leading to inefficient degradation of glucose and levelling up of all end-product formation. The present study shows that the strain produces alcohols from most of the tested carboxylic acids, with the highest yields for propionate conversion to propanol (40.7%) with kinetic studies demonstrating that the maximum conversion happens within the first 48 h of fermentation. Various physiological tests were performed to maximize the acid conversion to the alcohol which reveals that the optimum pH for propionate conversion is pH 6.7 which affords a 57.3% conversion. Kinetic studies reveal that propionate conversion is rapid, achieving a maximum conversion within the first 48 h of fermentation. Finally, by using 13C NMR, it was shown that the addition of propionate indeed converted to propanol.
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Optimization of the fermentation conditions for the mutant strain of β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase H167C to produce cyclodextrins. 3 Biotech 2018. [PMID: 29527452 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) was used to catalyze the conversion of starch into cyclodextrins (CD) in industry. Improving the activity of CGTase to produce more CD with relative low cost is intensely interesting and has drawn wide attention. Amino acid mutation of His167 into Cys significantly enhanced β-CGTase activity; however, optimization of culture conditions for β-CGTase-H167C remains unclear. To determine this, the medium and culture conditions for β-CGTase-H167C were optimized with response surface methodology. Maximum activity of β-CGTase-H167C was obtained with the medium containing 1.1% corn starch, 4.4% corn steep liquor, 1.1% peptone, 0.02% MgSO4·7H2O and 0.1% K2HPO4·3H2O that were cultured with the initial pH 8.4, incubation temperature at 37.4 °C, with 5% inoculation size and shaking speed at 202 r/min. Under the optimal conditions, the activity of β-CGTase-H167C was up to 4355 U/mL, which is 1.93-fold in comparison with the initial activity. Our results established the promising culture strategy for the production of cyclodextrins by β-CGTase-H167C.
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6
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Jia X, Ye X, Chen J, Lin X, Vasseur L, You M. Purification and biochemical characterization of a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase fromGeobacillus thermoglucosidansCHB1. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Jia
- Institute of Applied Ecology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou P. R. China
- Faculty of Life Sciences; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Xuejun Ye
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer; Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Jichen Chen
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer; Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Xinjian Lin
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer; Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Liette Vasseur
- Institute of Applied Ecology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou P. R. China
- Department of Biological Sciences; Brock University; Ontario Canada
| | - Minsheng You
- Institute of Applied Ecology; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou P. R. China
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Coelho SLDA, Magalhães VC, Marbach PAS, Cazetta ML. A new alkalophilic isolate of Bacillus as a producer of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase using cassava flour. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:120-8. [PMID: 26887234 PMCID: PMC4822754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) catalyzes the conversion of starch into non-reducing cyclic sugars, cyclodextrins, which have several industrial applications. This study aimed to establish optimal culture conditions for β-CGTase production by Bacillus sp. SM-02, isolated from soil of cassava industries waste water lake. The optimization was performed by Central Composite Design (CCD) 2, using cassava flour and corn steep liquor as substrates. The maximum production of 1087.9UmL(-1) was obtained with 25.0gL(-1) of cassava flour and 3.5gL(-1) of corn steep after 72h by submerged fermentation. The enzyme showed optimum activity at pH 5.0 and temperature 55°C, and maintained thermal stability at 55°C for 3h. The enzymatic activity was stimulated in the presence of Mg(+2), Ca(+2), EDTA, K(+), Ba(+2) and Na(+) and inhibited in the presence of Hg(+2), Cu(+2), Fe(+2) and Zn(+2). The results showed that Bacillus sp. SM-02 have good potential for β-CGTase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Lorena de Araújo Coelho
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Valter Cruz Magalhães
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Phellippe Arthur Santos Marbach
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcia Luciana Cazetta
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil.
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Ahmad N, Mehboob S, Rashid N. Starch-processing enzymes — emphasis on thermostable 4-α-glucanotransferases. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Theoretical investigation to characterize the inclusion complex of α-lipoic acid and β-cyclodextrin. CR CHIM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Jiang Y, Liang Y, Zhang H, Zhang W, Tu S. Preparation and biocompatibility of grafted functional β-cyclodextrin copolymers from the surface of PET films. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 41:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Siva S, Thulasidhasan J, Rajendiran N. Host-guest inclusion complex of propafenone hydrochloride with α- and β-cyclodextrins: spectral and molecular modeling studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 115:559-567. [PMID: 23872014 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Host-guest inclusion complexes of cyclodextrins (CDs) with a potential cardiovascular drug propafenone hydrochloride (PFO), were prepared and characterized using absorption, fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, SEM, FT-IR, DSC, (1)H NMR, XRD and PM3 methods. The spectral studies suggested the phenyl ring along with carbonyl group is present inside of CD cavity. Solvent studies revealed that the normal Stokes shifted band originates from the locally excited state and the large Stokes shifted band occurs due to the emission from ICT. Nanosecond time-resolved studies indicated that PFO exhibits biexponential decay in water and triexponential decay in CD, indicating the formation of 1:1 inclusion complex. The results from solid state studies showed important modifications in the physicochemical properties of free PFO. The ΔH, ΔG and ΔS of the complexation process were determined and it was found that the complexation processes were spontaneous. Investigations of thermodynamic and electronic properties confirmed the stability of the inclusion complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Siva
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002 Tamil Nadu, India
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Ramli N, Abd-Aziz S, Alitheen NB, Hassan MA, Maeda T. Improvement of Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase Gene Expression in Escherichia coli by Insertion of Regulatory Sequences Involved in the Promotion of RNA Transcription. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:961-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-013-9647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Improvement of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) production by recombinant Escherichia coli pAD26 immobilized on the cotton. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-012-0124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Ibrahim ASS, Al-Salamah AA, El-Tayeb MA, El-Badawi YB, Antranikian G. A novel cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Alkaliphilic Amphibacillus sp. NPST-10: purification and properties. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:10505-10522. [PMID: 22949876 PMCID: PMC3431874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130810505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase)-producing alkaliphilic bacteria from samples collected from hyper saline soda lakes (Wadi Natrun Valley, Egypt), resulted in isolation of potent CGTase producing alkaliphilic bacterium, termed NPST-10. 16S rDNA sequence analysis identified the isolate as Amphibacillus sp. CGTase was purified to homogeneity up to 22.1 fold by starch adsorption and anion exchange chromatography with a yield of 44.7%. The purified enzyme was a monomeric protein with an estimated molecular weight of 92 kDa using SDS-PAGE. Catalytic activities of the enzyme were found to be 88.8 U mg−1 protein, 20.0 U mg−1 protein and 11.0 U mg−1 protein for cyclization, coupling and hydrolytic activities, respectively. The enzyme was stable over a wide pH range from pH 5.0 to 11.0, with a maximal activity at pH 8.0. CGTase exhibited activity over a wide temperature range from 45 °C to 70 °C, with maximal activity at 50 °C and was stable at 30 °C to 55 °C for at least 1 h. Thermal stability of the purified enzyme could be significantly improved in the presence of CaCl2. Km and Vmax values were estimated using soluble starch as a substrate to be 1.7 ± 0.15 mg/mL and 100 ± 2.0 μmol/min, respectively. CGTase was significantly inhibited in the presence of Co2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Ba2+, Cd2+, and 2-mercaptoethanol. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CGTase production by Amphibacillus sp. The achieved high conversion of insoluble raw corn starch into cyclodextrins (67.2%) with production of mainly β-CD (86.4%), makes Amphibacillus sp. NPST-10 desirable for the cyclodextrin production industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnasser S. S. Ibrahim
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (A.A.A.-S.); (M.A.E.-T.); (Y.B.E.-B.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +966-1-4675870
| | - Ali A. Al-Salamah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (A.A.A.-S.); (M.A.E.-T.); (Y.B.E.-B.)
| | - Mohamed A. El-Tayeb
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (A.A.A.-S.); (M.A.E.-T.); (Y.B.E.-B.)
| | - Yahya B. El-Badawi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (A.A.A.-S.); (M.A.E.-T.); (Y.B.E.-B.)
| | - Garabed Antranikian
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology, Kasernenstrasse 12, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; E-Mail:
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Zhou Y, Lee YS, Park IH, Sun ZX, Yang TX, Yang P, Choi YL, Sun M. Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase encoded by a gene of Paenibacillus azotofixans YUPP-5 exhibited a new function to hydrolyze polysaccharides with β-1,4 linkage. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 50:151-7. [PMID: 22226202 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The bacteria with hydrolysis activity to glucomannan were isolated from the rhizosphere of Amorphophallus konjac through enrichment cultivation. One strain with strong activity in degrading glucomannan was identified preliminarily as Paenibacillus azotofixans YUPP-5 according to the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA. This strain is able to hydrolyze many polysaccharide with β-1,4 linkage, including glucomannan, galactomannan, xylan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and chitin. One hydrolytic enzyme band of approximately 70 kDa was examined from the supernatants of YUPP-5 by using zymogram with mixture polysaccharides as substrate. The encoding gene had an open reading frame of 2157 bp, which deduced cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase), including 718 amino acids with a signal peptide in the N-terminal region. When the gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, the recombinant CGTase exhibited strong activity in degrading polysaccharides with β-1,4 linkage, and in forming cyclodextrin by using carboxymethyl cellulose as substrate. This CGTase exhibited some new functions. Finally, the hydrolytic oligosaccharides from galactomannan or glucomannan were detected by thin layer chromatography. Pentasaccharide, tetrasaccharide, trisaccharide, and disaccharide could be examined as reaction time went on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Wetland Agriculture in the Central Yangtze, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei Province, PR China.
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Abdel-Naby M, El-Refai H, Abdel-Fattah A. Biosynthesis of cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase by the free and immobilized cells of Bacillus cereus NRC7 in batch and continuous cultures. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1129-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cheng J, Wu D, Chen S, Chen J, Wu J. High-level extracellular production of α-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase with recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3797-3802. [PMID: 21417392 DOI: 10.1021/jf200033m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High-level production of α-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) is one of the key factors in α-cyclodextrin (CD) preparation. In the present study, a fed-batch fermentation strategy for high-cell-density cultivation of Escherichia coli and the extracellular production of recombinant α-CGTase from Paenibacillus macerans JFB05-01 was established. A combined feeding strategy based on both specific growth rate before induction and the amount of glycerol residues after induction was used to control cell growth, acetate production, and glycerol consumption. When induced by lactose, a feeding solution with complex nitrogen was found beneficial for α-CGTase production. In addition, different induction temperatures and induction points were investigated, and the results indicated that these factors played an important role in α-CGTase production. When induced at 25 °C and at a dry cell weight of 30 g L(-1), the extracellular activity of α-CGTase could reach 275.3 U mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Republic of China
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Letsididi R, Sun T, Mu W, Kessy N, Djakpo O, Jiang B. Production of a Thermoactive Β-cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase with a High Starch Hydrolytic Activity from an Alkalitolerant Bacillus Licheniformis Sk 13.002 Strain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ajbkr.2011.214.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Leemhuis H, Kelly RM, Dijkhuizen L. Engineering of cyclodextrin glucanotransferases and the impact for biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 85:823-35. [PMID: 19763564 PMCID: PMC2804789 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases) are industrially important enzymes that produce cyclic alpha-(1,4)-linked oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) from starch. Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases are also applied as catalysts in the synthesis of glycosylated molecules and can act as antistaling agents in the baking industry. To improve the performance of CGTases in these various applications, protein engineers are screening for CGTase variants with higher product yields, improved CD size specificity, etc. In this review, we focus on the strategies employed in obtaining CGTases with new or enhanced enzymatic capabilities by searching for new enzymes and improving existing enzymatic activities via protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Leemhuis
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences, and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Ronan M. Kelly
- Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, NIBRT, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences, and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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