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Chavan AR, Singh AK, Gupta RK, Nakhate SP, Poddar BJ, Gujar VV, Purohit HJ, Khardenavis AA. Recent trends in the biotechnology of functional non-digestible oligosaccharides with prebiotic potential. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-46. [PMID: 36714949 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2152627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotics as a part of dietary nutrition can play a crucial role in structuring the composition and metabolic function of intestinal microbiota and can thus help in managing a clinical scenario by preventing diseases and/or improving health. Among the different prebiotics, non-digestible carbohydrates are molecules that selectively enrich a typical class of bacteria with probiotic potential. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the different aspects of prebiotics, such as its production, characterization and purification by various techniques, and its link to novel product development at an industrial scale for wide-scale use in diverse range of health management applications. Furthermore, the path to effective valorization of agricultural residues in prebiotic production has been elucidated. This review also discusses the recent developments in application of genomic tools in the area of prebiotics for providing new insights into the taxonomic characterization of gut microorganisms, and exploring their functional metabolic pathways for enzyme synthesis. However, the information regarding the cumulative effect of prebiotics with beneficial bacteria, their colonization and its direct influence through altered metabolic profile is still getting established. The future of this area lies in the designing of clinical condition specific functional foods taking into consideration the host genotypes, thus facilitating the creation of balanced and required metabolome and enabling to maintain the healthy status of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Rajkumar Chavan
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Suraj Prabhakarrao Nakhate
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Bhagyashri Jagdishprasad Poddar
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vaibhav Vilasrao Gujar
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- JoVE, Mumbai, India
| | - Hemant J Purohit
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Anshuman Arun Khardenavis
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Souza AFCE, Gabardo S, Coelho RDJS. Galactooligosaccharides: Physiological benefits, production strategies, and industrial application. J Biotechnol 2022; 359:116-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Delgado-Fernandez P, Plaza-Vinuesa L, Lizasoain-Sánchez S, de Las Rivas B, Muñoz R, Jimeno ML, García-Doyagüez E, Moreno FJ, Corzo N. Hydrolysis of Lactose and Transglycosylation of Selected Sugar Alcohols by LacA β-Galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7040-7050. [PMID: 32476420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The production, biochemical characterization, and carbohydrate specificity of LacA β-galactosidase (locus lp_3469) belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 42 from the probiotic organism Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 are addressed. The β-d-galactosidase activity was maximal in the pH range of 4.0-7.0 and at 30-37 °C. High hydrolysis capacity toward the β(1 → 4) linkages between galactose and glucose (lactose) or fructose (lactulose) was found. High efficiency toward galactosyl derivative formation was observed when lactose and glycerol, xylitol, or erythritol were used. Galactosyl derivatives of xylitol were characterized for the first time as 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-xylitol and 1-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-xylitol, displaying high preference of LacA β-galactosidase for the transfer of galactosyl residues from lactose to the C1 or C3 hydroxyl group of xylitol. These results indicate the feasibility of using LacA β-galactosidase for the synthesis of different galactosyl-polyols, which could be promising candidates for beneficial and appealing functional and technological applications such as novel prebiotics or hypocaloric sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Delgado-Fernandez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Plaza-Vinuesa
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Lizasoain-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca de Las Rivas
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Jimeno
- Centro de Química Orgánica "Lora Tamayo" (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa García-Doyagüez
- Centro de Química Orgánica "Lora Tamayo" (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves Corzo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Liu P, Wang W, Zhao J, Wei D. Screening novel β-galactosidases from a sequence-based metagenome and characterization of an alkaline β-galactosidase for the enzymatic synthesis of galactooligosaccharides. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 155:104-111. [PMID: 30529535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
βgalactosidases have wide industrial applications in lactose hydrolysis and transglycosylation reactions. Therefore, there is a need to mine novel and high-quality β-galactosidases with good tolerance and novel features from harsh environments and genomic databases. In this study, an Escherichia coli β-galactosidase-deficient host, ΔlacZ(DE3)pRARE, was constructed by the CRISPR-Cas9 system for screening active β-galactosidases. Of thirty selected β-galactosidases, twelve novel enzymes showed β-galactosidase activity, four of which were purified for further study. BGal_375 exhibited maximal activity at pH 8 and 50 °C. The concentrations of two types of galactooligosaccharides, tri- and tetra-saccharides, produced by BGal_375, reached 64.53 g/l and 8.32 g/l, respectively. BGal_375 displayed a Km value of 1.65 mM and kcat value of 53 s-1 for p-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (pNPG). BGal_137, BGal_144-3, and BGal_145-2 showed promising hydrolytic activity for pNPG. BGal_137 is a homodimer while BGal_144-3, BGal_145-2, and BGal_375 were all monomeric. This study provided an efficient solution for the identification of new β-galactosidases from metagenomic data, and an alkaline β-galactosidase efficient for the synthesis of galactooligosaccharides was obtained, which is important for potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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5
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Yan YL, Gänzle MG. Structure and function relationships of the binding of β- and ɑ-galactosylated oligosaccharides to K88 fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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6
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Usvalampi A, Maaheimo H, Tossavainen O, Frey AD. Enzymatic synthesis of fucose-containing galacto-oligosaccharides using β-galactosidase and identification of novel disaccharide structures. Glycoconj J 2017; 35:31-40. [PMID: 28905280 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylated oligosaccharides have an important role in maintaining a healthy immune system and homeostatic gut microflora. This study employed a commercial β-galactosidase in the production of fucose-containing galacto-oligosaccharides (fGOS) from lactose and fucose. The production was optimized using experiment design and optimal conditions for a batch production in 3-liter scale. The reaction product was analyzed and the produced galactose-fucose disaccharides were purified. The structures of these disaccharides were determined using NMR and it was verified that one major product with the structure Galβ1-3Fuc and two minor products with the structures Galβ1-4Fuc and Galβ1-2Fuc were formed. Additionally, the product composition was defined in more detail using several different analytical methods. It was concluded that the final product contained 42% total monosaccharides, 40% disaccharides and 18% of larger oligosaccharides. 290 μmol of fGOS was produced per gram of reaction mixture and 37% of the added fucose was bound to fGOS. The fraction of fGOS from total oligosaccharides was determined as 44%. This fGOS product could be used as a new putative route to deliver fucose to the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Usvalampi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, P.O.Box 16100, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Hannu Maaheimo
- Technical Research Center of Finland, P.O.Box 1000, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Alexander D Frey
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, P.O.Box 16100, Espoo, Finland
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Klewicki R, Belina I, Wojciechowska A, Klewicka E, Sójka M. Synthesis of Galactosyl Mannitol Derivative Using β-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pjfns-2016-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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8
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New alkalophilic β-galactosidase with high activity in alkaline pH region from Teratosphaeria acidotherma AIU BGA-1. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:15-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Brakowski R, Pontius K, Franzreb M. Investigation of the transglycosylation potential of ß-Galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae in the presence of the ionic liquid [Bmim][PF6]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Alikkunju AP, Sainjan N, Silvester R, Joseph A, Rahiman M, Antony AC, Kumaran RC, Hatha M. Screening and Characterization of Cold-Active β-Galactosidase Producing Psychrotrophic Enterobacter ludwigii from the Sediments of Arctic Fjord. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:477-490. [PMID: 27188973 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature-tolerant microorganisms and their cold-active enzymes could be an innovative and invaluable tool in various industrial applications. In the present study, bacterial isolates from the sediment samples of Kongsfjord, Norwegian Arctic, were screened for β-galactosidase production. Among the isolates, KS25, KS85, KS60, and KS92 have shown good potential in β-galactosidase production at 20 °C. 16SrRNA gene sequence analysis revealed the relatedness of the isolates to Enterobacter ludwigii. The optimum growth temperature of the isolate was 25 °C. The isolate exhibited good growth and enzyme production at a temperature range of 15-35 °C, pH 5-10. The isolate preferred yeast extract and lactose for the maximum growth and enzyme production at conditions of pH 7.0, temperature of 25 °C, and agitation speed of 100 rpm. The growth and enzyme production was stimulated by Mn2+ and Mg2+ and strongly inhibited by Zn2+, Ni2+, and Cu+. β-Galactosidases with high specific activity at low temperatures are very beneficial in food industry to compensate the nutritional problem associated with lactose intolerance. The isolate exhibited a remarkable capability to utilize clarified whey, an industrial pollutant, for good biomass and enzyme yield and hence could be well employed in whey bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesa P Alikkunju
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Cochin, 682016, Kerala, India.
| | - Neethu Sainjan
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Cochin, 682016, Kerala, India
| | - Reshma Silvester
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Cochin, 682016, Kerala, India
| | - Ajith Joseph
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Cochin, 682016, Kerala, India
| | - Mujeeb Rahiman
- Department of Aquaculture and Fishery Microbiology, MES Ponnani College, Ponnani, 679586, Kerala, India
| | - Ally C Antony
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Cochin, 682016, Kerala, India
| | - Radhakrishnan C Kumaran
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Cochin, 682016, Kerala, India
| | - Mohamed Hatha
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Cochin, 682016, Kerala, India
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12
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Pawlak-Szukalska A, Wanarska M, Popinigis AT, Kur J. A novel cold-active β-d-galactosidase with transglycosylation activity from the Antarctic Arthrobacter sp. 32cB – Gene cloning, purification and characterization. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Kong F, Wang Y, Cao S, Gao R, Xie G. Cloning, purification and characterization of a thermostable β-galactosidase from Thermotoga naphthophila RUK-10. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Wang SD, Guo GS, Li L, Cao LC, Tong L, Ren GH, Liu YH. Identification and characterization of an unusual glycosyltransferase-like enzyme with β-galactosidase activity from a soil metagenomic library. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 57:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang K, Lu Y, Liang WQ, Wang SD, Jiang Y, Huang R, Liu YH. Enzymatic synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides in an organic-aqueous biphasic system by a novel β-galactosidase from a metagenomic library. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:3940-3946. [PMID: 22443294 DOI: 10.1021/jf300890d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) were effectively synthesized from lactose in organic-aqueous biphasic media by a novel metagenome-derived β-galactosidase BgaP412. A maximum GOS yield of 46.6% (w/w) was achieved with 75.4% lactose conversion rate in the cyclohexane/buffer system [95:5 (v/v) cyclohexane/buffer] under the optimum reaction conditions (initial lactose concentration = 30% (w/v), T = 50 °C, pH 7.0, and t = 8 h). The corresponding productivity of GOS was approximately 17.5 g L(-1) h(-1). The GOS mixture consisted of tri-, tetra-, and pentasaccharides. Trisaccharides were the chief component of reaction products. These experimental results showed that a low water content, a high initial lactose concentration, and an elevated reaction temperature could significantly promote the transgalactosylation activity of β-galactosidase BgaP412; at the same time, the enhanced GOS yield in an organic-aqueous biphasic system is because of the fact that thermodynamic equilibrium can be shifted to the synthetic direction by reversing the normal hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Oliveira C, Guimarães PM, Domingues L. Recombinant microbial systems for improved β-galactosidase production and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:600-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Production of galactooligosaccharides and heterooligosaccharides with disrupted cell extracts and whole cells of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Int Dairy J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sangwan V, Tomar S, Singh R, Singh A, Ali B. Galactooligosaccharides: Novel Components of Designer Foods. J Food Sci 2011; 76:R103-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schwab C, Sørensen KI, Gänzle MG. Heterologous expression of glycoside hydrolase family 2 and 42 β-galactosidases of lactic acid bacteria in Lactococcus lactis. Syst Appl Microbiol 2010; 33:300-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lu L, Xu X, Gu G, Jin L, Xiao M, Wang F. Synthesis of novel galactose containing chemicals by beta-galactosidase from Enterobacter cloacae B5. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:6868-6872. [PMID: 20395133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The beta-galactosidase from Enterobacter cloacae B5 was employed to synthesize novel galactose containing chemicals (GCCs) using mannitol, sorbose, and salicin as acceptors in the presence of o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (oNPGal) as donor. The influences of the process parameters on GCC synthesis using mannitol as an acceptor, including effects of variations in initial substrate concentration, reaction time, and temperature, were studied in detail. The mannitol derivative reached a yield of 14.6% when the enzyme was used in the presence of 30 mM oNPGal and 60mM mannitol at 50 degrees C for 10 min. The sorbose and salicin derivatives reached yields of 19.4% and 25.2%, respectively, under the same conditions except for acceptor concentrations. Through analysis of ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy, the three derivatives were identified to be beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->1')-D-mannitol, beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->1')-l-sorbose, and 2-(hydroxymethyl) phenyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->6')-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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Torres DP, Gonçalves MDPF, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues LR. Galacto-Oligosaccharides: Production, Properties, Applications, and Significance as Prebiotics. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:438-454. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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