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Mazega A, Signori-Iamin G, Aguado RJ, Tarrés Q, Ramos LP, Delgado-Aguilar M. Enzymatic pretreatment for cellulose nanofiber production: Understanding morphological changes and predicting reducing sugar concentration. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127054. [PMID: 37769759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic pretreatment plays a crucial role in producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) before fibrillation. While previous studies have explored how treatment severity affects CNF characteristics, there remains a lack of suitable parameters to monitor real-time enzymatic processes and fully comprehend the link between enzymatic action, fibrillation, and CNF properties. This study focuses on evaluating the impact of enzyme charge (using a monocomponent endoglucanase) and treatment time on cellulose fiber morphology and reducing sugar generation. For the first time, a random forest (RF) model is developed to predict reducing sugar concentration based on easily measurable process conditions (e.g., stirrer power consumption) and fiber/suspension characteristics like fines content and apparent viscosity. Polarized light optical microscopy was found to be a suitable technique to evaluate the morphological changes that fibers experience during enzymatic pretreatment. The research also revealed that endoglucanases initially induce surface fibrillation, releasing fine fibers into the suspension, followed by fiber swelling and shortening. Furthermore, the effect of enzymatic pretreatment on resulting CNF characteristics was studied at two fibrillation intensities, indicating that a high enzyme charge and short treatment times (e.g., 90 min) are sufficient to produce CNFs with a nanofibrillation yield of 19-23 % and a cationic demand ranging from 220 to 275 μeq/g. This work introduces a well-modeled enzymatic pretreatment process, unlocking its potential and reducing uncertainties for future upscaling endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mazega
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Giovana Signori-Iamin
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberto J Aguado
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Luiz P Ramos
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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2
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Rodríguez-Escribano D, Pliego-Magán R, de Salas F, Aza P, Gentili P, Ihalainen P, Levée T, Meyer V, Petit-Conil M, Tapin-Lingua S, Lecourt M, Camarero S. Tailor-made alkaliphilic and thermostable fungal laccases for industrial wood processing. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:149. [PMID: 36581887 PMCID: PMC9798632 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the kraft process to obtain cellulosic pulp from wood, most of the lignin is removed by high-temperature alkaline cooking, released in the black liquors and usually incinerated for energy. However, kraft lignins are a valuable source of phenolic compounds that can be valorized in new bio-based products. The aim of this work is to develop laccases capable of working under the extreme conditions of high temperature and pH, typical of the industrial conversion of wood into kraft pulp and fibreboard, in order to provide extremophilic biocatalysts for depolymerising kraft lignin, and enzyme-assisted technologies for kraft pulp and fibreboard production. RESULTS Through systematic enzyme engineering, combining enzyme-directed evolution and rational design, we changed the optimal pH of the laccase for oxidation of lignin phenols from acidic to basic, enhanced the catalytic activity at alkaline pH and increased the thermal tolerance of the enzyme by accumulating up to eight mutations in the protein sequence. The extremophilic laccase variants show maximum activity at 70 °C and oxidize kraft lignin at pH 10. Their integration into industrial-type processes saves energy and chemicals. As a pre-bleaching stage, the enzymes promote kraft pulp bleachability and significantly reduce the need for chlorine dioxide compared to the industrial sequence. Their application in wood chips during fibreboard production, facilitates the defibering stage, with less energy required. CONCLUSIONS A set of new alkaliphilic and thermophilic fungal laccases has been developed to operate under the extreme conditions of high temperature and pH typical of industrial wood conversion processes. For the first time basidiomycete laccases of high-redox potential show activity on lignin-derived phenols and polymeric lignin at pH 10. Considering the extreme conditions of current industrial processes for kraft pulp and fibreboard production, the new tailor-made laccases constitute a step forward towards turning kraft pulp mills into biorefineries. Their use as biocatalysts in the wood conversion sector is expected to support the development of more environmentally sound and efficient processes, and more sustainable products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Pliego-Magán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC. Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe de Salas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC. Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Aza
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC. Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrizia Gentili
- Sapienza Università Di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, RM Italy
| | | | - Thomas Levée
- MetGen Oy, Rakentajantie 26, 20780 Kaarina, Finland
| | - Valérie Meyer
- Centre Technique du Papier (CTP), Domaine Universitaire, 38044 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Michel Petit-Conil
- Centre Technique du Papier (CTP), Domaine Universitaire, 38044 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Michael Lecourt
- FCBA Institut Technologique, 341 Rue de La Papeterie, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Susana Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC. Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Bastida GA, Schnell CN, Mocchiutti P, Solier YN, Inalbon MC, Zanuttini MÁ, Galván MV. Effect of Oxalic Acid Concentration and Different Mechanical Pre-Treatments on the Production of Cellulose Micro/Nanofibers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2908. [PMID: 36079947 PMCID: PMC9457602 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present work analyzes the effect of process variables and the method of characterization of cellulose micro/nanofibers (CMNFs) obtained by different treatments. A chemical pre-treatment was performed using oxalic acid at 25 wt.% and 50 wt.%. Moreover, for mechanical pre-treatments, a rotary homogenizer or a PFI mill refiner were considered. For the mechanical fibrillation to obtain CMNFs, 5 and 15 passes through a pressurized homogenization were considered. The best results of nanofibrillation yield (76.5%), transmittance (72.1%) and surface charges (71.0 µeq/g CMNF) were obtained using the PFI mill refiner, 50 wt.% oxalic acid and 15 passes. Nevertheless, the highest aspect ratio (length/diameter) determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was found using the PFI mill refiner and 25 wt.% oxalic acid treatment. The aspect ratio was related to the gel point and intrinsic viscosity of CMNF suspensions. The values estimated for gel point agree with those determined by TEM. Moreover, a strong relationship between the intrinsic viscosity [η] of the CMNF dispersions and the corresponding aspect ratio (p) was found (ρ[η] = 0.014 p2.3, R2 = 0.99). Finally, the tensile strength of films obtained from CMNF suspensions was more influenced by the nanofibrillation yield than their aspect ratio.
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Anisa N, Darmadi DB, Sugiono S, Ngafwan N, Effendy M, Wardana I. The Role of Carica Papaya Latex Bio-Catalyst in Recycling of Used Fibre Pulp. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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5
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Sinitsyn AP, Sinitsyna OA, Rozhkova AM. Production of Industrial Enzymes Based on the Expression System of the Fungus Penicillium verruculosum. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821080068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Kumar A, Ram C, Tazeb A. Enzyme-assisted pulp refining: an energy saving approach. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Energy conservation has become an essential step in pulp and paper industry due to diminishing fossil reserves and high cost of energy. Refining is a mechanical treatment of pulp that modifies the structure of the fibres in order to achieve desired paper-making properties. However, it consumes considerable amount of energy. The electrical power consumption has a direct impact on paper manufacturing cost. Therefore, there is a requirement to minimize the energy cost. Enzyme-assisted refining is the environment friendly option that reduces the energy consumption for papermaking. Enzyme-assisted refining is defined as mechanical refining after pretreatment of pulp with enzymes such as cellulases and hemicellulases. It not only reduces the energy consumption but also improves the quality of finished paper. Enzymes improve the beatability of pulp at same refining degree (°SR) and desired paper properties can be achieved at decreased refining time. The selection of suitable enzyme, optimization of enzyme dose and appropriate reaction time are the key factors for energy reduction and pulp quality improvement during enzyme-assisted refining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology , College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University , Debre Markos , Ethiopia
| | - Chhotu Ram
- Department of Chemical Engineering , College of Engineering and Technology Adigrat University , Adigrat , Ethiopia
| | - Adebabay Tazeb
- Department of Biotechnology , College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University , Debre Markos , Ethiopia
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7
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Distribution analysis of cellulose nanofibrils in paper handsheets: Dye-labeled Method. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 239:116226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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Ko CH, Yang CY, Chang FC, Lin LD. Effect of Paenibacillus cellulase pretreatment for fiber surface. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 241:1-11. [PMID: 30978564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Refining is the major process of paper formation. This study focuses on the impact of a specific enzyme (Paenibacillus cellulase) for fibers on the surfaces, the roughness and height of the fibers are also investigated. Effects of enzyme dosages and the mechanical refining action (PFI revolution) on fiber physical properties were also analyzed. The fibers were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), their roughness and height were analyzed by Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results show that the Paenibacillus cellulase pretreatment increased the drainability of both kinds of pulp at the same level of refining energy. In other words, enzymatic treatment on pulp refining consumed less refining revolutions to reach the same drainability compared to the untreated pulp. Although the viscosity of both kinds of pulp was degraded with the enzymatic treatment, the physical properties of paper had no significantly negative influence on them. The results indicated the treatment with cellulase swelled the fibers in the absence of refining, and there were better fibrillation on the fibers treated with cellulase after refining. Furthermore, the statistical analysis of AFM suggested that both kinds of pulp treated with low cellulase dosage with PFI refining had higher roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Ko
- School of Forest and Resources Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ying Yang
- School of Forest and Resources Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chih Chang
- The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No.12, Section 1, Chien-Shan Road, Chu-Shan, Nan-Tou 55750, Taiwan.
| | - Lang-Dong Lin
- Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan.
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Moreau C, Tapin-Lingua S, Grisel S, Gimbert I, Le Gall S, Meyer V, Petit-Conil M, Berrin JG, Cathala B, Villares A. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) facilitate cellulose nanofibrils production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:156. [PMID: 31249619 PMCID: PMC6589874 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes that cleave polysaccharides through an oxidative mechanism. These enzymes are major contributors to the recycling of carbon in nature and are currently used in the biorefinery industry. LPMOs are commonly used in synergy with cellulases to enhance biomass deconstruction. However, there are few examples of the use of monocomponent LPMOs as a tool for cellulose fibrillation. In this work, we took advantage of the LPMO action to facilitate disruption of wood cellulose fibers as a strategy to produce nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). RESULTS The fungal LPMO from AA9 family (PaLPMO9E) was used in this study as it displays high specificity toward cellulose and its recombinant production in bioreactor is easily upscalable. The treatment of birchwood fibers with PaLPMO9E resulted in the release of a mixture of C1-oxidized oligosaccharides without any apparent modification in fiber morphology and dimensions. The subsequent mechanical shearing disintegrated the LPMO-pretreated samples yielding nanoscale cellulose elements. Their gel-like aspect and nanometric dimensions demonstrated that LPMOs disrupt the cellulose structure and facilitate the production of NFC. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential use of LPMOs as a pretreatment in the NFC production process. LPMOs weaken fiber cohesion and facilitate fiber disruption while maintaining the crystallinity of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Moreau
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Sandra Tapin-Lingua
- InTechFibres Division, FCBA, Domaine Universitaire, CS 90252, 39044 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sacha Grisel
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Gimbert
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Valérie Meyer
- CTP, Domaine Universitaire, CS 90252, 39044 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Cathala
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Ana Villares
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
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10
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Poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride assisted cellulase pretreatment for pulp refining efficiency enhancement. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 203:342-348. [PMID: 30318221 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) as an additive in the cellulase pretreatment process (the PDADMAC-assisted cellulase pretreatment process) prior to pulp refining, was investigated, with the objective of decreasing the energy consumption and/or cellulase dosage in the pulp refining process. Results showed that PDADMAC significantly improved the cellulase adsorption onto pulp fibers, which is responsible for enhancement in the cellulase treatment efficiency. The low molecular weight PDADMAC is more effective than the high molecular weight counterpart, because it is capable of infiltrating into the fiber pores to attack the fiber internal structure, while the high molecular weight PDADMAC just stays on the fiber surfaces. The developed pretreatment process facilitates the subsequent pulp refining process. The addition of PDADMAC has negligible effect on the strength properties of pulp while reducing the energy consumption with less cellulase dosage. One version of this process concept is proposed.
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11
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Marjamaa K, Kruus K. Enzyme biotechnology in degradation and modification of plant cell wall polymers. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:106-118. [PMID: 29987848 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lignocelluloses are abundant raw materials for production of fuels, chemicals and materials. The purpose of this paper is to review the enzyme-types and enzyme-technologies studied and applied in the processing of the lignocelluloses into different products. The enzymes here are mostly glycoside hydrolases, esterases and different redox enzymes. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polysaccharides to platform sugars has been widely studied leading to development of advanced commercial products for this purpose. Restricted hydrolysis or oxidation of cellulosic fibers have been applied in processing of pulps to paper products, nanocelluloses and textile fibers. Oxidation, transglycosylation and derivatization have been utilized in functionalization of fibers, cellulosic surfaces and polysaccharides. Enzymatic polymerization, depolymerization and grafting methods are being developed for lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Marjamaa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, Espoo, 02044, Finland
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, Espoo, 02044, Finland
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12
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Przybysz Buzała K, Przybysz P, Kalinowska H, Derkowska M. Effect of Cellulases and Xylanases on Refining Process and Kraft Pulp Properties. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161575. [PMID: 27557079 PMCID: PMC4996430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Samples of bleached kraft pine cellulosic pulp, either treated with an enzyme preparation (a Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase, an Aspergillus sp. cellulase, and a multienzyme preparation NS-22086 containing both these activities) or untreated, were refined in a laboratory PFI mill. The treatment with cellulases contained in the last two preparations significantly improved the pulp’s susceptibility to refining (the target freeness value of 30°SR was achieved in a significantly shorter time), increased water retention value (WRV) and fines contents while the weighted average fiber length was significantly reduced. These changes of pulp parameters caused deterioration of paper strength properties. The treatment with the xylanase, which partially hydrolyzed xylan, small amounts of which are associated with cellulose fibers, only slightly loosened the structure of fibers. These subtle changes positively affected the susceptibility of the pulp to refining (refining energy was significantly reduced) and improved the static strength properties of paper. Thus, the treatment of kraft pulps with xylanases may lead to substantial savings of refining energy without negative effects on paper characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Przybysz Buzała
- Institute of Papermaking and Printing Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska str. 223, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybysz
- Institute of Papermaking and Printing Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska str. 223, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Halina Kalinowska
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego str. 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Derkowska
- Institute of Papermaking and Printing Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska str. 223, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
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13
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Sinitsyn AP, Rozhkova AM, Sinitsyna OA, Kholmova MA, Terent’ev KY, Kazakov YV, Chukhchin DG, Novozhilov EV. Preparing catalyst based on recombinant cellulolytic enzyme specimen Penicillium verruculosum and its use in the paper industry. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050416020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Delgado-Aguilar M, Tarrés Q, Pèlach MÀ, Mutjé P, Fullana-I-Palmer P. Are Cellulose Nanofibers a Solution for a More Circular Economy of Paper Products? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12206-12213. [PMID: 26425934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the study of the feasibility of incorporating lignocellulosic nanofibers (LCNF) to paper in order to maintain the relevant physical properties and increase the number of cycles that paper can be recycled in the technosphere in a more circular economy. For that purpose, the effect of mechanical refining in recycling processes was compared with that of the novel LCNF addition. In this sense, the behavior of a bleached kraft hardwood pulp when recycled was investigated, as well as the effects of each methodology. Since there are many issues to be considered when trying to replace a technology, the present paper analyses its feasibility from a technical and environmental point of view. Technically, LCNF present greater advantages against mechanical refining, such as higher mechanical properties and longer durability of the fibers. A preliminary life cycle assessment showed that the environmental impacts of both systems are very similar; however, changing the boundary conditions to some feasible future scenarios, led to demonstrate that the CNF technology may improve significantly those impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria Paperera i Materials Polímers (LEPAMAP), High Polytechnical School, University of Girona , C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61 - 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Quim Tarrés
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria Paperera i Materials Polímers (LEPAMAP), High Polytechnical School, University of Girona , C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61 - 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - M Àngels Pèlach
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria Paperera i Materials Polímers (LEPAMAP), High Polytechnical School, University of Girona , C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61 - 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Pere Mutjé
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria Paperera i Materials Polímers (LEPAMAP), High Polytechnical School, University of Girona , C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61 - 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Pere Fullana-I-Palmer
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change, Escola Superior de Comerç Internacional (UPF), Passeig Pujades, 1, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Gao W, Xiang Z, Chen K, Yang R, Yang F. Effect of depth beating on the fiber properties and enzymatic saccharification efficiency of softwood kraft pulp. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 127:400-6. [PMID: 25965499 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Commercial bleached softwood kraft pulp was mechanically fibrillated by a PFI-mill with beating revolution from 5000 to 30,000 r. The extent of fibrillating on the pulp was evaluated by beating degree, fiber morphological properties (fiber length, width, coarseness and curls index), water retention value (WRV) and physical properties of paper made from the pulp. Depth beating process significantly affected the pulp fibrillations as showed by the decreased fiber length and width as well as the SEM analysis, but the effects were limited after beating revolution of 15,000. Depth beating process also improved the total internal pore and inter-fibril surface areas as shown by the increased WRV values. Substrate enzymatic digestibility (SED) of beaten pulp at 5000 revolutions could reach 95% at cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g of glucan. After the enzymatic hydrolysis, the size of the pulp residues was reduced to micro-scale, and a relative uniform size distribution of the residues appeared at 10,000 r beating revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhouyang Xiang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kefu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rendang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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16
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Cui L, Meddeb-Mouelhi F, Laframboise F, Beauregard M. Effect of commercial cellulases and refining on kraft pulp properties: correlations between treatment impacts and enzymatic activity components. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 115:193-9. [PMID: 25439885 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of enzymes as biotechnological catalysts for paper industry is now recognized. In this study, five cellulase formulations were used for fibre modification. The number of PFI revolutions decreased by about 50% while achieving the same freeness value (decrease in CSF by 200 mL) with the enzymatic pretreatment. The physical properties of handsheets were modified after enzymatic pretreatment followed by PFI refining. A slight decrease in tear strength was observed with enzymes C1 and C4 at pH 7 while the most decrease in tear was observed after C2, C3, C5 treatments. C1 and C4 which had xylanase activity improved paper properties, while other enzymes had a negative impact. Therefore, the intricate balance between cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic activity is the key to optimizing biorefining and paper properties. It was also observed that C1 impact was pH dependent, which supports the importance of pH in developing an enzymatic strategy for refining energy reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cui
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Fatma Meddeb-Mouelhi
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; Buckman North America, Vaudreuil-Dorion, QC J7V 5V5, Canada
| | - François Laframboise
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marc Beauregard
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Enzymatic approaches in paper industry for pulp refining and biofilm control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:327-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
The focus of this study is to investigate the effect of cellulase enzyme treatment of the pulp on the reduction of energy consumption and the physical strength of old corrugated containers (OCC) fibers. Different cellulase samples including Novozyme Fibercare R, Novozyme Fibercare U and Novozyme Fibercare D used to improve the pulp beatability and physical strength of OCC fibers were comparatively studied. The effects of different cellulase samples on the breaking length and bursting index of paper were investigated. It was shown that Novozyme Fibercare D was proved to be the suitable cellulase sample used in the pretreatment of OCC fibers. It could become possible that the energy consumption of pulp beating reduced by 33.3% and the breaking length and bursting index of paper sheets increased by 50% when OCC fibers were dealt with Novozyme Fibercare D.
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