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Leng F, Wu Y, Hu S, Jing Y, Ding M, Wei Q, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Cloning, expression, and bioinformatics analysis of heavy metal resistance-related genes fd-I and fd-II from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:7143110. [PMID: 37115024 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Five heavy metals were introduced into the bacterial heavy metal resistance tests. The results showed that apparent inhibition effects of Cd2+ and Cu2+ on the growth of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans BYSW1 occurred at high concentrations (>0.04 mol l-1). Significant differences (P < 0.001) were both noticed in the expression of two ferredoxin-encoding genes (fd-I and fd-II) related to heavy metal resistance in the presence of Cd2+ and Cu2+ . When exposed to 0.06 mol l-1 Cd2+, the relative expression levels of fd-I and fd-II were about 11 and 13 times as much as those of the control, respectively. Similarly, exposure to 0.04 mol l-1 Cu2+ caused approximate 8 and 4 times higher than those of the control, respectively. These two genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the structures, functions of two corresponding target proteins, i.e. Ferredoxin-I (Fd-I) and Ferredoxin-II (Fd-II), were predicted. The recombinant cells inserted by fd-I or fd-II were more resistant to Cd2+ and Cu2+ compared with wild-type cells. This study was the first investigation regarding the contribution of fd-I and fd-II to enhancing heavy metal resistance of this bioleaching bacterium, and laid a foundation for further elucidation of heavy metal resistance mechanisms caused by Fd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Leng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050 Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yamiao Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050 Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Shu Hu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050 Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yanjun Jing
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050 Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Miao Ding
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050 Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Qingwei Wei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050 Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Qingchun Zhang
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Kangxian County, 746500 Kangxian, PR China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 730050 Lanzhou, PR China
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Expression, purification, characterization and direct electrochemistry of two HiPIPs from Acidithiobacillus caldus SM-1. Anal Biochem 2022; 650:114724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wang R, Lin JQ, Liu XM, Pang X, Zhang CJ, Yang CL, Gao XY, Lin CM, Li YQ, Li Y, Lin JQ, Chen LX. Sulfur Oxidation in the Acidophilic Autotrophic Acidithiobacillus spp. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3290. [PMID: 30687275 PMCID: PMC6335251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur oxidation is an essential component of the earth's sulfur cycle. Acidithiobacillus spp. can oxidize various reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs) with high efficiency to obtain electrons for their autotrophic growth. Strains in this genus have been widely applied in bioleaching and biological desulfurization. Diverse sulfur-metabolic pathways and corresponding regulatory systems have been discovered in these acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. The sulfur-metabolic enzymes in Acidithiobacillus spp. can be categorized as elemental sulfur oxidation enzymes (sulfur dioxygenase, sulfur oxygenase reductase, and Hdr-like complex), enzymes in thiosulfate oxidation pathways (tetrathionate intermediate thiosulfate oxidation (S4I) pathway, the sulfur oxidizing enzyme (Sox) system and thiosulfate dehydrogenase), sulfide oxidation enzymes (sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase) and sulfite oxidation pathways/enzymes. The two-component systems (TCSs) are the typical regulation elements for periplasmic thiosulfate metabolism in these autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Examples are RsrS/RsrR responsible for S4I pathway regulation and TspS/TspR for Sox system regulation. The proposal of sulfur metabolic and regulatory models provide new insights and overall understanding of the sulfur-metabolic processes in Acidithiobacillus spp. The future research directions and existing barriers in the bacterial sulfur metabolism are also emphasized here and the breakthroughs in these areas will accelerate the research on the sulfur oxidation in Acidithiobacillus spp. and other sulfur oxidizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian-Qun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin-Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Limaye SS, Mogul R, Smith DJ, Ansari AH, Słowik GP, Vaishampayan P. Venus' Spectral Signatures and the Potential for Life in the Clouds. ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:1181-1198. [PMID: 29600875 PMCID: PMC6150942 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The lower cloud layer of Venus (47.5-50.5 km) is an exceptional target for exploration due to the favorable conditions for microbial life, including moderate temperatures and pressures (∼60°C and 1 atm), and the presence of micron-sized sulfuric acid aerosols. Nearly a century after the ultraviolet (UV) contrasts of Venus' cloud layer were discovered with Earth-based photographs, the substances and mechanisms responsible for the changes in Venus' contrasts and albedo are still unknown. While current models include sulfur dioxide and iron chloride as the UV absorbers, the temporal and spatial changes in contrasts, and albedo, between 330 and 500 nm, remain to be fully explained. Within this context, we present a discussion regarding the potential for microorganisms to survive in Venus' lower clouds and contribute to the observed bulk spectra. In this article, we provide an overview of relevant Venus observations, compare the spectral and physical properties of Venus' clouds to terrestrial biological materials, review the potential for an iron- and sulfur-centered metabolism in the clouds, discuss conceivable mechanisms of transport from the surface toward a more habitable zone in the clouds, and identify spectral and biological experiments that could measure the habitability of Venus' clouds and terrestrial analogues. Together, our lines of reasoning suggest that particles in Venus' lower clouds contain sufficient mass balance to harbor microorganisms, water, and solutes, and potentially sufficient biomass to be detected by optical methods. As such, the comparisons presented in this article warrant further investigations into the prospect of biosignatures in Venus' clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay S. Limaye
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rakesh Mogul
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, California
| | - David J. Smith
- Space Biosciences Research Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | - Arif H. Ansari
- Precambrian Palaeobotany Laboratory, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Parag Vaishampayan
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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Koch T, Dahl C. A novel bacterial sulfur oxidation pathway provides a new link between the cycles of organic and inorganic sulfur compounds. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2479-2491. [PMID: 29930335 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) plays a globally significant role in carbon and sulfur cycling and impacts Earth's climate because its oxidation products serve as nuclei for cloud formation. While the initial steps of aerobic DMS degradation and the fate of its carbon atoms are reasonably well documented, oxidation of the contained sulfur is largely unexplored. Here, we identified a novel pathway of sulfur compound oxidation in the ubiquitously occurring DMS-degrader Hyphomicrobium denitrificans XT that links the oxidation of the volatile organosulfur compound with that of the inorganic sulfur compound thiosulfate. DMS is first transformed to methanethiol from which sulfide is released and fully oxidized to sulfate. Comparative proteomics indicated thiosulfate as an intermediate of this pathway and pointed at a heterodisulfide reductase (Hdr)-like system acting as a sulfur-oxidizing entity. Indeed, marker exchange mutagenesis of hdr-like genes disrupted the ability of H. denitrificans to metabolize DMS and also prevented formation of sulfate from thiosulfate provided as an additional electron source during chemoorganoheterotrophic growth. Complementation with the hdr-like genes under a constitutive promoter rescued the phenotype on thiosulfate as well as on DMS. The production of sulfate from an organosulfur precursor via the Hdr-like system is previously undocumented and provides a new shunt in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. Furthermore, our findings fill a long-standing knowledge gap in microbial dissimilatory sulfur metabolism because the Hdr-like pathway is abundant not only in chemoheterotrophs, but also in a wide range of chemo- and photolithoautotrophic sulfur oxidizers acting as key players in global sulfur cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Koch
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Dahl
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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de Pádua RA, Kia AM, Costa-Filho AJ, Wilkinson SR, Nonato MC. Characterisation of the fumarate hydratase repertoire in Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chemical and thermal influence of the [4Fe–4S]2+ cluster of A/G-specific adenine glycosylase from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:393-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu Y, Guo S, Yu R, Zou K, Qiu G. A new cytoplasmic monoheme cytochrome c from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans involved in sulfur oxidation. Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:285-92. [PMID: 24129838 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can obtain energy from the oxidation of various reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs, e.g., sulfur) and ferrous iron in bioleaching so has multiple branched respiratory pathways with a diverse range of electron transporters, especially cytochrome c proteins. A cytochrome c family gene, afe1130, which has never been reported before, was found by screening the whole genome of A. ferrooxidans. Here we report the differential gene transcription, bioinformatics analysis, and molecular modeling of the protein encoded by the afe1130 gene (AFE1130). The differential transcription of the target afe1130 gene versus the reference rrs gene in the A. ferrooxidans, respectively, on the culture conditions of sulfur and ferrous energy sources was performed through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) with a SYBR green-based assay according to the standard curves method. The qRT-PCR results showed that the afe1130 gene in sulfur culture condition was obviously more transcribed than that in ferrous culture condition. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the AFE1130 was affiliated to the subclass ID of class I of cytochrome c and located in cytoplasm. Molecular modeling results exhibited that the AFE1130 protein consisted of 5 alpha-helices harboring one heme c group covalently bonded by Cys13 and Cys16 and ligated by His17 and Met62 and owned a big raised hydrophobic surface responsible for attaching to inner cytomembrane. So the AFE1130 in A. ferrooxidans plays a role in the RISCs oxidation in bioleaching in cytoplasm bound to inner membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuandong Liu
- Key Lab of Biometallurgy of the Ministry of Education, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China,
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HdrC2 from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans owns two iron-sulfur binding motifs but binds only one variable cluster between [4Fe-4S] and [3Fe-4S]. Curr Microbiol 2012; 66:88-95. [PMID: 23053491 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The heterodisulfide reductase complex HdrABC from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was suggested to own novel features that act in reverse to convert the sulfane sulfur of GS( n )H species (n > 1) into sulfite in sulfur oxidation. The HdrC subunit is potentially encoded by two different highly upregulated genes sharing only 29 % identity in A. ferrooxidans grown in sulfur-containing medium, which were named as HdrC1 and HdrC2, respectively and had been confirmed to contain iron-sulfur cluster by expression and characterization, especially the HdrC1 which had been showed to bind only one [4Fe-4S] cluster by mutations. However, the mutations of the HdrC2 remain to be done and the detailed binding information of it is still unclear. Here, we report the expression, mutations, and molecular modeling of the HdrC2 from A. ferrooxidans. This HdrC2 had two identical motifs (Cx(2)Cx(2)Cx(3)C) containing total of eight cysteine residues potentially for iron-sulfur cluster binding. This purified HdrC2 was exhibited to contain one variable cluster converted between [4Fe-4S] and [3Fe-4S] according to different conditions by the UV-scanning and EPR spectra. The site-directed mutagenesis results of these eight residues further confirmed that the HdrC2 in reduction with Fe(2+) condition loaded only one [4Fe-4S](+) with spin S = 1/2 ligated by the residues of Cys73, Cys109, Cys112, and Cys115; the HdrC2 in natural aeration condition lost the Fe atom ligated by the residue of Cys73 and loaded only one [3Fe-4S](0) with spin S = 0; the HdrC2 in oxidation condition loaded only one [3Fe-4S](+) with spin S = 1/2. Molecular modeling results were also in line with the experiment results.
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Expression, purification and molecular modeling of another HdrC from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans which binds only one [4Fe-4S] cluster. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:416-23. [PMID: 22760247 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The heterodisulfide reductase complex HdrABC from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was predicted to have novel features that work in reverse to catalyse the sulfane sulfur of GSnH species (n > 1) into sulfite in sulfur oxidation. There are two different highly upregulated genes potentially encoding the HdrC subunit in A. ferrooxidans grown in sulfur-containing medium. An HdrC containing iron-sulfur cluster from A. ferrooxidans corresponding to one of the genes had been expressed and biophysically characterized. Comparatively, here we report the cloning, expression, and characterization of another HdrC from A. ferrooxidans. This HdrC was expressed in inclusion bodies in all conditions tested. This purified HdrC displayed brown color and contained the [4Fe-4S] cluster confirmed by the UV-scanning and EPR spectra. This HdrC owned two identical motifs (Cx(2)Cx(2)Cx(3)C) including total of eight cysteine residues for [4Fe-4S] cluster binding. To our surprise, the site-directed mutagenesis results of these eight residues revealed that respective removal of the sulfhydryl group of Cys73, Cys76, Cys79, and Cys37 resulted in the cluster loss, but those of Cys27, Cys30, Cys33, and Cys83 had no influence, which demonstrated that this HdrC bound only one cluster, and it might be responsible for causing the HdrABC in A. ferrooxidans working in reverse. Molecular modeling results also supported the above results and showed that this cluster was ligated by Cys73, Cys76, and Cys79 in one motif and Cys37, however, in another motif.
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