A novel nanoprotein particle synthesis: Nanolipase

Graphenoxide Cross-Linker Based Potentiometric Biosensor Design For Sarcosine Determination

BACKGROUND

Sarcosine, also known as N-methyl glycine, is a natural amino acid that is an intermediate and by product in glycine synthesis and degradation. Recently found in many peptides, sarcosine has been researched as a newly accepted prostate cancer marker. The increased concentration of sarcosine in blood serum and the urine showed that malignancy of measured prostate cancer cells is active.

OBJECTIVE

In this article, we aimed to design a potentiometric biosensor for detection of sarcosine with a low detection limit, high selectivity, short response time, wide linear range, and satisfactory long-term stability.

METHODS

In this article, we developed a new Graphene oxide (GFOX) photosensitive cross- linker based potentiometric biosensor based on the AmiNoAcid (monomer) Decorated and Light Underpinning Conjugation Approach (ANADOLUCA) method. The functional groups determined using Raman, FT-IR, XPS analyzes, and surface characterization, the morphology of synthesized GFOX photosensitive cross-linker were determined by TEM and AFM studies. Then, the performance of the GFOX based potentiometric biosensor has been evaluated.

RESULTS

When the usage of the developed GFOX doped potentiometric biosensor against sarcosine determination, it was found that 10 -4 mM sarcosine was determined in 60 seconds in the solution. In addition, the detection limit of the GFOX doped potentiometric biosensor was found to be 9.45x10 -7 mM, and the linear potentiometric biosensor was found to be in the concentration range of 10 -1 to 10 -5 mM. The selectivity studies of the developed potentiometric biosensor were investigated using glycine solutions, and it was determined that GFOX doped potentiometric biosensor was more selective against sarcosine. Besides this, a reusability test using 10 -3 mM sarcosine solution showed that reproducible studies were performed without the loss of potential of designed potentiometric biosensor and no loss of sensitivity.

CONCLUSION

After applying the framework, we get a new potentiometric biosensor for sarcosine determination. GFOX photosensitive cross-linker was used in designing potentiometric biosensors, and this increased the stability and efficiency of the biosensor. Therefore, the developed potentiometric biosensor for sarcosine determination could be easily used for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer.

RuBisCO nano enzyme for mimicking CO2 conversion system in plants

In this study, carbon dioxide (CO₂ ) capture and conversion systems based on the combination of biomimetic systems with nano enzymes have been developed. The effectiveness of the developed system has been investigated toward CO₂ conversion. For this aim, nano ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) enzyme that plays role in the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis has been synthesized in 93 nm size according to AmiNoAcid (monomer) Decorated and Light Underpinning Conjugation Approach (ANADOLUCA) method. Enzymatic activity of synthesized nano RuBisCO enzyme has been spectrophotometrically determined by the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) at the end of the reaction between CO₂ and d-ribulose-1,5 biphosphate with the catalysis of RuBisCO enzyme at 340 nm. The effect of substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and Mg²⁺ ion concentration on the conversion reaction have investigated comparatively with nano and free RuBisCO enzyme. Besides this, the reusability feature of synthesized nano RuBisCO enzyme in conversion of CO₂ reaction is indicated. When all data were evaluated, it has been seen that the nano RuBisCO enzyme is effective on the conversion of CO₂ into 3-PGA and can be used for CO₂ capture and conversion systems repeatedly without any deformation in its structure.

Albumin Based Nanoparticles for Detection of Pancreatic Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND

Molecular imaging of cancer cells using effective drug targeting systems are most interested research area in recent years. Albumin protein is a soluble and most abundant protein in circulatory system. It has a ligand-binding function and acts as a transport protein. Researchers are interested in developing albumin based nanostructured specific anti-tumor drugs in cancer therapy. Pancreatic cancer treatment or drug design for targeted pancreatic cancer cell has great importance due to it has a high mortality rate comparing other cancer types.

OBJECTIVE

In this article, our goal is to develop new targeting nanoparticles based on the conjugation of albumin and Hyaluronic Acid (HA) for pancreatic cancer cells.

METHOD

In this article, we proposed a new technique for conjugation of albumin (BSA) and HA in nano formation. Firstly, cationic BSA is synthesized. Then, BSA-HA conjugation is obtained by interacted cationic BSA with 1000 ppm HA. Secondly, nano BSA-HA particles and nano BSA particles were synthesized according to AmiNoAcid Decorated and Light Underpinning Conjugation Approach (ANADOLUCA) method which provides a special cross-linking strategy for biomolecules using ruthenium-based amino acid monomer haptens. After characterization studies, in vitro cytotoxic activity of synthesized nano BSA-HA particles were determined for PANC-1 ATCC^® CRL146 cells.

RESULTS

According to the data, nano BSA and nano BSA-HA particles synthesized uniquely using special ruthenium-based amino acid decorated cross-linking agent, (MATyr)2-Ru-(MATyr)2.based on ANDOLUCA method. Characterization results showed that there was not any change in protein folding structures during nano formation process. In addition, nano protein particles gained fluorescence feature. When interacting synthesized nano BSA and nano BSA-HA particles with pancreatic cells, it was found that BSA nanoparticles were usually around cells and membranes, but BSA-HA nanoparticles were identified around the cells, in the cytoplasm inside the cell, and next to the cell nucleus. So, nano BSA-HA particles could be used as cancer cell imaging agent for PANC-1 ATCC^® CRL146 cells.

CONCLUSION

The satisfactory conclusion of this study is that synthesized nano BSA-HA particles are fundamental materials for targeting pancreatic cancer cells due to HA receptors located on pancreatic cancer cells and imaging agents due to fluorescence feature of the BSA-HA nanoparticles.

Concanavalin A photocross-linked affinity cryogels for the purification of horseradish peroxidase

The present study describes an easy and efficient procedure for the purification of horseradish peroxidase from horseradish roots. For this purpose, supermacroporous cryogels having Concanavalin A were prepared by photosensitive cross-linking polymerization. Horseradish peroxidase binding and elution from the prepared cryogels were carried out changing various parameters such as initial peroxidase concentration and pH. The best binding performance was obtained at pH 7.0. The maximum horseradish peroxidase binding of the cryogels was found to be 3.85 mg g−1 cryogel. Horseradish peroxidase purification from crude extract resulted in 115.1-fold. SDS-PAGE analysis and circular dichroism measurements indicated that the horseradish peroxidase purification from horseradish roots was successfully carried out.

Design and Preparation of Nano-Lignin Peroxidase (NanoLiP) by Protein Block Copolymerization Approach

This study describes the preparation of nanoprotein particles having lignin peroxidase (LiP) using a photosensitive microemulsion polymerization technique. The protein-based nano block polymer was synthesized by cross-linking of ligninase enzyme with ruthenium-based aminoacid monomers. This type polymerization process brought stability in different reaction conditions, reusability and functionality to the protein-based nano block polymer system when compared the traditional methods. After characterization of the prepared LiP copolymer nanoparticles, enzymatic activity studies of the nanoenzymes were carried out using tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the substrate. The parameters such as pH, temperature and initial enzyme concentration that affect the activity, were investigated by using prepared nanoLip particles and compared to free LiP. The reusability of the nano-LiP particles was also investigated and the obtained results showed that the nano-LiP particles exhibited admirable potential as a reusable catalyst.

Nanobiocatalysis: Nanostructured materials – a minireview

The field of nanobiocatalysis has experienced a rapid growth due to recent advances in nanotechnology. However, biocatalytic processes are often limited by the lack of stability of the enzymes and their short lifetime. Therefore, immobilization is key to the successful implementation of industrial processes based on enzymes. Immobilization of enzymes on functionalized nanostructured materials could give higher stability to nanobiocatalysts while maintaining free enzyme activity and easy recyclability under various conditions. This review will discuss recent developments in nanobiocatalysis to improve the stability of the enzyme using various nanostructured materials such as mesoporous materials, nanofibers, nanoparticles, nanotubes, and individual nanoparticles enzymes. Also, this review summarizes the recent evolution of nanostructured biocatalysts with an emphasis on those formed with polymers. Based on the synthetic procedures used, established methods fall into two important categories: “grafting onto” and “grafting from”. The fundamentals of each method in enhancing enzyme stability and the use of these new nanobiocatalysts as tools for different applications in different areas are discussed.

Synthesis of lipase nano-bio-conjugates as an efficient biocatalyst: characterization and activity–stability studies with potential biocatalytic applications

Synthesis of lipase nano-bio-conjugate and their detail biocatalytic application studies.

Simultaneous depletion of immunoglobulin G and albumin from human plasma using novel monolithic cryogel columns

In this study, we aimed to develop an alternative matrix able to deplete the albumin (Alb) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) from blood plasma simultaneously to prepare plasma samples for large-scale applications of blood-related proteomics. As a first step, nano-protein A nanoparticles (nanoProA) were prepared and characterized. Subsequently, cibacron blue F3GA (CB) was immobilized onto the nanoProA's to enhance their specific affinity for Alb molecules. Finally, both nanoparticles, specifically, nanoProA and CB-nanoProA, were separately embedded into cryogel structures to combine advantages of the nanoparticles with those of the cryogels. The protein adsorption was optimized using aqueous Alb and IgG solutions separately. Subsequently, competitive protein adsorption was performed using a protein mixture prepared with Alb and IgG adhering to their plasma protein ratios. Because of the CB-immobilization, the Alb depletion performance of the cryogels increased whereas the IgG depleting performance decreased. Using the nanoProA, embedded cryogel removed 99.3% of the IgG, while using the CB-nanoProA embedded cryogel removed 97.5% of the Alb content. The simultaneous depletion performances of the cryogels for Alb and IgG were characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In this study, the monolithic cryogel-based adsorbents were classified as an alternative matrix to prepare plasma samples for proteomics applications at the preparative scale.