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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1301-1367. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Ventouri IK, Chang W, Meier F, Drexel R, Somsen GW, Schoenmakers PJ, de Spiegeleer B, Haselberg R, Astefanei A. Characterizing Non-covalent Protein Complexes Using Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation On-Line Coupled to Native Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7487-7494. [PMID: 37146101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We report an online analytical platform based on the coupling of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and native mass spectrometry (nMS) in parallel with UV-absorbance, multi-angle light scattering (MALS), and differential-refractive-index (UV-MALS-dRI) detectors to elucidate labile higher-order structures (HOS) of protein biotherapeutics. The technical aspects of coupling AF4 with nMS and the UV-MALS-dRI multi-detection system are discussed. The "slot-outlet" technique was used to reduce sample dilution and split the AF4 effluent between the MS and UV-MALS-dRI detectors. The stability, HOS, and dissociation pathways of the tetrameric biotherapeutic enzyme (anticancer agent) l-asparaginase (ASNase) were studied. ASNase is a 140 kDa homo-tetramer, but the presence of intact octamers and degradation products with lower molecular weights was indicated by AF4-MALS/nMS. Exposing ASNase to 10 mM NaOH disturbed the equilibrium between the different non-covalent species and led to HOS dissociation. Correlation of the information obtained by AF4-MALS (liquid phase) and AF4-nMS (gas phase) revealed the formation of monomeric, tetrameric, and pentameric species. High-resolution MS revealed deamidation of the main intact tetramer upon exposure of ASNase to high pH (NaOH and ammonium bicarbonate). The particular information retrieved from ASNase with the developed platform in a single run demonstrates that the newly developed platform can be highly useful for aggregation and stability studies of protein biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iro Konstantina Ventouri
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park, 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wayne Chang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meier
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, Rankinestraße 1, 86899 Landsberg, Germany
| | - Roland Drexel
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, Rankinestraße 1, 86899 Landsberg, Germany
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park, 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park, 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart de Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park, 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Astefanei
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park, 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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L-Glutamine-, peptidyl- and protein-glutaminases: structural features and applications in the food industry. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:204. [PMID: 36002753 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
L-Glutaminases are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the gamma-amido bond of L-glutamine residues, producing ammonia and L-glutamate. These enzymes have several applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the L-glutaminases that hydrolyze free L-glutamine (L-glutamine glutaminases, EC 3.5.1.2) have different structures and properties with respect to the L-glutaminases that hydrolyze the same amino acid covalently bound in peptides (peptidyl glutaminases, EC 3.5.1.43) and proteins (protein-glutamine glutaminase, EC 3.5.1.44). In the food industry, L-glutamine glutaminases are applied to enhance the flavor of foods, whereas protein glutaminases are useful to improve the functional properties of proteins. This review will focus on structural backgrounds and differences between these enzymes, the methodology available to measure the activity as well as strengths and limitations. Production methods, applications, and challenges in the food industry will be also discussed. This review will provide useful information to search and identify the suitable L-glutaminase that best fits to the intended application.
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Yao H, Wynendaele E, De Spiegeleer B. Thermal sensitivity as a quality control attribute for biotherapeutics: The L-asparaginase case. Drug Test Anal 2019; 12:67-77. [PMID: 31471998 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thermal sensitivity, as a practical measure of thermostability, is an interesting quality attribute that can be used in the quality control (QC) release of biopharmaceuticals. This article investigates circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and nano-differential scanning fluorimetry (nano-DSF) to evaluate the thermal stability of E.coli L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) for QC purposes. In CD, molar ellipticity as a function of temperature (from 20 to 80°C) was measured at 222 nm. Different L-ASNase samples dissolved in different diluents were investigated by determining the melting temperature (Tm ) from the first derivative curve as well as the slope of the fitted sigmoidal function of the temperature gradient CD data. The obtained Tm values could be correlated with the L-ASNase sample origin as well as with the pH of the diluent. The Tm values obtained from the CD data were moreover consistent with the Tm values determined by nano-DSF, confirming their reliability. Next to the Tm value, also the slope of the fitted sigmoidal CD-function was able to differentiate different L-ASNase samples, including unstressed from stressed protein. By using both the Tm and the curve slope, the thermal stability of L-ASNase was investigated, demonstrating and recommending the use of this heat-stress characteristic as a QC quality attribute of proteins, which can be applied to detect substandard and falsified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yao
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Development of a capillary zone electrophoresis method to quantify E. coli l-asparaginase and its acidic variants. Talanta 2018; 182:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gervais D, Hayzen J, Orphanou C, McEntee A, Hallam C, Brehm R. Understanding the process-induced formation of minor conformational variants of Erwinia chrysanthemi l-asparaginase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 98:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yin S, Zhang C, Li Z, Wang Q, Shi H, Yu R, Liu Y, Su Z. Identification, characterization, and stabilization of the deamidation degradation of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Structural Characterisation of Non-Deamidated Acidic Variants of Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase Using Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Ion-Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3636-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Gervais D, King D. Capillary isoelectric focusing of a difficult-to-denature tetrameric enzyme using alkylurea–urea mixtures. Anal Biochem 2014; 465:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Recombinant Deamidated Mutants of Erwinia chrysanthemi l-Asparaginase Have Similar or Increased Activity Compared to Wild-Type Enzyme. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:865-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gervais D, Corn T, Downer A, Smith S, Jennings A. Measurement of subvisible particulates in lyophilised Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase and relationship with clinical experience. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:784-90. [PMID: 24854894 PMCID: PMC4070265 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to generate further characterisation data for the lyophilised product Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase, reconstituted drug product (DP; marketed as Erwinase or Erwinaze) was analysed for subvisible (2-10 μm) particulate content using both the light obscuration (LO) method and the newer flow-imaging microscopy (FIM) technique. No correlation of subvisible particulate counts exists between FIM and LO nor do the counts correlate with activity at both release and on stability. The subvisible particulate content of lyophilised Erwinia L-asparaginase appears to be consistent and stable over time and in line with other parenteral biopharmaceutical products. The majority (ca. 75%) of subvisible particulates in L-asparaginase DP were at the low end of the measurement range by FIM (2-4 μm). In this size range, FIM was unable to definitively classify the particulates as either protein or non-protein. More sensitive measurement techniques would be needed to classify the particulates in lyophilised L-asparaginase into type (protein and non-protein), so the LO technique has been chosen for on-going DP analyses. E. chrysanthemi L-asparaginase has a lower rate of hypersensitivity compared with native Escherichia coli preparations, but a subset of patients develop hypersensitivity to the Erwinia enzyme. A DP lot that had subvisible particulate counts on the upper end of the measurement range by both LO and FIM had the same incidence of allergic hypersensitivity in clinical experience as lots at all levels of observed subvisible particulate content, suggesting that the presence of L-asparaginase subvisible particulates is not important with respect to allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gervais
- Microbiology Services, Development and Production, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK,
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