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In-Depth Characterization of Debranching Type I Pullulanase from Priestia koreensis HL12 as Potential Biocatalyst for Starch Saccharification and Modification. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12091014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase is an effective starch debranching enzyme widely used in starch saccharification and modification. In this work, the biochemical characteristics and potential application of a new type I pullulanase from Priestia koreensis HL12 (HL12Pul) were evaluated and reported for the first time. Through in-depth evolutionary analysis, HL12Pul was classified as type I pullulanase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 13, subfamily 14 (GH13_14). HL12Pul comprises multi-domains architecture, including two carbohydrate-binding domains, CBM68 and CBM48, at the N-terminus, the TIM barrel structure of glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13) and C-domain. Based on sequence analysis and experimental cleavage profile, HL12Pul specifically hydrolyzes only α-1,6 glycosidic linkage-rich substrates. The enzyme optimally works at 40 °C, pH 6.0, with the maximum specific activity of 181.14 ± 3.55 U/mg protein and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of 49.39 mL/mg·s toward pullulan. In addition, HL12Pul worked in synergy with raw starch-degrading α-amylase, promoting raw cassava starch hydrolysis and increasing the sugar yield by 2.9-fold in comparison to the α-amylase alone in a short reaction time. Furthermore, HL12Pul effectively produces type III-resistant starch (RSIII) from cassava starch with a production yield of 70%. These indicate that HL12Pul has the potential as a biocatalyst for starch saccharification and modification.
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Microbial starch debranching enzymes: Developments and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 50:107786. [PMID: 34147588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Starch debranching enzymes (SDBEs) hydrolyze the α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as starch, amylopectin, pullulan and glycogen. SDBEs are also important enzymes for the preparation of sugar syrup, resistant starch and cyclodextrin. As the synergistic catalysis of SDBEs and other starch-acting hydrolases can effectively improve the raw material utilization and production efficiency during starch processing steps such as saccharification and modification, they have attracted substantial research interest in the past decades. The substrate specificities of the two major members of SDBEs, pullulanases and isoamylases, are quite different. Pullulanases generally require at least two α-1,4 linked glucose units existing on both sugar chains linked by the α-1,6 bond, while isoamylases require at least three units of α-1,4 linked glucose. SDBEs mainly belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 and 57. Except for GH57 type II pullulanse, GH13 pullulanases and isoamylases share plenty of similarities in sequence and structure of the core catalytic domains. However, the N-terminal domains, which might be one of the determinants contributing to the substrate binding of SDBEs, are distinct in different enzymes. In order to overcome the current defects of SDBEs in catalytic efficiency, thermostability and expression level, great efforts have been made to develop effective enzyme engineering and fermentation strategies. Herein, the diverse biochemical properties and distinct features in the sequence and structure of pullulanase and isoamylase from different sources are summarized. Up-to-date developments in the enzyme engineering, heterologous production and industrial applications of SDBEs is also reviewed. Finally, research perspective which could help understanding and broadening the applications of SDBEs are provided.
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Xu P, Zhang SY, Luo ZG, Zong MH, Li XX, Lou WY. Biotechnology and bioengineering of pullulanase: state of the art and perspectives. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:43. [PMID: 33547538 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) is a starch-debranching enzyme in the α-amylase family and specifically cleaves α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in starch-type polysaccharides, such as pullulan, β-limited dextrin, glycogen, and amylopectin. It plays a key role in debranching and hydrolyzing starch completely, thus bring improved product quality, increased productivity, and reduced production cost in producing resistant starch, sugar syrup, and beer. Plenty of researches have been made with respects to the discovery of either thermophilic or mesophilic pullulanases, however, few examples meet the demand of industrial application. This review presents the progress made in the recent years from the first aspect of characteristics of pullulanases. The heterologous expression of pullulanases in different microbial hosts and the methods used to improve the expression effectiveness and the regulation of enzyme production are also described. Then, the function evolution of pullulanases from a protein engineering view is discussed. In addition, the immobilization strategy using novel materials is introduced to improve the recyclability of pullulanases. At the same time, we indicate the trends in the future research to facilitate the industrial application of pullulanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Yu Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Luo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
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Pang B, Zhou L, Cui W, Liu Z, Zhou Z. Production of a Thermostable Pullulanase in
Bacillus subtilis
by Optimization of the Expression Elements. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Li Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhongmei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
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Improvement of the Thermostability and Activity of Pullulanase from Anoxybacillus sp. WB42. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:942-954. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Yang Y, Zhu Y, Obaroakpo JU, Zhang S, Lu J, Yang L, Ni D, Pang X, Lv J. Identification of a novel type I pullulanase from Fervidobacterium nodosum Rt17-B1, with high thermostability and suitable optimal pH. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 143:424-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Pang B, Zhou L, Cui W, Liu Z, Zhou S, Xu J, Zhou Z. A Hyperthermostable Type II Pullulanase from a Deep-Sea Microorganism Pyrococcus yayanosii CH1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9611-9617. [PMID: 31385500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pullulanase is a commonly used debranching enzyme in the starch processing industry. Because the starch liquefaction process requires high temperature, a thermostable pullulanase is desired. Here, a novel hyperthermostable type II pullulanase gene (pulPY) was cloned from Pyrococcus yayanosii CH1, isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal site. PulPY was optimally active at pH 6.6 and 95 °C, retaining more than 50% activity after incubation at 95 °C for 10 h. The thermostability was significantly higher than those of most pullulanases reported previously. To further improve its activity and thermostability, the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of PulPY were truncated. The optimum temperature of the combined truncation mutant Δ28N + Δ791C increased to 100 °C with a specific activity of 32.18 U/mg, which was six times higher than that of wild-type PulPY. PulPY and the truncation mutant enzyme could realize the combined use of pullulanase with α-amylase during the starch liquefaction process to improve hydrolysis efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Li Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Zhongmei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, School of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P.R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology and State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
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Wang X, Nie Y, Xu Y. Industrially produced pullulanases with thermostability: Discovery, engineering, and heterologous expression. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:360-371. [PMID: 30709762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pullulanases (EC 3.2.1.41) are well-known starch-debranching enzymes widely used to hydrolyze α-1,6-glucosidic linkages in starch, pullulan, amylopectin, and other oligosaccharides, with application potentials in food, brewing, and pharmaceutical industries. Although extensive studies are done to discover and express pullulanases, only few are available with desirable characteristics for industrial applications. This raises the challenge to mine new enzyme sources, engineer proteins based on sequence/structure, and regulate expressions. We review here the identification of extremophilic and mesophilic microbes as sources of industrial pullulanases with desirable characteristics, including acid-resistance, thermostability, and psychrotrophism. We present current advances in site-directed mutagenesis and sequence/structure-guided protein engineering of pullulanases. In addition, we discuss heterologous expression of pullulanases in prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial systems, and address the effectiveness of the expression elements and their regulation of enzyme production. Finally, we indicate future research needs to develop desired industrial pullulanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The 2011 Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Arabacı N, Arıkan B. An amylopullulanase (ApuNP1) from Geobacillus thermoleovorans NP1: biochemical characterization and its potential industrial applications. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:127-135. [PMID: 30620883 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1550655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An amylopullulanase was produced by Geobacillus thermoleovorans NP1. The optimum enzyme production occurred at 45°C and pH 7.0 (12 hr). NP1 amylopullulanase (ApuNP1) exhibited the maximal activity at 50°C and pH 6.0 and was stable between 30-50°C, and pH 3.0-12.0 for 24 hr. The enzyme showed two bands with molecular weights of 112 and 107 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The amylopullulanase retained 100% of its activity in the presence of 10 mM of Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, EDTA, and PMSF. While the enzyme showed resistance to 5% of TritonX-100, Tween 20, and Tween 80, the activity was inhibited by 5% β-mercaptoethanol and H2O2. While the hydrolysis products of pullulan were maltose, maltotriose, and maltodextrin, the starch was hydrolyzed to maltose, maltotriose, and maltodextrin units. This shows that NP1 pullulanase is a type II pullulanase (amylopullulanase). After the liquefaction assay, 12% glucose content was measured with a refractometer in the presence of 20% starch. According to the wash performance tests, the mixture of ApuNP1 and 1% detergent removed almost all of the stains. This novel thermo-acidic amylopullulanase has a potency to be used in detergent, starch, food, baking, textile, and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Arabacı
- a Department of Biology , Çukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Burhan Arıkan
- a Department of Biology , Çukurova University , Adana , Turkey
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Li L, Dong F, Lin L, He D, Wei W, Wei D. N-Terminal Domain Truncation and Domain Insertion-Based Engineering of a Novel Thermostable Type I Pullulanase from Geobacillus thermocatenulatus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10788-10798. [PMID: 30222339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel thermostable type I pullulanase gene ( pul GT) from Geobacillus thermocatenulatus DSMZ730 was cloned. It has an open reading frame of 2154 bp encoding 718 amino acids. G. thermocatenulatus pullulanase (PulGT) was found to be optimally active at pH 6.5 and 70 °C. It exhibited stable activity in the pH range of 5.5-7.0. PulGT lacked three domains (CBM41 domain, X25 domain, and X45 domain) compared with the pullulanase from Bacillus acidopullulyticus ( 2WAN ). Different N-terminally domain truncated (730T) or spliced (730T-U1 and 730T-U2) mutants were constructed. Truncating the N-terminal 85 amino acids decreased the Km value and did not change its optimum pH, an advantageous biochemical property in some applications. Compared with 2WAN , PulGT can be used directly for maize starch saccharification without adjusting the pH, which reduces cost and improves efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fengying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences , Shanghai 200093 , People's Republic of China
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial , National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology , Shanghai 200241 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dannong He
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial , National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology , Shanghai 200241 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
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Lu Z, Hu X, Shen P, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Zhang G, Ma Y. A pH-stable, detergent and chelator resistant type I pullulanase from Bacillus pseudofirmus 703 with high catalytic efficiency. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:1302-1310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Li L, Dong F, Lin L, He D, Chen J, Wei W, Wei D. Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Thermostable Type I Pullulanase Produced Recombinantly inBacillus subtilis. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Fengying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences; Shanghai 200093 People's Republic of China
| | - Dannong He
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial; National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology; Shanghai 200241 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Pathology; Microbiology and Immunology; School of medicine; University of South Carolina; 6311 Garners Ferry Rd Columbia SC 29209 USA
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
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Yang S, Yan Q, Bao Q, Liu J, Jiang Z. Expression and biochemical characterization of a novel type I pullulanase from Bacillus megaterium. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 39:397-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Enhancement of extracellular expression of Bacillus naganoensis pullulanase from recombinant Bacillus subtilis: Effects of promoter and host. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 124:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nisha M, Satyanarayana T. Characteristics, protein engineering and applications of microbial thermostable pullulanases and pullulan hydrolases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5661-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Liu J, Liu Y, Yan F, Jiang Z, Yang S, Yan Q. Gene cloning, functional expression and characterisation of a novel type I pullulanase from Paenibacillus barengoltzii and its application in resistant starch production. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 121:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Kahar UM, Ng CL, Chan KG, Goh KM. Characterization of a type I pullulanase from Anoxybacillus sp. SK3-4 reveals an unusual substrate hydrolysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6291-6307. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Wei W, Ma J, Chen SQ, Cai XH, Wei DZ. A novel cold-adapted type I pullulanase of Paenibacillus polymyxa Nws-pp2: in vivo functional expression and biochemical characterization of glucans hydrolyzates analysis. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:96. [PMID: 26481143 PMCID: PMC4615870 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pullulanase is an important debranching enzyme and has been widely utilized to hydrolyse the α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in starch/sugar industry. Selecting new bacterial strains or improving bacterial strains is a prerequisite and effective solution in industrial applications. Although many pullulanase genes have been cloned and sequenced, there is no report of P. polymyxa type I pullulanase gene or the recombinant strain. Meanwhile most of the type I pullulanase investigated exhibit thermophilic or mesophilic properties. There are just few reports of cold-adapted pullulanases, which have optimum activity at moderate temperature and exhibit rather high catalytic activity at cold. Previously, six strains showing distinct pullulan degradation ability were isolated using enrichment procedures. As containing novel bacterium resource and significant pullulanase activity, strain Nws-pp2 was selected for in-depth study. Methods In this study, a type I pullulanase gene (pulN) was obtained from the strain P. polymyxa Nws-pp2 by degenerate primers. Through optimization of induced conditions, the recombinant PulN achieved functional soluble expression by low temperature induction. The enzyme characterizations including the enzyme activity/stability, optimum temperature, optimum pH and substrate specificity were also described through protein purification. Results The pullulanase gene (named pulN), encoding a novel cold-adapted type I pullulanase (named PulN), was obtained from isolated strain Paenibacillus polymyxa Nws-pp2. The gene had an open reading frame of 2532-bp and was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli through optimization of induced conditions. The level of functional PulN-like protein reached the maximum after induction for 16 h at 20 °C and reached about 0.34 mg/ml (about 20 % of total protein) with an activity of 6.49 U/ml. The purified recombinant enzyme with an apparent molecular mass of about 96 kDa was able to attack specifically the α-1,6 linkages in pullulan to generate maltotriose as the major product. The purified PulN showed optimal activity at pH 6.0 and 35 °C, and retained more than 40 % of the maximum activity at 10 °C (showing cold-adapted). The pullulanase activity was significantly enhanced by Co2+ and Mn2+, meanwhile Cu2+ and SDS inhibited pullulanase activity completely. The Km and Vmax values of purified PulN were 15.25 mg/ml and 20.1 U/mg, respectively. The PulN hydrolyzed pullulan, amylopectin, starch, and glycogen, but not amylose. Substrate specificity and products analysis proved that the purified pullulanase from Paenibacillus polymyxa Nws-pp2 belong to a type I pullulanase. Conclusions This report of the novel type I pullulanase in Paenibacillus polymyxa would contribute to pullulanase research from Paenibacillus spp. significantly. Also, the cold-adapted pullulanase produced in recombinant strain shows the potential application. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0215-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Ma
- Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Qi Chen
- Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Hai Cai
- Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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In vivo functional expression of an extracellular Ca2+-independent Bacillus pumilus lipase in Bacillus subtilis WB800N. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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