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Ji HJ, Zhou XH, Wu HY, Liu HX, Zhang GZ. A bibliometric and thematic analysis of the trends in the research on ginkgo biloba extract from 1985 to 2022. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21214. [PMID: 37964856 PMCID: PMC10641152 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), a complementary and alternative medicine, has been widely used for disorders such as brain infarction, dementia, and coronary heart disease, in recent decades. Given its widespread clinical use, GBE has always been a vital research topic. However, there are no bibliometric analyses on this topic; furthermore, published reviews of GBE focus only on a specific research field or lack scientific and systematic evaluation. This study combined bibliometrics with thematic reviews by visual analysis to identify the current status of GBE research and to better identify research hotspots and trends in the past 40 years to understand future developments in basic and clinical research. Methods Articles and reviews on GBE were retrieved by topic from the Web of Science Core Collection from inception to 2022.12.01. Countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords in the field were visually analyzed using CiteSpace, Scimago Graphica, and VOSviewer software; then, these visualization results for references and keywords were clarified in detail by thematic reviews in subdivisions of the fields. Results In total, 2015 publications were included. The GBE-related literature has high volumes of publications and citations. The majority of literature is from China, and the USA cooperates most closely with other countries. In GBE research, Christen Yves is the most cited author, Phytotherapy Research is the most prolific journal, and the Journal of Ethnopharmacology is the most co-cited journal. Through a comprehensive analysis of keywords, references, and reviews, the quality of the meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials of GBE in treating dementia was evaluated by the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews scale (ROBIS). Current research on GBE focuses on its pharmacological mechanisms, and neuroprotective application in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and glaucoma. Randomized controlled trials are the current research hotspot. Conclusion Research on GBE is flourishing; using bibliometric and thematic analysis, we identified its hotspots and trends. The pharmacological mechanisms and clinical applications of GBE are the focus of present and likely future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jian Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Yan Wu
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Xia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Zhe Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Boateng ID. Polyprenols in Ginkgo biloba; a review of their chemistry (synthesis of polyprenols and their derivatives), extraction, purification, and bioactivities. Food Chem 2023; 418:136006. [PMID: 36996648 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The Ginkgo biloba L. (GB) contains high bioactive compounds. To date, flavonoids and terpene trilactone have received the majority of attention in GB studies, and the GB has been utilized globally in functional food and pharmacological firms, with sales > $10 billion since 2017, while the other active components, for instance, polyprenols (a natural lipid) with various bioactivities have received less attention. Hence, this review focused on polyprenols' chemistry (synthesis of polyprenols and their derivatives) extraction, purification, and bioactivities from GB for the first time. The various extractions and purification methods (nano silica-based adsorbent, bulk ionic liquid membrane, etc.) were delved into, and their advantages and limitations were discussed. Besides, numerous bioactivities of the extracted Ginkgo biloba polyprenols (GBP) were reviewed. The review showed that GB contains some polyprenols in acetic esters' form. Prenylacetic esters are free of adverse effects. Besides, the polyprenols from GB have numerous bioactivities such as anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-viral activity, etc. The application of GBPs in the food, cosmetics, and drugs industries such as micelles, liposomes, and nano-emulsions was delved into. Finally, the toxicity of polyprenol was reviewed, and it was concluded that GBP was not carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic, giving a theoretical justification for using GBP as a raw material for functional foods. This article will aid researchers to better understand the need to explore GBP usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, 1406 E Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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3
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Boateng ID. Ginkgols and bilobols in Ginkgo biloba L. A review of their extraction and bioactivities. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3211-3223. [PMID: 37190926 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba (GB) has enormous bioactives with anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and immune-stimulating properties, with global sales exceeding $10 billion. The terpene trilactones (ginkgolides A, B, and C) and flavonoids (mostly quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol) have received the most significant focus in GB research to date, whereas other bioactive compounds such as ginkgols and bilobols with various bioactivities such as anti-viral, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor actions have received less attention. Therefore, for the first time, this review focused on GB ginkgols, bilobols extraction, and bioactivities. This review showed that petroleum ether and acetone extraction had successfully extracted ginkgols and bilobols. Furthermore, bioactivities such as anti-tumor activity and so on have been demonstrated for ginkgols, and bilobols, providing theoretical justification for ginkgols and bilobol as raw material for nutraceuticals, functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. Future research could look into other biological applications (such as anti-oxidant, antitoxins, anti-radiation, anti-microbial, and antiparasite) and their applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical industries. Besides, the primary research should be on developing green and effective methods for preparing ginkgols and bilobols and fully utilizing their pharmacological activity. This will also provide a new avenue for efficiently utilizing these bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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4
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Li P, Sun H, Li W, Wu Q, Ye S, Zhu J, Ding Y. Isolation and purification of 12 flavonoid glycosides from Ginkgo biloba extract using sephadex LH-20 and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Z NATURFORSCH C 2023; 78:73-81. [PMID: 36351234 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2022-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and rapid preparative method for the separation and purification of flavonoid glycosides from the Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) was developed by sephadex LH-20 and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 40 g GBE of 24% flavonoids were loaded onto the sephadex LH-20 column and five fractions (1.15, 2.57, 1.32, 4.45, and 3.31 g) at flavonoid content of 72.3, 54.2, 63.5, 51.2, and 59.2% were produced. Ultimately, 12 flavonoid glycosides that are at least purities of 97.7% were obtained from 100 mg of each fraction by preparative HPLC. The fraction A, B, and D each contained two flavonoids, yielded 35, 30, 23, 20, 25, and 25 mg, respectively. The fraction C and E each contained three flavonoids, produced 20, 13, 15, 18, 15, and 20 mg, respectively. The chemical structures of the purified compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China.,Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Wei Li
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Qi Wu
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Shuhong Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
| | - Jingbo Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China.,Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
| | - Yan Ding
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
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5
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Cytotoxic effects of bioactive extracts from Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees: An In vitro approach. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Liu XG, Lu X, Gao W, Li P, Yang H. Structure, synthesis, biosynthesis, and activity of the characteristic compounds from Ginkgo biloba L. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:474-511. [PMID: 34581387 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00026h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1928-2021Ginkgo biloba L. is one of the most distinctive plants to have emerged on earth and has no close living relatives. Owing to its phylogenetic divergence from other plants, G. biloba contains many compounds with unique structures that have served to broaden the chemical diversity of herbal medicine. Examples of such compounds include terpene trilactones (ginkgolides), acylated flavonol glycosides (ginkgoghrelins), biflavones (ginkgetin), ginkgotides and ginkgolic acids. The extract of G. biloba leaf is used to prevent and/or treat cardiovascular diseases, while many ginkgo-derived compounds are currently at various stages of preclinical and clinical trials worldwide. The global annual sales of G. biloba products are estimated to total US$10 billion. However, the content and purity of the active compounds isolated by traditional methods are usually low and subject to varying environmental factors, making it difficult to meet the huge demand of the international market. This highlights the need to develop new strategies for the preparation of these characteristic compounds from G. biloba. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the structures and bioactivities of these compounds and summarize the recent research on the development of strategies for the synthesis, biosynthesis, and biotechnological production of the characteristic terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkylphenols/alkylphenolic acids of G. biloba. Our aim is to provide an important point of reference for all scientists who research ginkgo-related compounds for medicinal or other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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The construction of a green and efficient system for the separation of polyprenols from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Liu L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang S. Advances in the chemical constituents and chemical analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaf, extract, and phytopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 193:113704. [PMID: 33157480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leaf (GBL) is an important botanical drug that can be used for treating many diseases. This review summarizes the reported chemical constituents from GBL or Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) to date, as well as the recent advances in the extraction, purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis methods (from 2015 to 2020). To date, about 110 flavonoids have been reported to have unambiguous structures, including flavonol and its glycosides, flavone and its glycosides, flavanone and its glycosides, isoflavone and its glycosides, flavan-3-ols, bioflavonoids, and biginkgosides. In recent years, in addition to new flavonoids, new terpenoids and lignan have been also isolated from GBL. Further, several extraction and purification methods have been described and compared. Quantitative analysis of the constituents have been mainly carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with different detector methods. Many studies have focused on variations of compounds contents in GBL from different regions, tree ages, or collection times, which provide references for the selection of GBL. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with activity assay methods were used to on-line screen the bioactive compounds from GBL or its phytopharmaceuticals. The application of other analytical technologies such as MS imaging, supercritical fluid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance, and spectroscopy, has also been discussed. This review of the chemical constituents and analytical methods of Ginkgo will provide a reference for the research on the quality control and discovery of effective constituents for GBL and its related phytopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmei Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yating Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jucong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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9
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Recent advances of modern sample preparation techniques for traditional Chinese medicines. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:460377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Zhang CW, Wang CZ, Tao R, Ye JZ. Separation of polyprenols from Ginkgo biloba leaves by a nano silica-based adsorbent containing silver ions. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1590:58-64. [PMID: 30712816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyprenols extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves is a kinds of unsaturated compound containing double bonds. Traditionally, the separation methods for the polyprenols are lack of selectivity and their separation efficiency are low. We synthesized two kinds of functional nano-silica containing silver ions materials (AgTCM and AgTCN) which have selectivity for unsaturated compounds to separate Ginkgo biloba leaves polyprenols for the first time. AgTCN displays exceptionally high selectivity for polyprenols and high stability under extended heat and light exposure, while silver is virtually immobile during solvent elution. Importantly, the exceptional stability of AgTCN gives rise to much higher polyprenols recovery than conventional silica gel during the chromatographic elution. In addition, we found that the adsorption of polyprenols onto the AgTCN conforms to pseudo-second-order kinetic model and AgTCN has strong affinity with polyprenols by analyzing Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin-Pyzhev, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The calculation results of thermodynamic parameters demonstrate that decrease of temperature in favor of increasing the adsorbing capacity of polyprenols onto the AgTCN, and the adsorption process of which is exothermic reaction. Our results pave the way for the novel separation methods of polyprenols from Ginkgo biloba leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Zhang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ran Tao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Ye
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China; Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Zhang N, Lan W, Wang Q, Sun X, Xie J. Antibacterial mechanism of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract when applied to Shewanella putrefaciens and Saprophytic staphylococcus. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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12
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Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Martins N, Chirumbolo S, Goh BH, Smetanina K, Lysiuk R. Brief Challenges on Medicinal Plants: An Eye-Opening Look at Ageing-Related Disorders. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 122:539-558. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine; Mo i Rana Norway
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO); Karaj Iran
| | - Natália Martins
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA; Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia; Bragança Portugal
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX); School of Pharmacy; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Malaysia
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD); School of Pharmacy; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Phayao; Phayao Thailand
- Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population; Implementation and Clinical Outcomes; Health and Well-Being Cluster; Global Asia in the 21st Century Platform; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | - Kateryna Smetanina
- Department of Management and Economy of Pharmacy; Postgraduate Faculty; Drug Technology and Pharmacoeconomics; Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University; Lviv Ukraine
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany; Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University; Lviv Ukraine
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13
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Zhang CW, Wang CZ, Tao R. Characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides extracted from enzymatic hydrolysate of Ginkgo biloba
leaves. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
- Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material; Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
| | - Cheng-Zhang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
- Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material; Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry, CAF; Beijing 100091 China
| | - Ran Tao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
- Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA; Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material; Nanjing 210042 Jiangsu China
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