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Xu X, Li P, Zhong Y, Yu J, Miao C, Tong G. Review on the oxidative catalysis methods of converting lignin into vanillin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125203. [PMID: 37270116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vanillin plays an important role not only in food and flavouring, but also as a platform compound for the synthesis of other valuable products, mainly derived from the oxidative decarboxylation of petroleum-based guaiacol production. In order to alleviate the problem of collapsing oil resources, the preparation of vanillin from lignin has become a good option from the perspective of environmental sustainability, but it is still not optimistic in terms of vanillin production. Currently, catalytic oxidative depolymerization of lignin for the preparation of vanillin is the main development trend. This paper mainly reviews four ways of preparing vanillin from lignin base: alkaline (catalytic) oxidation, electrochemical (catalytic) oxidation, Fenton (catalytic) oxidation and photo (catalytic) oxidative degradation of lignin. In this work, the working principles, influencing factors, vanillin yields obtained, respective advantages and disadvantages and the development trends of the four methods are systematically summarized, and finally, several methods for the separation and purification of lignin-based vanillin are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yidan Zhong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiangdong Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chen Miao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Guolin Tong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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2
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Mukhopadhyay D, Chang C, Kulsreshtha M, Gupta P. Bio-separation of value-added products from Kraft lignin: A promising two-stage lignin biorefinery via microbial electrochemical technology. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:307-315. [PMID: 36509205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most ubiquitous aromatic biopolymer in nature, lignin offers a promising foundation for the development of bio-based chemicals with wide-ranging industrial uses attributable to its aromatic structure. Lignin must first be depolymerized into smaller oligomeric and monomeric units at the initial stage of lignin bioconversion, followed by separation to recover valuable products. This study demonstrates an integrative biorefinery idea based on in-situ depolymerization of the lignin via microbial electro-Fenton reaction in a microbial peroxide-producing cell and recovery of the identified products i.e., phenolic or aromatic monomers by one step high throughput chromatography. The yield percentage of acetovanillone, ethylvanillin, and ferulic acid recovered from the depolymerized lignin using the integrative biorefinery strategy were 2.1 %, 9.1 %, and 9.04 %, respectively. These products have diverse industrial usage and can be employed as platform chemicals. The development of a novel system for efficient simultaneous lignin depolymerization and subsequent quality separation are demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruva Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Changsomba Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Mohit Kulsreshtha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.
| | - Pratima Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
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3
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Khan I, Hararak B, Fernando GF. Improved procedure for electro-spinning and carbonisation of neat solvent-fractionated softwood Kraft lignin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16237. [PMID: 34376725 PMCID: PMC8355243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, the electro-spinning of lignin requires it to be functionalised and/or blended with synthetic or natural polymers. This paper reports on the use of solvent fractionated lignin-lignin blend to electro-spin BioChoice softwood Kraft lignin. The blend consisted of acetone-soluble and ethanol-soluble lignin in a binary solvent of acetone and DMSO. Solvent fractionation was used to purify lignin where the ash content was reduced in the soluble lignin fractions from 1.24 to ~ 0.1%. The corresponding value after conventional acid-washing in sulphuric acid was 0.34%. A custom-made electro-spinning apparatus was used to produce the nano-fibres. Heat treatment procedures were developed for drying the electro-spun fibres prior to oxidation and carbonisation; this was done to prevent fibre fusion. The lignin fibres were oxidised at 250 °C, carbonised at 1000 °C, 1200 °C and 1500 °C. The cross-section of the fibres was circular and they were observed to be void-free. The longitudinal sections showed that the fibres were not fused. Thus, this procedure demonstrated that solvent fractionated lignin can be electro-spun without using plasticisers or polymer blends using common laboratory solvents and subsequently carbonised to produce carbon fibres with a circular cross-section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inam Khan
- Sensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bongkot Hararak
- Sensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gerard F Fernando
- Sensors and Composites Group, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Gómez-Cruz I, del Mar Contreras M, Romero I, Castro E. A biorefinery approach to obtain antioxidants, lignin and sugars from exhausted olive pomace. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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5
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Delignification of Cistus ladanifer Biomass by Organosolv and Alkali Processes. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14041127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Residues of Cistus ladanifer obtained after commercial steam distillation for essential oil production were evaluated to produce cellulose enriched solids and added-value lignin-derived compounds. The delignification of extracted (CLRext) and extracted and hydrothermally pretreated biomass (CLRtreat) was studied using two organosolv processes, ethanol/water mixtures (EO), and alkali-catalyzed glycerol (AGO), and by an alkali (sodium hydroxide) process (ASP) under different reaction conditions. The phenolic composition of soluble lignin was determined by capillary zone electrophoresis and by Py-GC/MS, which was also used to establish the monomeric composition of both the delignified solids and isolated lignin. The enzymatic saccharification of the delignified solids was also evaluated. The ASP (4% NaOH, 2 h) lead to both the highest delignification and enzymatic saccharification (87% and 79%, respectively). A delignification of 76% and enzymatic hydrolysis yields of 72% were obtained for AGO (4% NaOH) while EO processes led to lower delignification (maximum lignin removal 29%). The residual lignin in the delignified solids were enriched in G- and H-units, with S-units being preferentially removed. The main phenolics present in the ASP and AGO liquors were vanillic acid and epicatechin, while gallic acid was the main phenolic in the EO liquors. The results showed that C. ladanifer residues can be a biomass source for the production of lignin-derivatives and glucan-rich solids to be further used in bioconversion processes.
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Ferreira JA, Taherzadeh MJ. Improving the economy of lignocellulose-based biorefineries with organosolv pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 299:122695. [PMID: 31918973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose-based processes for production of value-added products still face bottlenecks to attain feasibility. The key might lie on the biorefining of all lignocellulose main polymers, that is, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Lignin, considered an impediment in the access of cellulose and normally considered for energy recovery purposes, can give a higher contribution towards profitability of lignocellulosic biorefineries. Organosolv pretreatment allows selective fractionation of lignocellulose into separate cellulose-, hemicellulose- and lignin-rich streams. Ethanol organosolv and wood substrates dominated the research studies, while a wide range of substrates need definition on the most suitable organosolv pretreatment systems. Techno-economic and environmental analyses of organosolv-based processes as well as proper valorization strategies of the hemicellulose-rich fraction are still scarce. In view of dominance of ethanol organosolv with high delignification yields and high-purity of the recovered cellulose-rich fractions, close R & D collaboration with 1st generation ethanol plants might boost commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Ferreira
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden.
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Abejón R, Rabadán J, Garea A, Irabien A. Comparison of Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes and Polymeric Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration Membranes for Separation of Lignin and Monosaccharides. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10020029. [PMID: 32075000 PMCID: PMC7073623 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is one of the three main components of lignocellulosic biomass and must be considered a raw material with attractive applications from an economic and ecological point of view. Therefore, biorefineries must have in mind the most adequate processing to obtain high-quality lignin and the separation tasks that play a key role to improve the purity of the lignin. Separation techniques based on membranes are a promising way to achieve these requirements. In this work, the separation performance of the SILM (Supported Ionic Liquid Membrane) formed with [BMIM][DBP] as IL (Ionic Liquid) and PTFE as membrane support was compared to a nanofiltration (NF) membrane (NP010 by Microdyn-Nadir) and two ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (UF5 and UF10 by Trisep). The SILM showed selective transport of Kraft lignin, lignosulphonate, xylose, and glucose in aqueous solutions. Although it was stable under different conditions and its performance was improved by the integration of agitation, it was not competitive when compared to NF and UF membranes, although the latter ones suffered fouling. The NF membrane was the best alternative for the separation of lignosulphonates from monosaccharides (separation factors around 75 while SILM attained only values lower than 3), while the UF5 membrane should be selected to separate Kraft lignin and monosaccharides (separation factors around 100 while SILM attained only values below 3).
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Hernández-Carlos B, Francenia Santos-Sánchez N, Salas-Coronado R, Villanueva-Cañongo C, Cecilia Guadarrama-Mendoza P. Antioxidant Compounds from Agro-Industrial Residue. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Sigurdardóttir SB, Sueb MSM, Pinelo M. Membrane compaction, internal fouling, and membrane preconditioning as major factors affecting performance of solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes in methanol solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Sultan Z, Graça I, Li Y, Lima S, Peeva LG, Kim D, Ebrahim MA, Rinaldi R, Livingston AG. Membrane Fractionation of Liquors from Lignin-First Biorefining. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1203-1212. [PMID: 30673171 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
For the utilization of each lignin fraction in the lignin liquors, the development of separation strategies to fractionate the lignin streams by molecular weight ranges constitutes a timely challenge to be tackled. Herein, membrane filtration was applied to the refining of lignin streams obtained from a lignin-first biorefining process based on H-transfer reactions catalyzed by Raney Ni, by using 2-PrOH as a part of the lignin extraction liquor and as an H-donor. A two-stage membrane cascade was considered to separate and concentrate the monophenol-rich fraction from the liquor. Building on the results, an economic evaluation of the potential of membrane filtration for the refining of lignin streams was undertaken. In this proof-of-concept report, a detailed analysis is presented of future developments in the performance required for the utilization of membrane filtration for lignin refining and, more aspiringly, solvent reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Sultan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Graça
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yueqin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sérgio Lima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ludmila G Peeva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daeok Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmood A Ebrahim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Livingston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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11
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Abstract
Lignin valorization is a key aspect to design sustainable management systems for lignocellulosic biomass. The successful implementation of bio-refineries requires high value added applications for the chemicals derived from lignin. Without effective separation processes, the achievement of this purpose is difficult. Supported ionic liquid membranes can play a relevant role in the separation and purification of lignocellulosic components. This work investigated different supported ionic liquid membranes for selective transport of two different types of technical lignins (Kraft lignin and lignosulphonate) and monosaccharides (xylose and glucose) in aqueous solution. Although five different membrane supports and nine ionic liquids were tested, only the system composed by [BMIM][DBP] as an ionic liquid and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a membrane support allowed the selective transport of the tested solutes. The results obtained with this selective membrane demonstrated that lignins were more slowly transferred from the feed compartment to the stripping compartment through the membrane than the monosaccharides. A model was proposed to calculate the effective mass transfer constants of the solutes through the membrane (values in the range 0.5–2.0 × 10−3 m/h). Nevertheless, the stability of this identified selective membrane and its potential to be implemented in effective separation processes must be further analyzed.
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12
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Jia Y, Wen Y, Han X, Qi J, Liu Z, Zhang S, Li G. Electrocatalytic degradation of rice straw lignin in alkaline solution through oxidation on a Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 anode and reduction on an iron or tin doped titanium cathode. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00307f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure for selective production of biomass-based compounds by electrochemical conversion has been developed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Jia
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Yeqian Wen
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xiao Han
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jian Qi
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Songmei Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Gang Li
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
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