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Bhalla TC, Thakur N, Kumar V. Arylacetonitrilases: Potential Biocatalysts for Green Chemistry. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:1769-1785. [PMID: 37453025 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrilases are the enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nitriles to corresponding carboxylic acid and ammonia. They are broadly categorized into aromatic, aliphatic, and arylacetonitrilases based on their substrate specificity. Most of the studies pertaining to these enzymes in the literature have focused on aromatic and aliphatic nitrilases. However, arylacetonitrilases have attracted the attention of academia and industry in the last several years due to their aryl specificity and enantioselectivity. They have emerged as interesting biocatalytic tools in green chemistry to synthesize useful aryl acids such as mandelic acid and derivatives of phenylacetic acid. The aim of the present review is to collate information on the arylacetonitrilases and their catalytic properties including enantioselectivity and potential applications in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tek Chand Bhalla
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Himachal Pradesh, Gyan-Path, Shimla, 171005, India.
| | - Neerja Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Himachal Pradesh, Gyan-Path, Shimla, 171005, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Himachal Pradesh, Rajkiya Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Longwood, Shimla, 171001, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Himachal Pradesh, Gyan-Path, Shimla, 171005, India
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Monika, Sheetal, Thakur N, Chand Bhalla T. Biotransformation of 3-cyanopyridine to nicotinic acid using whole-cell nitrilase of Gordonia terrae mutant MN12. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:195-206. [PMID: 36451047 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the Gordonia terrae was subjected to chemical mutagenesis using ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 5-bromouracil (5-BU) and hydroxylamine with the aim of improving the catalytic efficiency of its nitrilase for conversion of 3-cyanopyridine to nicotinic acid. A mutant MN12 generated with MNNG exhibited increase in nitrilase activity from 0.5 U/mg dcw (dry cell weight) (in the wild G. terrae) to 1.33 U/mg dcw. Further optimizations of culture conditions using response surface methodology enhanced the enzyme production to 1.2-fold. Whole-cell catalysis was adopted for bench-scale synthesis of nicotinic acid, and 100% conversion of 100 mM 3-cyanopyridine was achieved in potassium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 8.0) at 40 °C in 15 min. The whole-cell nitrilase of the mutant MN12 exhibited higher rate of product formation and volumetric productivity, i.e., 24.56 g/h/g dcw and 221 g/L as compared to 8.95 g/h/g dcw and 196.8 g/L of the wild G. terrae. The recovered product was confirmed by HPLC, FTIR and NMR analysis with high purity (> 99.9%). These results indicated that the mutant MN12 of G. terrae as whole-cell nitrilase is a very promising biocatalyst for the large-scale synthesis of nicotinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India
| | - Sheetal
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India
| | - Neerja Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India
| | - Tek Chand Bhalla
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India.
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Monika, Sheetal, Thakur N, Bhalla TC. An improved process for synthesis of nicotinic acid using hyper induced whole cell nitrilase of Gordonia terrae MTCC8139. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:303. [PMID: 36276445 PMCID: PMC9525517 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrilase mediated synthesis of nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) from 3-cyanopyridine has emerged as promising viable alternative to its chemical synthesis. In the present investigation, the nitrilase production in Gordonia terrae MTCC8139 has been increased by two fold with inducer feeding approach [i.e. the addition of 0.5% (v/v) isobutyronitrile as inducer at 0, 16 and 24 h of incubation of the culture]. The use of hyper induced whole cell nitrilase of G. terrae as biocatalyst (10 U per ml reaction) to synthesize nicotinic acid from 3-cyanopyridine in a fed batch reaction at one litre scale resulted in accumulation of 1.65 M (202 g) nicotinic acid in 330 min. The catalytic productivity of hyper induced whole cell nitrilase was increased from 8.95 to 15.3 g/h/g dcw and the reaction time was reduced to half. This is the highest productivity of nicotinic acid in a nitrilase mediated process so far reported. The achievements of the present investigation will lead to mitigate the cost of nitrilase vis-a-vis nicotinic acid production at large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, HP 171005 India
| | - Sheetal
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, HP 171005 India
| | - Neerja Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, HP 171005 India
| | - Tek Chand Bhalla
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, HP 171005 India
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Shen YP, Liao YL, Lu Q, He X, Yan ZB, Liu JZ. ATP and NADPH engineering of Escherichia coli to improve the production of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid using CRISPRi. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:100. [PMID: 33879249 PMCID: PMC8056492 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4HPAA) is an important raw material for the synthesis of drugs, pesticides and biochemicals. Microbial biotechnology would be an attractive approach for 4HPAA production, and cofactors play an important role in biosynthesis. RESULTS We developed a novel strategy called cofactor engineering based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat interference (CRISPRi) screening (CECRiS) for improving NADPH and/or ATP availability, enhancing the production of 4HPAA. All NADPH-consuming and ATP-consuming enzyme-encoding genes of E. coli were repressed through CRISPRi. After CRISPRi screening, 6 NADPH-consuming and 19 ATP-consuming enzyme-encoding genes were identified. The deletion of the NADPH-consuming enzyme-encoding gene yahK and the ATP-consuming enzyme-encoding gene fecE increased the production of 4HPAA from 6.32 to 7.76 g/L. Automatically downregulating the expression of the pabA gene using the Esa-PesaS quorum-sensing-repressing system further improved the production of 4HPAA. The final strain E. coli 4HPAA-∆yfp produced 28.57 g/L of 4HPAA with a yield of 27.64% (mol/mol) in 2-L bioreactor fed-batch fermentations. The titer and yield are the highest values to date. CONCLUSION This CECRiS strategy will be useful in engineering microorganisms for the high-level production of bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Shen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, 425199 China
| | - Yu-Ling Liao
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Lu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin He
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Bo Yan
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
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Wu X, Gu Y, Wu X, Zhou X, Zhou H, Amanze C, Shen L, Zeng W. Construction of a Tetracycline Degrading Bacterial Consortium and Its Application Evaluation in Laboratory-Scale Soil Remediation. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020292. [PMID: 32093355 PMCID: PMC7074960 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As an environmental pollutant, tetracycline (TC) can persist in the soil for years and damage the ecosystem. So far, many methods have been developed to handle the TC contamination. Microbial remediation, which involves the use of microbes to biodegrade the pollutant, is considered cost-efficient and more suitable for practical application in soil. This study isolated several strains from TC-contaminated soil and constructed a TC-degrading bacterial consortium containing Raoultella sp. XY-1 and Pandoraea sp. XY-2, which exhibited better growth and improved TC degradation efficiency compared with single strain (81.72% TC was biodegraded within 12 days in Lysogeny broth (LB) medium). Subsequently, lab-scale soil remediation was conducted to evaluate its effectiveness in different soils and the environmental effects it brought. Results indicated that the most efficient TC degradation was recorded at 30 °C and in soil sample Y which had relatively low initial TC concentration (around 35 mg/kg): TC concentration decreased by 43.72% within 65 days. Soil properties were affected, for instance, at 30 °C, the pH value of soil sample Y increased to near neutral, and soil moisture content (SMC) of both soils declined. Analysis of bacterial communities at the phylum level showed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi were the four dominant phyla, and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria significantly increased in both soils after bioremediation. Further analysis of bacterial communities at the genus level revealed that Raoultella sp. XY-1 successfully proliferated in soil, while Pandoraea sp. XY-2 was undetectable. Moreover, bacteria associated with nitrogen cycling, biodegradation of organic pollutants, soil biochemical reactions, and plant growth were affected, causing the decline in soil bacterial diversity. Variations in the relative abundance of tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs) and mobile gene elements (MGEs) were investigated, the results obtained indicated that tetD, tetG, tetX,intI1, tnpA-04, and tnpA-05 had higher relative abundance in original soils, and the relative abundance of most TRGs and MGEs declined after the microbial remediation. Network analysis indicated that tnpA may dominate the transfer of TRGs, and Massilia, Alkanibacter, Rhizomicrobium, Xanthomonadales, Acidobacteriaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae were possible hosts of TRGs or MGEs. This study comprehensively evaluated the effectiveness and the ecological effects of the TC-degrading bacterial consortium in soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (C.A.); (L.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yichao Gu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (C.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (C.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (C.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Han Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (C.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Charles Amanze
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (C.A.); (L.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Li Shen
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (C.A.); (L.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Weimin Zeng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (C.A.); (L.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0731-88877472
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Efficient whole-cell catalysis for 5-aminovalerate production from L-lysine by using engineered Escherichia coli with ethanol pretreatment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:990. [PMID: 31969619 PMCID: PMC6976619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms can utilize biomass to produce valuable chemicals, showing sustainable, renewable and economic advantages compared with traditional chemical synthesis. As a potential five-carbon platform polymer monomer, 5-aminovalerate has been widely used in industrial fields such as clothes and disposable goods. Here we establish an efficient whole-cell catalysis for 5-aminovalerate production with ethanol pretreatment. In this study, the metabolic pathway from L-lysine to 5-aminovalerate was constructed at the cellular level by introducing L-lysine α-oxidase. The newly produced H2O2 and added ethanol both are toxic to the cells, obviously inhibiting their growth. Here, a promising strategy of whole-cell catalysis with ethanol pretreatment is proposed, which greatly improves the yield of 5-aminovalerate. Subsequently, the effects of ethanol pretreatment, substrate concentration, reaction temperature, pH value, metal ion additions and hydrogen peroxide addition on the whole-cell biocatalytic efficiency were investigated. Using 100 g/L of L-lysine hydrochloride as raw material, 50.62 g/L of 5-aminovalerate could be excellently produced via fed-batch bioconversion with the yield of 0.84 mol/mol. The results show that a fast, environmentally friendly and efficient production of 5-aminovalerate was established after introducing the engineered whole-cell biocatalysts. This strategy, combined with ethanol pretreatment, can not only greatly enhance the yield of 5-aminovalerate but also be applied to the biosynthesis of other valuable chemicals.
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Chhiba-Govindjee VP, van der Westhuyzen CW, Bode ML, Brady D. Bacterial nitrilases and their regulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4679-4692. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Shen YP, Fong LS, Yan ZB, Liu JZ. Combining directed evolution of pathway enzymes and dynamic pathway regulation using a quorum-sensing circuit to improve the production of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:94. [PMID: 31044007 PMCID: PMC6477704 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4HPAA) is an important building block for synthesizing drugs, agrochemicals, biochemicals, etc. 4HPAA is currently produced exclusively via petrochemical processes and the process is environmentally unfriendly and unsustainable. Microbial cell factory would be an attractive approach for 4HPAA production. RESULTS In the present study, we established a microbial biosynthetic system for the de novo production of 4HPAA from glucose in Escherichia coli. First, we compared different biosynthetic pathways for the production of 4HPAA. The yeast Ehrlich pathway produced the highest level of 4HPAA among these pathways that were evaluated. To increase the pathway efficiency, the yeast Ehrlich pathway enzymes were directedly evolved via error-prone PCR. Two phenylpyruvate decarboxylase ARO10 and phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase FeaB variants that outperformed the wild-type enzymes were obtained. These mutations increased the in vitro and in vivo catalytic efficiency for converting 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to 4HPAA. A tunable intergenic region (TIGR) sequence was inserted into the two evolved genes to balance their expression. Regulation of TIGR for the evolved pathway enzymes further improved the production of 4HPAA, resulting in a 1.13-fold increase in titer compared with the fusion wild-type pathway. To prevent the toxicity of a heterologous pathway to the cell, an Esa quorum-sensing (QS) circuit with both activating and repressing functions was developed for inducer-free productions of metabolites. The Esa-PesaR activation QS system was used to dynamically control the biosynthetic pathway of 4HPAA in E. coli, which achieved 17.39 ± 0.26 g/L with a molar yield of 23.2% without addition of external inducers, resulting in a 46.4% improvement of the titer compared to the statically controlled pathway. CONCLUSION We have constructed an E. coli for 4HPAA production with the highest titer to date. This study also demonstrates that the combination of directed evolution of pathway enzymes and dynamic pathway regulation using a QS circuit is a powerful strategy of metabolic engineering for the productions of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Shen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Lai San Fong
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Zhi-Bo Yan
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
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Thakur N, Sharma NK, Thakur S, Monika, Bhalla TC. Bioprocess Development for the Synthesis of 4-Aminophenylacetic Acid Using Nitrilase Activity of Whole Cells of Alcaligenes faecalis MTCC 12629. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-02762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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