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Ma W, Liu T, Ogaji OD, Li J, Du K, Chang Y. Recent advances in Scutellariae radix: A comprehensive review on ethnobotanical uses, processing, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, quality control and influence factors of biosynthesis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36146. [PMID: 39262990 PMCID: PMC11388511 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Scutellariae radix (SR) is the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. It has a long history of ethnic medicinal use, traditionally recognized for its efficacy in clearing heat, drying dampness, eliminating fire, removing toxins , stopping bleeding and tranquilizing fetus to prevent miscarriage. Clinically, it is used to treat cold, fever, migraine, hand-foot-and-mouth diseases, liver cancer and inflammatory diseases. Purpose The review aims to provide a comprehensive reference on the ethnobotanical uses, processing, phytochemistry, pharmacological effect, quality control and influence factors of biosynthesis for a deeper understanding of SR. Results and conclusion A total of 210 isolated components have been reported in the literature, including flavonoids and their glycosides, phenylpropanoids, phenylethanoid glycosides, phenolic acids, volatile components, polysaccharides and others. The extract of SR and its main flavonoids such as baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, wogonoside, and scutellarin showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antiviral, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. However, further studies are required to elucidate its mechanisms of action and clinical applications. The pharmacodynamic evaluation based on traditional efficacy should be conducted. Although various analytical methods have been established for the quality control of SR, there are gaps in the research regarding efficacy-related quality markers and the development of quality control standards for its processed products. The regulatory mechanisms of flavonoids biosynthesis remain to be explored while the influence of environmental and transcription factors on the biosynthesis have been studied. In conclusion, SR is a promising herbal medicine with significant potential for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Omachi Daniel Ogaji
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Kunze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
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Zhang Y, Li H, Hai X, Guo X, Di X. Designing green and recyclable switchable supramolecular deep eutectic solvents for efficient extraction of flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix and mechanism exploration. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465084. [PMID: 38879980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
A green and recyclable switchable supramolecular deep eutectic solvent (SS-DES) was designed and prepared for effective extraction of flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix. The novel SS-DES has both excellent extraction performance of DES and the host guest inclusion of cyclodextrin, thereby showing superior extraction efficiency and selectivity. The characteristic of polarity switching can endow the SS-DES with achieving homogeneous extraction and rapid two-phase separation, shorting per-treatment time largely. Parameters affecting the extraction performance were investigated by the response surface methodology. The results indicated that the SS-DES showed better extraction yield of total flavonoids (157.95 mg/g) compared with pure DES (135 mg/g) and traditional organic solvent (60 % ethanol, 104.87 mg/g). Moreover, the switching mechanism of SS-DES was characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR, and the extraction mechanism was studied by density functional theory and molecular docking analysis. After evaluating the ecological impact of the method, the cytotoxicity of SS-DES was investigated and the result displayed that its toxicity was very low or even negligible with the EC50>2000 mg/L. After being adsorbed by macroporous AB-8 resin, the regenerated SS-DES was recycled 5 times and the extraction efficiency still remained above 90 %, indicating the desirable reusability. Therefore, the proposed method was efficient and sustainable, and revealed favorable application prospect for the extraction of bio-active compounds from plant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiaoqin Hai
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xin Di
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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Khoo YS, Tjong TC, Chew JW, Hu X. Techniques for recovery and recycling of ionic liquids: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171238. [PMID: 38423336 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Due to beneficial properties like non-flammability, thermal stability, low melting point and low vapor pressure, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained great interest from engineers and researchers in the past decades to replace conventional solvents. The superior characteristics of ILs make them promising for applications in fields as wide-ranging as pharmaceuticals, foods, nanoparticles synthesis, catalysis, electrochemistry and so on. To alleviate the high cost and environmental impact of ILs, various technologies have been reported to recover and purify the used ILs, as well as recycling the ILs. The aim of this article is to overview the state-of-the-art research on the recovery and recycling technologies for ILs including membrane technology, distillation, extraction, aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) and adsorption. In addition, challenges and future perspectives on ILs recovery are discussed. This review is expected to provide valuable insights for developing effective and environmentally friendly recovery methods for ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Siew Khoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Ave, Block N4.1, 639798, Singapore; RGE-NTU Sustainable Textile Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798, Singapore
| | - Tommy Chandra Tjong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Ave, Block N4.1, 639798, Singapore; RGE-NTU Sustainable Textile Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798, Singapore
| | - Jia Wei Chew
- RGE-NTU Sustainable Textile Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798, Singapore; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore; Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Xiao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Ave, Block N4.1, 639798, Singapore; RGE-NTU Sustainable Textile Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798, Singapore.
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Lim JR, Chua LS, Mustaffa AA. Pro-inflammatory enzyme inhibition of lipoxygenases by flavonoid rich extract from Artemisia vulgaris. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1237:124072. [PMID: 38484676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The peroxyl radicals generated by the activity of lipoxygenases (LOX) are mediators to trigger inflammatory diseases. Therefore, it is important to investigate potent LOX inhibitor for modulating the occurrence and resolving inflammatory processes. Artemisa vulgaris, is a herbal plant that is known for flavonoids, potentially inhibiting lipid peroxidation and scavenging radicals. The objectives of the present study were to obtain flavonoids rich extract from A. vulgaris, and determine the inhibitory mode of the extract against LOX. The flavonoids rich extract was optimized in an ultrasound assisted extraction using ionic liquids as extraction solvent. The results found that the optimum conditions; ratio of solid-to-liquid (1:10) and 30 min of extraction time could produce the high yield (10.14 %) and flavonoid content (5.30 mg QE/g). The LOX activity was demonstrated to follow a mixed mode of inhibition in the presence of the flavonoid rich extract as an inhibitor. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) was increased from 0.283 µM to 0.435 µM, whereas the maximum velocity was reduced from 0.22 µM/min to 0.058 µM/min in the inhibition. The flavonoids rich extract is likely to be a natural potent non-competitive inhibitor which may bind to free LOX or substrate-bound LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ru Lim
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Lee Suan Chua
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Azizul Azri Mustaffa
- Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment (RISE), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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Lim JR, Chua LS, Mustaffa AA. Ionic liquids as green solvent and their applications in bioactive compounds extraction from plants. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cao Y, Tan X, Zhan G, Li Q, Wang H, Li Z. Novel process for selective separation of trace artemisitene from artemisinin by ammonium functional ionic liquids. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xin Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Guoxiong Zhan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Qiongguang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Zengxi Li
- College of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
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Narayanan M, Kiran A, Natarajan D, Kandasamy S, Shanmugam S, Alshiekheid M, S. Almoallim H, Pugazhendhi A. The pharmaceutical potential of crude ethanol leaf extract of Pedalium murex (L.). Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Wang Y, Wang S, Liu L. Extraction of geniposidic acid and aucubin employing aqueous two-phase systems comprising ionic liquids and salts. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bourgou S, Bettaieb Rebey I, Ben Kaab S, Hammami M, Dakhlaoui S, Sawsen S, Msaada K, Isoda H, Ksouri R, Fauconnier ML. Green Solvent to Substitute Hexane for Bioactive Lipids Extraction from Black Cumin and Basil Seeds. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071493. [PMID: 34203148 PMCID: PMC8308025 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study of bioactive lipids extraction from black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seeds using conventional petroleum-based solvent and green solvent 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF) was performed. MeTHF extraction allowed obtaining the highest oil yield in black cumin (34%). Regarding fatty acids composition, linoleic acid (61%) and α-linolenic (78%) were relevant in black cumin and basil green and conventionally extracted oils, respectively. Besides, MeTHF allowed obtaining higher tocopherols and total phenolics contents in black cumin (400 mg/kg of oil and 12 mg EGA/g oil) and basil (317 mg/kg oil and 5 mg EGA/g oil) compared to hexane-extracted ones. The content of major phenolic compounds in the two seed oils, trans-hydroxycinnamic acid, rosmarinic acid, and thymol was enhanced by MeTHF extraction. Furthermore, MeTHF-extracted oils possess stronger antioxidant activities (radical scavenging, total antioxidant, and β-carotene bleaching activities) and high and similar anti-inflammatory capacity to hexane-extracted oils. In conclusion, the results revealed that MeTHF is efficient to replace hazardous solvents to extract oil from black cumin and basil seeds rich in compounds relevant to the human diet, including essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 and n-3), tocopherols, and phenolic compounds with improved biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Bourgou
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatics Plant, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia; (I.B.R.); (S.B.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Iness Bettaieb Rebey
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatics Plant, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia; (I.B.R.); (S.B.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (R.K.)
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Sofiene Ben Kaab
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatics Plant, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia; (I.B.R.); (S.B.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (R.K.)
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège 2, 8 Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Majdi Hammami
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatics Plant, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia; (I.B.R.); (S.B.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Sarra Dakhlaoui
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatics Plant, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia; (I.B.R.); (S.B.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Selmi Sawsen
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatics Plant, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia; (I.B.R.); (S.B.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Kamel Msaada
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatics Plant, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia; (I.B.R.); (S.B.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Integrative and Global Majors (SIGMA), and Alliance for Research on Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058572, Japan;
| | - Riadh Ksouri
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatics Plant, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia; (I.B.R.); (S.B.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.); (S.S.); (K.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
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