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Hu Y, Li Y, Cao Y, Shen Y, Zou X, Liu J, Zhao J. Advancements in enzymatic biotransformation and bioactivities of rare ginsenosides: A review. J Biotechnol 2024; 392:78-89. [PMID: 38945483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenoside, the principal active constituent of ginseng, exhibits enhanced bioavailability and medicinal efficacy in rare ginsenosides compared to major ginsenosides. Current research is focused on efficiently and selectively removing sugar groups attached to the major ginsenoside sugar chains to convert them into rare ginsenosides that meet the demands of medical industry and functional foods. The methods for preparing rare ginsenosides encompass chemical, microbial, and enzymatic approaches. Among these, the enzyme conversion method is highly favored by researchers due to its exceptional specificity and robust efficiency. This review summarizes the biological activities of different rare ginsenosides, explores the various glycosidases used in the biotransformation of different major ginsenosides as substrates, and elucidates their respective corresponding biotransformation pathways. These findings will provide valuable references for the development, utilization, and industrial production of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Hu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuzhu Shen
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xianjun Zou
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Diao M, Chen Y, Meng L, Li J, Xie N. Biotransformation approach to produce rare ginsenosides F1, compound Mc1, and Rd2 from major ginsenosides. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:176. [PMID: 38493413 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03893-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng contain high saponins, but they are often discarded as agricultural waste. In this study, the predominant ginsenosides Rg1, Rc, and Rb2, presented in the stems and leaves of ginseng plants, were biotransformed into value-added rare ginsenosides F1, compound Mc1 (C-Mc1), and Rd2, respectively. A fungal strain YMS6 (Penicillium sp.) was screened from the soil as a biocatalyst with high selectivity for the deglycosylation of major ginsenosides. Under the optimal fermentation conditions, the yields of F1, C-Mc1, and Rd2 were 97.95, 68.64, and 79.58%, respectively. This study provides a new microbial resource for the selective conversion of protopanaxadiol-type and protopanaxatriol-type major saponins into rare ginsenosides via the whole-cell biotransformation and offers a solution for the better utilization of P. notoginseng waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Diao
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Yanchi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Lijun Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Jianxiu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Nengzhong Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
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Song WS, Shin KC, Oh DK. Production of ginsenoside compound K from American ginseng extract by fed-batch culture of Aspergillus tubingensis. AMB Express 2023; 13:64. [PMID: 37356062 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound K (C-K), one of the most bioactive ginsenoside, is produced by hydrolyzing the glycoside moieties of protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type glycosylated ginsenosides in the ginseng extract. To enhance the biotransformation of PPD-type ginsenosides in American ginseng extract (AGE) into C-K, the optimization of the feed type, concentration, and period for the carbon source sucrose and the reactant AGE was performed in fed-batch fermentation of Aspergillus tubingensis using a fermenter. The concentration (3.94 g/L) and productivity (27.4 mg/L/h) of C-K after feed optimization in fed-batch fermentation increased 3.1-fold compared to those (1.29 g/L and 8.96 mg/L/h) in batch fermentation, and a molar conversion of 100% was achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first trial of fed-batch fermentation to convert ginseng extract into deglycosylated ginsenoside and the highest reported C-K concentration and productivity using ginseng extract via fermentation. After ethanol and resin treatments, C-K solids with purities of 59% and 96% were obtained from the fermentation broth as food- and pharmaceutical-grade products, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Seok Song
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Li R, Liu X, Li X, Tian D, Fan D, Ma X, Wu Z. Co-immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase in green synthesized Zn-BTC for ginsenoside CK biocatalysis. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Shuai M, Yang Y, Bai F, Cao L, Hou R, Peng C, Cai H. Geographical origin of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) based on chemical composition combined with chemometric. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang Z, Liu C, Yu H, Wu B, Huai B, Zhuang Z, Sun C, Xu L, Jin F. Icaritin Preparation from Icariin by a Special Epimedium Flavonoid-Glycosidase from Aspergillus sp.y848 Strain. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:437-446. [PMID: 35283431 PMCID: PMC9628809 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2112.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, to obtain icaritin with high pharmacological activities from icariin, which has a content ratio of over 58% in the total flavonoids of Epimedium herb, a special Epimedium flavonoid-glycosidase was produced, purified and characterized from Aspergillus sp.y848 strain. The optimal enzyme production was gained in a medium containing 5% (w/v) wheat bran extract and 0.7% (w/v) Epimedium leaf powder as the enzyme inducer, and strain culture at 30°C for 6-7 days. The molecular weight of the enzyme was approximately 73.2 kDa; the optimal pH and temperature were 5.0 and 40°C. The enzyme Km and Vmax values for icariin were 15.63 mM and 55.56 mM/h. Moreover, the enzyme hydrolyzed the 7-O-glucosides of icariin into icariside II, and finally hydrolyzed 3-O-rhamnoside of icariside II into icaritin. The enzyme also hydrolyzed 7-O-glucosides of epimedin B to sagittatoside B, and then further hydrolyzed terminal 3-O-xyloside of sagittatoside B to icarisiede II, before finally hydrolyzing 3-O-rhamnoside of icarisiede II into icaritin. The enzyme only hydrolyzed 7-O-glucoside of epimedin A or epimedin C into sagittatoside A or sagittatoside C. It is possible to prepare icaritin from the high-content icariin in Epimedium herb using this enzyme. When 2.5% icariin was reacted at 40°C for 18-20 h by the low-cost crude enzyme, 5.04 g icaritin with 98% purity was obtained from 10 g icariin. Also, the icaritin molar yield was 92.5%. Our results showed icaritin was successfully produced via cost-effective and relatively simple methods from icariin by crude enzyme. Our results should be very useful for the development of medicines from Epimedium herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-Yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116034, P.R. China
| | - Chunying Liu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Liaoning Marine Microbial Engineering and Technology Center, Dalian University, Xuefu-Dajie No. 10, Economic Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116622, P.R. China,
C.Y. Liu Phone/Fax: +86-135911-96400 E-mail:
| | - Hongshan Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-Yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116034, P.R. China,Corresponding authors H.S. Yu Phone/Fax: +86-411-86307737 E-mail:
| | - Bo Wu
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-Yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116034, P.R. China
| | - Baoyu Huai
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-Yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116034, P.R. China
| | - Ziyu Zhuang
- Dalian Center for Certification and Food and Drug, Huanghe-Lu No. 888A, Shahekou-qu, Dalian 116021, P.R. China
| | - Changkai Sun
- Research & Educational Center for the Control Engineering of Translational Precision Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong-ru No. 2, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116024, P.R. China,
C.K. Sun Phone: +86-13500777607 Fax: WeChat ID: sck13500777607 E-mail:
| | - Longquan Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-Yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116034, P.R. China
| | - Fengxie Jin
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-Yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116034, P.R. China,
F.X. Jin Phone/Fax: +86-411-86307737 E-mail:
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