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Weekes A, Wehr G, Pinto N, Jenkins J, Li Z, Meinert C, Klein TJ. Highly compliant biomimetic scaffolds for small diameter tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) produced via melt electrowriting (MEW). Biofabrication 2023; 16:015017. [PMID: 37992322 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad0ee1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Biofabrication approaches toward the development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) have been widely investigated. However, successful translation has been limited to large diameter applications, with small diameter grafts frequently failing due to poor mechanical performance, in particular mismatched radial compliance. Herein, melt electrowriting (MEW) of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) has enabled the manufacture of highly porous, biocompatible microfibre scaffolds with physiological anisotropic mechanical properties, as substrates for the biofabrication of small diameter TEVGs. Highly reproducible scaffolds with internal diameter of 4.0 mm were designed with 500 and 250µm pore sizes, demonstrating minimal deviation of less than 4% from the intended architecture, with consistent fibre diameter of 15 ± 2µm across groups. Scaffolds were designed with straight or sinusoidal circumferential microfibre architecture respectively, to investigate the influence of biomimetic fibre straightening on radial compliance. The results demonstrate that scaffolds with wave-like circumferential microfibre laydown patterns mimicking the architectural arrangement of collagen fibres in arteries, exhibit physiological compliance (12.9 ± 0.6% per 100 mmHg), while equivalent control geometries with straight fibres exhibit significantly reduced compliance (5.5 ± 0.1% per 100 mmHg). Further mechanical characterisation revealed the sinusoidal scaffolds designed with 250µm pores exhibited physiologically relevant burst pressures of 1078 ± 236 mmHg, compared to 631 ± 105 mmHg for corresponding 500µm controls. Similar trends were observed for strength and failure, indicating enhanced mechanical performance of scaffolds with reduced pore spacing. Preliminaryin vitroculture of human mesenchymal stem cells validated the MEW scaffolds as suitable substrates for cellular growth and proliferation, with high cell viability (>90%) and coverage (>85%), with subsequent seeding of vascular endothelial cells indicating successful attachment and preliminary endothelialisation of tissue-cultured constructs. These findings support further investigation into long-term tissue culture methodologies for enhanced production of vascular extracellular matrix components, toward the development of the next generation of small diameter TEVGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Weekes
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Wehr
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Nigel Pinto
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason Jenkins
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Christoph Meinert
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Travis J Klein
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Thorsnes QS, Turner PR, Ali MA, Cabral JD. Integrating Fused Deposition Modeling and Melt Electrowriting for Engineering Branched Vasculature. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3139. [PMID: 38137359 PMCID: PMC10740633 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time the combination of two additive manufacturing technologies used in tandem, fused deposition modelling (FDM) and melt electrowriting (MEW), to increase the range of possible MEW structures, with a focus on creating branched, hollow scaffolds for vascularization. First, computer-aided design (CAD) was used to design branched mold halves which were then used to FDM print conductive polylactic acid (cPLA) molds. Next, MEW was performed over the top of these FDM cPLA molds using polycaprolactone (PCL), an FDA-approved biomaterial. After the removal of the newly constructed MEW scaffolds from the FDM molds, complementary MEW scaffold halves were heat-melded together by placing the flat surfaces of each half onto a temperature-controlled platform, then pressing the heated halves together, and finally allowing them to cool to create branched, hollow constructs. This hybrid technique permitted the direct fabrication of hollow MEW structures that would otherwise not be possible to achieve using MEW alone. The scaffolds then underwent in vitro physical and biological testing. Specifically, dynamic mechanical analysis showed the scaffolds had an anisotropic stiffness of 1 MPa or 5 MPa, depending on the direction of the applied stress. After a month of incubation, normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) were seen growing on the scaffolds, which demonstrated that no deleterious effects were exerted by the MEW scaffolds constructed using FDM cPLA molds. The significant potential of our hybrid additive manufacturing approach to fabricate complex MEW scaffolds could be applied to a variety of tissue engineering applications, particularly in the field of vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn S. Thorsnes
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (Q.S.T.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Paul R. Turner
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Mohammed Azam Ali
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (Q.S.T.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Jaydee D. Cabral
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
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Gharibshahian M, Salehi M, Beheshtizadeh N, Kamalabadi-Farahani M, Atashi A, Nourbakhsh MS, Alizadeh M. Recent advances on 3D-printed PCL-based composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1168504. [PMID: 37469447 PMCID: PMC10353441 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1168504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Population ageing and various diseases have increased the demand for bone grafts in recent decades. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) using a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold helps to create a suitable microenvironment for cell proliferation and regeneration of damaged tissues or organs. The 3D printing technique is a beneficial tool in BTE scaffold fabrication with appropriate features such as spatial control of microarchitecture and scaffold composition, high efficiency, and high precision. Various biomaterials could be used in BTE applications. PCL, as a thermoplastic and linear aliphatic polyester, is one of the most widely used polymers in bone scaffold fabrication. High biocompatibility, low cost, easy processing, non-carcinogenicity, low immunogenicity, and a slow degradation rate make this semi-crystalline polymer suitable for use in load-bearing bones. Combining PCL with other biomaterials, drugs, growth factors, and cells has improved its properties and helped heal bone lesions. The integration of PCL composites with the new 3D printing method has made it a promising approach for the effective treatment of bone injuries. The purpose of this review is give a comprehensive overview of the role of printed PCL composite scaffolds in bone repair and the path ahead to enter the clinic. This study will investigate the types of 3D printing methods for making PCL composites and the optimal compounds for making PCL composites to accelerate bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Gharibshahian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Atashi
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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Wang X, Chan V, Corridon PR. Acellular Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts from Polymers: Methods, Achievements, Characterization, and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224825. [PMID: 36432950 PMCID: PMC9695055 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive and permanent damage to the vasculature leading to different pathogenesis calls for developing innovative therapeutics, including drugs, medical devices, and cell therapies. Innovative strategies to engineer bioartificial/biomimetic vessels have been extensively exploited as an effective replacement for vessels that have seriously malfunctioned. However, further studies in polymer chemistry, additive manufacturing, and rapid prototyping are required to generate highly engineered vascular segments that can be effectively integrated into the existing vasculature of patients. One recently developed approach involves designing and fabricating acellular vessel equivalents from novel polymeric materials. This review aims to assess the design criteria, engineering factors, and innovative approaches for the fabrication and characterization of biomimetic macro- and micro-scale vessels. At the same time, the engineering correlation between the physical properties of the polymer and biological functionalities of multiscale acellular vascular segments are thoroughly elucidated. Moreover, several emerging characterization techniques for probing the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered vascular grafts are revealed. Finally, significant challenges to the clinical transformation of the highly promising engineered vessels derived from polymers are identified, and unique perspectives on future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vincent Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (P.R.C.)
| | - Peter R. Corridon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (P.R.C.)
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Manigandan A, Dhandapani R, Bagewadi S, Sethu P, Sethuraman S, Subramanian A. Facile fabrication of Bi-layered Perfusable Hydrogel Tubes as Biomimetic 3D arterial construct. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36099909 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac91ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Small-diameter arterial conduits with native physiological and biological equivalence continues to be a constant global demand posing critical challenges in fabrication. Advent of various strategies towards mimicking the structural hierarchy of a native blood vessel, often involve complex instrumentation and template-assistance with post-processing complications eventually compromising structural fidelity. In the present research, we report a template-free, facile strategy- '3D wet writing' by peripheral-core differential ionic gelation to fabricate perfusable customizable constructs of any dimension, thickness and length in <5 mins. Dual-crosslinking using di-diol complexation of borax with Alginate-PVA was performed to enhance the stability of fabricated bi-layered tubular constructs (BLT). These fabricated BLTs demonstrated non-liner mechanical characteristics of native blood vessels in withstanding physiological (120/80 mmHg) hemodynamic loading conditions with cyclic strain (5.82 ± 0.88 %). The BLTs also ensured adequate longitudinal (0.176 ± 0.03 MPa) & circumferential (0.29 ± 0.012 MPa) tensile strength and burst pressure strength of 353.875± 22.69 mmHg. Hemocompatible characteristics of BLT were clearly evident with lower hemolytic index (0.21±0.03 %) and maintenance of erythrocyte structural integrity under dynamic conditions. Further, non-thrombogenic and non-inflammatory characteristics of BLTs were confirmed by in-activated platelets and monocytes under dynamic conditions. The developed wet-writing technique exhibited facile integration of layer-specific cells concurrently with the BLT fabrication. The spatial cell-specific expressions of smooth muscle (α-SMA) and endothelial (CD-31) cells in BLT were comparable to native hierarchical cellular organization with the multi-layered medial and mono-layered intimal layers. Further, ex-vivo dynamic studies on anastomotic interface between BLT and rat abdominal aorta clearly evidenced the functional efficacy of fabricated BLTs as physiologically relevant small-diameter vascular construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Manigandan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA University, Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing lab, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, 613401, INDIA
| | - Ramya Dhandapani
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA University, Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing lab, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, 613401, INDIA
| | - Shambhavi Bagewadi
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Thanjavur, TanilNadu, 613401, INDIA
| | - Palaniappan Sethu
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Birmingham, Alabama, AL 35223, UNITED STATES
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, Sastra University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613402, Thanjavur, 613401, INDIA
| | - Anuradha Subramanian
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA University, Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing Lab, Thanjavur, Thanjavur, - State -, 613401, INDIA
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Potere F, Belgio B, Croci GA, Tabano S, Petrini P, Dubini G, Boschetti F, Mantero S. 3D bioprinting of multi-layered segments of a vessel-like structure with ECM and novel derived bioink. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:918690. [PMID: 36061430 PMCID: PMC9437706 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.918690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3D-Bioprinting leads to the realization of tridimensional customized constructs to reproduce the biological structural complexity. The new technological challenge focuses on obtaining a 3D structure with several distinct layers to replicate the hierarchical organization of natural tissues. This work aims to reproduce large blood vessel substitutes compliant with the original tissue, combining the advantages of the 3D bioprinting, decellularization, and accounting for the presence of different cells. The decellularization process was performed on porcine aortas. Various decellularization protocols were tested and evaluated through DNA extraction, quantification, and amplification by PCR to define the adequate one. The decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), lyophilized and solubilized, was combined with gelatin, alginate, and cells to obtain a novel bioink. Several solutions were tested, tuning the percentage of the components to obtain the adequate structural properties. The geometrical model of the large blood vessel constructs was designed with SolidWorks, and the construct slicing was done using the HeartWare software, which allowed generating the G-Code. The final constructs were 3D bioprinted with the Inkredible + using dual print heads. The composition of the bioink was tuned so that it could withstand the printing of a segment of a tubular construct up to 10 mm and reproduce the multicellular complexity. Among the several compositions tested, the suspension resulting from 8% w/v gelatin, 7% w/v alginate, and 3% w/v dECM, and cells successfully produced the designed structures. With this bioink, it was possible to print structures made up of 20 layers. The dimensions of the printed structures were consistent with the designed ones. We were able to avoid the double bioink overlap in the thickness, despite the increase in the number of layers during the printing process. The optimization of the parameters allowed the production of structures with a height of 20 layers corresponding to 9 mm. Theoretical and real structures were very close. The differences were 14% in height, 20% internal diameter, and 9% thickness. By tailoring the printing parameters and the amount of dECM, adequate mechanical properties could be met. In this study, we developed an innovative printable bioink able to finely reproduce the native complex structure of the large blood vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Potere
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Federica Potere,
| | - Beatrice Belgio
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Alberto Croci
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università, Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Tabano
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università, Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Petrini
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Dubini
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Boschetti
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mantero
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
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Weekes A, Bartnikowski N, Pinto N, Jenkins J, Meinert C, Klein TJ. Biofabrication of small diameter tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Acta Biomater 2022; 138:92-111. [PMID: 34781026 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical treatment strategies for the bypassing of small diameter (<6 mm) blood vessels in the management of cardiovascular disease frequently fail due to a lack of suitable autologous grafts, as well as infection, thrombosis, and intimal hyperplasia associated with synthetic grafts. The rapid advancement of 3D printing and regenerative medicine technologies enabling the manufacture of biological, tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) with the ability to integrate, remodel, and repair in vivo, promises a paradigm shift in cardiovascular disease management. This review comprehensively covers current state-of-the-art biofabrication technologies for the development of biomimetic TEVGs. Various scaffold based additive manufacturing methods used in vascular tissue engineering, including 3D printing, bioprinting, electrospinning and melt electrowriting, are discussed and assessed against the biomechanical and functional requirements of human vasculature, while the efficacy of decellularization protocols currently applied to engineered and native vessels are evaluated. Further, we provide interdisciplinary insight into the outlook of regenerative medicine for the development of vascular grafts, exploring key considerations and perspectives for the successful clinical integration of evolving technologies. It is expected that continued advancements in microscale additive manufacturing, biofabrication, tissue engineering and decellularization will culminate in the development of clinically viable, off-the-shelf TEVGs for small diameter applications in the near future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Current clinical strategies for the management of cardiovascular disease using small diameter vessel bypassing procedures are inadequate, with up to 75% of synthetic grafts failing within 3 years of implantation. It is this critically important clinical problem that researchers in the field of vascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine aim to alleviate using biofabrication methods combining additive manufacturing, biomaterials science and advanced cellular biology. While many approaches facilitate the development of bioengineered constructs which mimic the structure and function of native blood vessels, several challenges must still be overcome for clinical translation of the next generation of tissue-engineered vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Weekes
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia; Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Nicole Bartnikowski
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia; Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4035, Australia.
| | - Nigel Pinto
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia; Department of Vascular Surgery, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Jason Jenkins
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia; Department of Vascular Surgery, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Christoph Meinert
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia; Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - Travis J Klein
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
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Wu X, Chen K, Chai Q, Liu S, Feng C, Xu L, Zhang D. Freestanding vascular scaffolds engineered by direct 3D printing with Gt-Alg-MMT bioinks. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 133:112658. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Liu X, Yan J, Liu J, Wang Y, Yin J, Fu J. Fabrication of a dual-layer cell-laden tubular scaffold for nerve regeneration and bile duct reconstruction. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33873178 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abf995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tubular scaffolds serve as a controllable extracellular environment to guide the repair and regeneration of tissues. But it is still a challenge to achieve both excellent mechanical properties and cell compatibility of artificial scaffolds for long-term structural and biological stability. In this study, a four-step solution casting method was developed to fabricate dual-layer cell-laden tubular scaffolds for nerve and bile duct regeneration. The dual-layer tubular scaffold consisted of a bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-laden hydrogel inner layer and an outer layer of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)/polyethylene glycol diacrylate. While the inner layer had a good biocompatibility, the outer layer had desired mechanical properties. The interfacial toughness, Young's modulus, maximum tensile strain, and compressive modulus of dual-layer tubular scaffolds were 65 J m-2, 122.37 ± 23.21 kPa, 100.87 ± 40.10%, and 39.14 ± 18.56 N m-1, respectively. More importantly, the fabrication procedure was very cell-friendly, since the BMSC viability encapsulated in the inner layer of 10% (w/v) GelMA reached 94.68 ± 0.43% after 5 d of culture. Then, a preliminary evaluation of the potential application of dual-layer tubular scaffolds as nerve conduits and biliary scaffolds was performed, and demonstrated that the cell-laden dual-layer tubular scaffolds proposed in this work are expected to extend the application of tubular scaffolds in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixia Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang University Innovation Center of Minimally Invasive Technology and Medical Equipment, Hangzhou 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Province Medical Research Center of Minimally Invasive Diagnosis and Treatment of Abdominal Diseases, Hangzhou 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China
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10
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Boys AJ, Barron SL, Tilev D, Owens RM. Building Scaffolds for Tubular Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:589960. [PMID: 33363127 PMCID: PMC7758256 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.589960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hollow organs and tissue systems drive various functions in the body. Many of these hollow or tubular systems, such as vasculature, the intestines, and the trachea, are common targets for tissue engineering, given their relevance to numerous diseases and body functions. As the field of tissue engineering has developed, numerous benchtop models have been produced as platforms for basic science and drug testing. Production of tubular scaffolds for different tissue engineering applications possesses many commonalities, such as the necessity for producing an intact tubular opening and for formation of semi-permeable epithelia or endothelia. As such, the field has converged on a series of manufacturing techniques for producing these structures. In this review, we discuss some of the most common tissue engineered applications within the context of tubular tissues and the methods by which these structures can be produced. We provide an overview of the general structure and anatomy for these tissue systems along with a series of general design criteria for tubular tissue engineering. We categorize methods for manufacturing tubular scaffolds as follows: casting, electrospinning, rolling, 3D printing, and decellularization. We discuss state-of-the-art models within the context of vascular, intestinal, and tracheal tissue engineering. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the future for these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roisin M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Li L, Qin S, Peng J, Chen A, Nie Y, Liu T, Song K. Engineering gelatin-based alginate/carbon nanotubes blend bioink for direct 3D printing of vessel constructs. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:262-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Rabionet M, Polonio E, Guerra AJ, Martin J, Puig T, Ciurana J. Design of a Scaffold Parameter Selection System with Additive Manufacturing for a Biomedical Cell Culture. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1427. [PMID: 30110889 PMCID: PMC6119890 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Open-source 3D printers mean objects can be quickly and efficiently produced. However, design and fabrication parameters need to be optimized to set up the correct printing procedure; a procedure in which the characteristics of the printing materials selected for use can also influence the process. This work focuses on optimizing the printing process of the open-source 3D extruder machine RepRap, which is used to manufacture poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds for cell culture applications. PCL is a biocompatible polymer that is free of toxic dye and has been used to fabricate scaffolds, i.e., solid structures suitable for 3D cancer cell cultures. Scaffold cell culture has been described as enhancing cancer stem cell (CSC) populations related to tumor chemoresistance and/or their recurrence after chemotherapy. A RepRap BCN3D+ printer and 3 mm PCL wire were used to fabricate circular scaffolds. Design and fabrication parameters were first determined with SolidWorks and Slic3r software and subsequently optimized following a novel sequential flowchart. In the flowchart described here, the parameters were gradually optimized step by step, by taking several measurable variables of the resulting scaffolds into consideration to guarantee high-quality printing. Three deposition angles (45°, 60° and 90°) were fabricated and tested. MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells and NIH/3T3 murine fibroblasts were used to assess scaffold adequacy for 3D cell cultures. The 60° scaffolds were found to be suitable for the purpose. Therefore, PCL scaffolds fabricated via the flowchart optimization with a RepRap 3D printer could be used for 3D cell cultures and may boost CSCs to study new therapeutic treatments for this malignant population. Moreover, the flowchart defined here could represent a standard procedure for non-engineers (i.e., mainly physicians) when manufacturing new culture systems is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rabionet
- Oncology Unit (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Emma Polonio
- Oncology Unit (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Guerra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Jessica Martin
- Oncology Unit (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Puig
- Oncology Unit (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 77, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Ciurana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Construction, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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