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Govindappa H, Abdi G, Uthappa UT, Sriram G, Han SS, Kurkuri M. Efficient separation of arsenic species of oxyanion As (III) and As (V) by using effective polymer inclusion membranes (PIM). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137851. [PMID: 36642130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal contaminant arsenic exist in the form of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) ions. These ions are highly carcinogenic that are usually present in the ground water. To date, most of the designed polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) involved only about separation without differentiating the oxidation states. Thus, there is a research gap on separation of element with different oxidation states. Thus, this study addresses such research gap which have been not explored previously. To extract such ions from water, the present study involves fabrication of PIM by varying the compositions of the base polymer, carrier and plasticizer. Also effect of the strip solution, and transport properties were studied. High performance membrane was obtained with 50% (w/w) Aliquat 336 and 50% (w/w) Cellulose triacetate (CTA). The production of 1 m2 of PIM may cost approximately 0.08-0.16$. Also, we have combined the separation capacity of polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) with the sensitivity and elemental detection using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) to detect and separate As(III) and As(V). AAS is limited to detecting only elemental arsenic (As) and does not distinguish between As(III) and As(V). Further, to address such limitations in this current study we were able to separate As(V) from As(III) within 5 h. In addition, to provide sole solution a device was fabricated to extract As(V) in the field studies which displayed outstanding efficiency of 99.7 ± 0.2%. The extracted samples was tested in AAS to differentiate between oxidation states of the arsenic species and these important results are supportive in finding out the redox potential of water and for other geochemical explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshith Govindappa
- Centre for Research in Functional Materials (CRFM), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Gholamreza Abdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, 75169, Bushehr, Iran
| | - U T Uthappa
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ganesan Sriram
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mahaveer Kurkuri
- Centre for Research in Functional Materials (CRFM), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, 562112, Karnataka, India.
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Palaniappan M, Selvaraj D, Kandasamy S, Kahng YH, Narayanan M, Rajendran R, Rangappan R. Architectural MCM 41 was anchored to the Schiff base Co(II) complex to enhance methylene blue dye degradation and mimic activity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114325. [PMID: 36154860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A sequence of Schiff base Cobalt (II) Mobile Composite Matter 41 heterojunction (SBCo(II)-MCM 41) was prepared by post-synthetic protocols. Various characterization techniques were used to characterize the above samples and MCM 41: Morphology, functional groups, optical properties, crystalline nature, pore diameter, and binding energy by scanning electron microscope (SEM), High-resolution transition electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultra Violet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). After the encapsulation of SBCo(II) on the MCM 41, the intensity in the 100-plane in powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) decreased significantly; moreover, the light absorption behavior in UV analysis was improved. The change in the surface area and the decrease in the pore diameter of the sample were also demonstrated by the BET study. The XPS results confirmed the presence of Si, O, C, N, and Co in the SBCo(II)-MCM 41 complex. The photocatalytic performance of MCM 41 and SBCo(II)-MCM 41 materials tested by the degradation of methylene blue dye (MBD) shows that MCM 41 immobilization with SBCo(II)complex is rapidly degraded under natural sunlight irradiation. The optimized 10 mg SBCo(II)-MCM 41 catalyst concentrations showed effective enhancement with the highest efficiency of 98% achieved within 2 h compared to the other two SBCo(II)-MCM 41 concentrations. Moreover, the catalytic efficiency of SBCo(II)-MCM 41 showed a biomimetic reaction without using an oxidant, which exposed it as an effective catalyst for amine to imine conversion; it was useful in the medical field for enzymes with structural assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Palaniappan
- Department of Chemistry, Bioinorganic Lab, Science Block-1, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - David Selvaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Bioinorganic Lab, Science Block-1, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Physics Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sabariswaran Kandasamy
- Water-Energy Nexus Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Ho Kahng
- Department of Physics Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mathiyazhagan Narayanan
- Division of Research and Innovations, Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Rajavel Rangappan
- Department of Chemistry, Bioinorganic Lab, Science Block-1, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Fabrication of a novel polymer inclusion membrane from recycled polyvinyl chloride for the real-time extraction of arsenic (V) from water samples in a continuous process. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Minhas MA, Rauf A, Rauf S, Minhas FT, Memon N, Jabbar A, Bhanger MI, Malik MI. Selective and efficient extraction of cationic dyes from industrial effluents through polymer inclusion membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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5
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Soo JAL, Makhtar MMZ, Shoparwe NF, Otitoju TA, Mohamad M, Tan LS, Li S. Characterization and Kinetic Studies of Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Polymer Inclusion Membrane for the Malachite Green Extraction. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:676. [PMID: 34564493 PMCID: PMC8467911 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11090676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Textile industry effluent contains a high amount of toxic colorants. These dyes are carcinogenic and threats to the environment and living beings. In this study, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP) was used as the based polymer for PIMs with bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (B2EHP) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as the carrier and plasticizer. The fabricated PIMs were employed to extract the cation dye (Malachite Green; MG) from the feeding phase. PIMs were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), contact angle, water uptake, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ions exchange capacity. The performance of the PIMs was investigated under various conditions such as percentage of carrier and initial dye concentration. With permeability and flux values of 0.1188 cm/min and 1.1913 mg cm/min, PIM produced with 18% w/w PVDF-co-HFP, 21% w/w B2EHP, 1% w/w DOP and 40% w/w THF and was able to achieve more than 97% of MG extraction. The experimental data were then fitted with a pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, and the calculated R2 value was ~0.99. This shows that the data has a good fit with the PSO model. PIM is a potential alternative technology in textile industry effluent treatment; however, the right formulation is crucial for developing a highly efficient membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillin Ai Lam Soo
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Kelantan 17600, Malaysia; (J.A.L.S.); (T.A.O.); (M.M.)
- Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
| | - Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Noor Fazliani Shoparwe
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Kelantan 17600, Malaysia; (J.A.L.S.); (T.A.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Tunmise Ayode Otitoju
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Kelantan 17600, Malaysia; (J.A.L.S.); (T.A.O.); (M.M.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Mardawani Mohamad
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Kelantan 17600, Malaysia; (J.A.L.S.); (T.A.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Lian See Tan
- Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
| | - Sanxi Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China;
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Radoor S, Karayil J, Parameswaranpillai J, Siengchin S. Adsorption of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution by a novel PVA/CMC/halloysite nanoclay bio composite: Characterization, kinetics, isotherm and antibacterial properties. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:1311-1327. [PMID: 33312644 PMCID: PMC7721857 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Here the fabrication of a novel PVA/CMC/halloysite nanoclay membrane for the effective adsorption of cationic dye (methylene blue, MB) from aqueous environment is reported. The membranes were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle and universal testing machine (UTM) analysis. The adsorption behavior of the membrane in terms of nanoclay loading, contact time, initial concentration of MB, pH and temperature were also discussed. The membrane exhibits excellent removal efficiency (99.5%) for MB in the optimal conditions such as nanoclay dose = 6 wt%, initial dye concentration = 10 ppm, contact time = 240 min, pH = 10 and temperature = 30 °C. Three isotherm models (Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin) were employed to analyze the dye adsorption data. The results revealed that the adsorption process could be described well with both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetics of MB adsorption onto membrane follows pseudo-second-order model while thermodynamic parameter indicate that adsorption is feasible and endothermic in nature. The antibacterial studies revealed that the PVA/CMC/halloysite nanoclay membrane possess notable antibacterial property. Finally, the desorption studies showed that the membrane have good reusability even after four recycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarish Radoor
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Wongsawang Road, Bangsue, Bangkok, 10800 Thailand
| | - Jasila Karayil
- Government Women’s Polytechnic College, Calicut, Kerala India
| | - Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Wongsawang Road, Bangsue, Bangkok, 10800 Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Wongsawang Road, Bangsue, Bangkok, 10800 Thailand
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Balakumar V, Ryu JW, Kim H, Manivannan R, Son YA. Ultrasonic synthesis of α-MnO 2 nanorods: An efficient catalytic conversion of refractory pollutant, methylene blue. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 62:104870. [PMID: 31806556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, uniform α-MnO2 nanorods were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal followed by ultrasonication method using ultrasonic bath (20 kHz, 100 W) without using any surfactant and template. The crystallographic phases and surface morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transition electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, respectively. Functional group identification and chemical states of α-MnO2 nanorods were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The as-synthesized uniform nanorods of α-MnO2 exhibit excellent catalytic conversion of toxic organic contaminant (methylene blue (MB)) in the presence of NaBH4 as reductant. The α-MnO2 exhibits excellent stability up to four repeated catalytic cycles with nearly 92% conversion. The kinetic rate constant (k), and turnover frequency (TOF) were 0.736 min-1 and 0.02 mmol mg-1 min-1, respectively. In addition, the fast electron transfer mechanism were investigated and discussed. These results open a new avenue for developing various metal oxide catalysts, which are expected to be very useful catalytic conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vellaichamy Balakumar
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Ji Won Ryu
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Hyungjoo Kim
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Ramalingam Manivannan
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Young-A Son
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea.
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8
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Olusegun SJ, Rodrigues GLS, Freitas ETF, Lara LRS, Rocha WR, Mohallem NDS. Sequestrating anionic and cationic dyes from wastewater using spray dried biopolymeric magnetic composite: Experimental and theoretical studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120872. [PMID: 31330391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Spray dried cross-linked chitosan/cobalt ferrite composite was synthesized and applied as an adsorbent for the removal of acid orange II and methylene blue. The composite was structurally, thermally, morphologically and magnetically characterized. The result obtained shows that the magnetic composite was in form of microspheres, while cobalt ferrite was encapsulated in the cross-linked chitosan with saturation magnetization of 10.79 emu g-1. Adsorption studies revealed that acid orange II adsorbed more favorably on the composite than methylene blue. The adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic. Liu isotherm model was found to be applicable for the adsorption process. Computational studies showed that the formation of hydrogen bond between acid orange II and the magnetic composite (at both acidic and alkaline pH) contributed to its better adsorption than methylene blue. Adsorption capacity of acid orange II at pH 3 and methylene blue at pH 12 are 542 and 173 mg g-1 respectively at 303 K base on Liu isotherm model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Olusegun
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Materiais Nanoestruturados,Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - G L S Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Materiais Nanoestruturados,Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - E T F Freitas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Centro de Microscopia, 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - L R S Lara
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Materiais Nanoestruturados,Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - W R Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Materiais Nanoestruturados,Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - N D S Mohallem
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Materiais Nanoestruturados,Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Daraei P, Zereshki S, Shokri A. Application of nontoxic green emulsion liquid membrane prepared by sunflower oil for water decolorization: Process optimization by response surface methodology. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Chromium(VI) Removal by Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)/Aliquat-336 Polymeric Inclusion Membranes in a Multiframe Flat Sheet Membrane Module. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9152994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A new multiframe flat sheet membrane contactor module containing several flat membranes was designed and implemented. Each frame contains a chamber (central hole) in which the feed and the receiving phases are put in contact with polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/Aliquat-336 polymeric flat sheet membranes for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions (feed phase). To evaluate the efficiency of the system, the experimental design methodology was used to analyze the effect of temperature (T, °C), PVC/Aliquat-336 ratio, and Cr (VI) concentration in the feed phase and the concentration of sodium chloride (NaOH-NaCl) in the receiving phase. Two representative mathematical models of the two responses (extraction and back-extraction) were respectively obtained. A good correlation between the experimental results and those predicted (RS2 = 97.77 and RR2 = 97.87) was achieved, allowing the optimization of the different factors selected for each response, separately. The proposed system showed a good separation performance, leading to Cr(VI) extractions up to 93% when working at the optimized operating conditions.
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Jin Y, Zeng C, Lü QF, Yu Y. Efficient adsorption of methylene blue and lead ions in aqueous solutions by 5-sulfosalicylic acid modified lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Selective adsorption performance of H6P2Mo15W3O62-based Cu3(BTC)2 composite in treatment of simulated cationic dye wastewater. Chem Res Chin Univ 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-017-6350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Isanejad M, Arzani M, Mahdavi HR, Mohammadi T. Novel amine modification of ZIF-8 for improving simultaneous removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions using supported liquid membrane. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Polymer inclusion membrane containing a diglycolamide-functionalized calix[4]arene for actinide ion uptake and transport. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Mahanty B, Mohapatra PK, Raut DR, Das DK, Behere PG, Afzal M, Verboom W. Polymer Inclusion Membrane Containing a Tripodal Diglycolamide Ligand: Actinide Ion Uptake and Transport Studies. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bholanath Mahanty
- Advanced
Fuel Fabrication Facility, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tarapur 401502, India
| | | | - Dhaval R. Raut
- Radiochemistry
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Dillip K. Das
- Advanced
Fuel Fabrication Facility, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tarapur 401502, India
| | - Praveen G. Behere
- Advanced
Fuel Fabrication Facility, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tarapur 401502, India
| | - Mohammed Afzal
- Advanced
Fuel Fabrication Facility, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tarapur 401502, India
| | - Willem Verboom
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,
P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Israr M, Faheem F, Minhas FT, Rauf A, Rauf S, Shah MR, Rahim F, Shah K, Bhanger MI. Extraction Properties of Calix[4]arenes towards Sulphonated Dyes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2016.72019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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