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Generalova AN, Vikhrov AA, Prostyakova AI, Apresyan SV, Stepanov AG, Myasoedov MS, Oleinikov VA. Polymers in 3D printing of external maxillofacial prostheses and in their retention systems. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124181. [PMID: 38697583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Maxillofacial defects, arising from trauma, oncological disease or congenital abnormalities, detrimentally affect daily life. Prosthetic repair offers the aesthetic and functional reconstruction with the help of materials mimicking natural tissues. 3D polymer printing enables the design of patient-specific prostheses with high structural complexity, as well as rapid and low-cost fabrication on-demand. However, 3D printing for prosthetics is still in the early stage of development and faces various challenges for widespread use. This is because the most suitable polymers for maxillofacial restoration are soft materials that do not have the required printability, mechanical strength of the printed parts, as well as functionality. This review focuses on the challenges and opportunities of 3D printing techniques for production of polymer maxillofacial prostheses using computer-aided design and modeling software. Review discusses the widely used polymers, as well as their blends and composites, which meet the most important assessment criteria, such as the physicochemical, biological, aesthetic properties and processability in 3D printing. In addition, strategies for improving the polymer properties, such as their printability, mechanical strength, and their ability to print multimaterial and architectural structures are highlighted. The current state of the prosthetic retention system is presented with a focus on actively used polymer adhesives and the recently implemented prosthesis-supporting osseointegrated implants, with an emphasis on their creation from 3D-printed polymers. The successful prosthetics is discussed in terms of the specificity of polymer materials at the restoration site. The approaches and technological prospects are also explored through the examples of the nasal, auricle and ocular prostheses, ranging from prototypes to end-use products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla N Generalova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander A Vikhrov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna I Prostyakova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Samvel V Apresyan
- Institute of Digital Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G Stepanov
- Institute of Digital Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim S Myasoedov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Oleinikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Kiat-amnuay S, Cevik P, Kurtoglu C. Effect of Thixotropic Agent on the Color Stability of Platinum-Based Silicone Maxillofacial Elastomers after Artificial Aging. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5867. [PMID: 37687559 PMCID: PMC10488689 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Maxillofacial prostheses are essential for restoring natural appearance and function in individuals with defects in the head and neck regions. Thixotropic agents, as liquid additives, are known to increase the viscosity of silicone elastomers. However, color deterioration remains a challenge in facial prostheses, leading to the need for refabrication. Despite this, there is limited research on the effect of thixotropic agents on the color stability of silicone maxillofacial elastomers. This study aims to investigate the impact of different thixotropic agent amounts on the color degradation of various maxillofacial silicone elastomers. Three elastomers (A-2000, A-2006, and A-2186) were combined with five pigments (no pigment as control, red, yellow, blue, and a mixture of red, yellow, and blue), and mixed with six thixotropic agent quantities (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 drops). A total of 450 specimens were fabricated (n = 5) and aged in an artificial aging chamber. L*, a*, b* readings were obtained before and after aging using a digital spectrophotometer. Color difference (ΔE*) means and standard deviations for 150 kj/m2, 300 kj/m2, and 450 kj/m2 were calculated. Statistical analyses, including four-way ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test, were conducted to determine any significant differences (p < 0.05) among the groups. A comprehensive analysis revealed significant four-way interactions among the groups. In the mixed-pigmentation group, adding 4 drops of thixotropic agent resulted in ΔE* above 3 only in A-2186 silicone at 300 and 450 kj/m2 energy levels. However, the color stability of mixed-pigmented A-2000 and A-2006 remained within the acceptable thresholds of 3 ΔE* at all irradiance levels in this study. At each energy level, A-2006 exhibited the highest color stability with an increasing thixotropic agent quantity among all the silicones. Conversely, A-2186 was more affected by the increased number of thixotropic agent drops in each pigmentation group, including the control group at 450 kj/m2. The quantity of thixotropic agent plays a crucial role in determining the color stability of different silicone elastomers pigmented with various intrinsic pigments. The thixotropic agent amount has a more significant impact on color stability than the type of pigment used in the silicone elastomers. A key overarching insight from this investigation is the identification of a safety threshold for the thixotropic agent quantity of 3 drops for each silicone type, pigmentation, and energy level. These findings highlight the importance of considering the proper combination of thixotropic agents, pigments, and silicone materials to achieve optimal color stability in maxillofacial prosthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarat Kiat-amnuay
- Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Pinar Cevik
- Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Türkiye;
| | - Cem Kurtoglu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana 01250, Türkiye
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Cevik P, Yildirim AZ, Demir Sevinc EH, Gonder A, Kiat-Amnuay S. Using Peek as a Framework Material for Maxillofacial Silicone Prosthesis: An In Vitro Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2694. [PMID: 37376341 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There are often bonding problems between acrylic resins and silicone. PEEK (polyetheretherketone), which is a high-performance polymer, has great potential for the implant, and fixed or removable prosthodontics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on PEEK to be bonded to maxillofacial silicone elastomers. A total of 48 specimens were fabricated from either PEEK or PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) (n = 8). PMMA specimens acted as a positive control group. PEEK specimens were divided into five study groups as surface treatments as control PEEK, silica-coating, plasma etching, grinding, or nano-second fiber laser. Surface topographies were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A platinum-primer was used on top of all specimens including control groups prior to silicone polymerization. The peel bond strength of the specimens to a platinum-type silicone elastomer was tested at a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min. The data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). The control PEEK group showed the highest bond strength (p < 0.05) among the groups. No statistical difference was found between control PEEK, grinding, or plasma etching groups (p > 0.05). The lowest bond strength was seen in the laser group, which was not statistically different from silica-coating (p > 0.05), and statistically different from control PEEK, grinding, or plasma groups (p < 0.05). Positive control PMMA specimens had statistically lower bond strength than either control PEEK or plasma etching groups (p < 0.05). All specimens exhibited adhesive failure after a peel test. The study results indicate that PEEK could serve as a potential alternative substructure for implant-retained silicone prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Cevik
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
- Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Houston Center of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Arzu Zeynep Yildirim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| | | | - Aykut Gonder
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| | - Sudarat Kiat-Amnuay
- Department of General Practice and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Houston Center of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Costa-Palau S, Clua-Palau A, Real-Voltas F, Brufau-de Barberà M, Cabratosa-Termes J. A comparison of digital and conventional fabrication techniques for an esthetic maxillofacial prosthesis for the cheek and lip. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00062-8. [PMID: 36872157 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Maxillofacial prostheses have traditionally been manufactured by pouring silicone into molds. However, the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) systems allows the virtual planning, design, and manufacture of maxillofacial prostheses through the direct 3-dimensional printing of silicone. This clinical report describes the digital workflow as an alternative to the conventional method of restoring a large midfacial defect in the right cheek and lip. In addition, the approaches were nonblinded evaluated in relation to outcomes and time efficiency, while marginal adaptation and esthetics, including patient satisfaction, were assessed for both prostheses fabricated. The digital prosthesis had acceptable esthetics and fit with improved patient satisfaction, especially in terms of efficiency, comfort, and speed of the digital workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Costa-Palau
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Clua-Palau
- Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Real-Voltas
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Magí Brufau-de Barberà
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Cabratosa-Termes
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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Beatty MW, Wee AG, Marx DB, Ridgway L, Simetich B, De Sousa TC, Vakilzadian K, Schulte J. Viscoelastic Properties of Human Facial Skin and Comparisons with Facial Prosthetic Elastomers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2023. [PMID: 36903138 PMCID: PMC10004410 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Prosthesis discomfort and a lack of skin-like quality is a source of patient dissatisfaction with facial prostheses. To engineer skin-like replacements, knowledge of the differences between facial skin properties and those for prosthetic materials is essential. This project measured six viscoelastic properties (percent laxity, stiffness, elastic deformation, creep, absorbed energy, and percent elasticity) at six facial locations with a suction device in a human adult population equally stratified for age, sex, and race. The same properties were measured for eight facial prosthetic elastomers currently available for clinical usage. The results showed that the prosthetic materials were 1.8 to 6.4 times higher in stiffness, 2 to 4 times lower in absorbed energy, and 2.75 to 9 times lower in viscous creep than facial skin (p < 0.001). Clustering analyses determined that facial skin properties fell into three groups-those associated with body of ear, cheek, and remaining locations. This provides baseline information for designing future replacements for missing facial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Beatty
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Healthcare System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Adult Restorative Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, 4000 East Campus Loop South, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Alvin G. Wee
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Healthcare System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Malcolm Moos Health Sciences Tower, 515 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David B. Marx
- Department of Statistics, 340 Hardin Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Lauren Ridgway
- Formerly Department of Prosthodontics, Creighton University School of Dentistry, 2109 Cuming Street, Omaha, NE 68102, USA
| | - Bobby Simetich
- Department of Adult Restorative Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, 4000 East Campus Loop South, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Thiago Carvalho De Sousa
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Kevin Vakilzadian
- Private Practice, Pine Ridge Dental, 8545 Executive Woods Drive Suite #2, Lincoln, NE 68512, USA
| | - Joel Schulte
- Process Engineer, GSK Consumer Healthcare, 1401 Cornhusker Highway, Lincoln, NE 68517, USA
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Apresyan SV, Stepanov AG, Suonio VK, Vardanyan BA. [Manufacture of facial prosthesis by three-dimensional printing]. STOMATOLOGIIA 2023; 102:86-90. [PMID: 37622308 DOI: 10.17116/stomat202310204186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the literature review was to study and analyze literature sources on the methods and means of facial prosthesis manufacture by three-dimensional printing. MATERIALS AND METHODS An analysis of information sources covering the last 15 years was carried out, in search sources as PubMed, Elsiver and eLIBRARY and on the website of the Federal Institute of Industrial Property. RESULTS The technology of direct production of prostheses by volumetric printing from silicone materials is the object of research for its development. Most of the materials used for the manufacture of facial prostheses using 3D printing need technical improvements, often requiring expensive equipment, which in turn does not allow the method of manufacturing face prostheses by direct method in everyday clinical practice. CONCLUSION Based on the obtained data there is a need to develop a new structural material for the manufacture of facial prostheses by 3D printing using laser stereolithography and digital LED projection technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Apresyan
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - A G Stepanov
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V K Suonio
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - B A Vardanyan
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Salazar-Gamarra R, Binasco S, Seelaus R, Dib LL. Present and future of extraoral maxillofacial prosthodontics: Cancer rehabilitation. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:1003430. [PMID: 36338571 PMCID: PMC9627490 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.1003430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, facial prosthetics have successfully rehabilitated individuals with acquired or congenital anatomical deficiencies of the face. This history includes extensive efforts in research and development to explore best practices in materials, methods, and artisanal techniques. Presently, extraoral maxillofacial rehabilitation is managed by a multiprofessional team that has evolved with a broadened scope of knowledge, skills, and responsibility. This includes the mandatory integration of different professional specialists to cover the bio-psycho-social needs of the patient, systemic health and pathology surveillance, and advanced restorative techniques, which may include 3D technologies. In addition, recent digital workflows allow us to optimize this multidisciplinary integration and reduce the active time of both patients and clinicians, as well as improve the cost-efficiency of the care system, promoting its access to both patients and health systems. This paper discusses factors that affect extraoral maxillofacial rehabilitation's present and future opportunities from teamwork consolidation, techniques utilizing technology, and health systems opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Salazar-Gamarra
- Department of Research, Plus Identity Institute, São Paulo, Brazil,Centro de Investigación en Transformación Digital, Universidad Norbert Wiener (UNW), Lima, Perú,Correspondence: Rodrigo Salazar-Gamarra
| | - Salvatore Binasco
- Department of Research, Plus Identity Institute, São Paulo, Brazil,Postgraduation Program in Engineering, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosemary Seelaus
- Department of Research, Plus Identity Institute, São Paulo, Brazil,The Craniofacial Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Luciando Lauria Dib
- Department of Research, Plus Identity Institute, São Paulo, Brazil,Postgraduation Program in Dentistry, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Salazar-Gamarra R, Cárdenas-Bocanegra A, Masch U, Da Costa Moraes CA, Seelaus R, Lopes Da Silva JV, Lauria Dib L. Color translation from monoscopic photogrammetry +ID Methodology into a Polyjet final 3D printed facial prosthesis. F1000Res 2022; 11:582. [PMID: 38434006 PMCID: PMC10904947 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.111196.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The artistic techniques necessary to fabricate facial prostheses mainly depend on individual skill and are not a resource easily reproduced. Digital technology has contributed to improved outcomes, often combining analog and new digital techniques in the same workflow. Methods: This article aims to present an innovative workflow to produce a final colored 3D printed and facial prosthesis by UV-map color translation into colored resin 3D printing. A modified +ID Methodology was used to obtain 3D models with the calibrated 3D printable patient's skin color. No hands-on physical molding, manual sculpture, or intrinsic silicone coloration was used. Results: The outcome resulted in acceptable aesthetics, adaptation, and an approximate color match after extrinsic coloration. The patient reported good comfort and acceptance. Conclusions: A direct resin 3D printed prosthesis may be a viable alternative, especially for rapid delivery as an immediate prosthesis or an option when there is no experienced anaplastogist to manufacture a conventional prosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Salazar-Gamarra
- Norbert Wiener University - Digital Transformation Research Centre, Lima, 15046, Peru
- Plus Identity (+ID) Institute, São Paulo, 04057-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rosemary Seelaus
- The Craniofacial Center, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 60612, USA
| | | | - Luciano Lauria Dib
- Plus Identity (+ID) Institute, São Paulo, 04057-000, Brazil
- Paulista University, São Paulo, 04057-000, Brazil
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Chen MY, Fang JJ, Lee JN, Periasamy S, Yen KC, Wang HC, Hsieh DJ. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Decellularized Xenograft-3D CAD/CAM Carved Bone Matrix Personalized for Human Bone Defect Repair. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:755. [PMID: 35627140 PMCID: PMC9141546 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
About 30-50% of oral cancer patients require mandibulectomy and autologous fibula reconstruction. Autograft is the gold standard choice because of its histocompatibility; however, it requires additional surgery from the patient and with possible complications such as loss of fibula leading to calf weakening in the future. Allograft and xenograft are alternatives but are susceptible to immune response. Currently, no personalized bone xenografts are available in the market for large fascial bone defects. In addition, a large-sized complex shape bone graft cannot be produced directly from the raw material. We propose the use of porcine bones with 3D CAD/CAM carving to reconstruct a personalized, wide range and complex-shaped bone. We anticipate that patients can restore their native facial appearance after reconstruction surgery. Supercritical CO2 (SCCO2) technology was employed to remove the cells, fat and non-collagenous materials while maintaining a native collagen scaffold as a biomedical device for bone defects. We successfully developed 3D CAD/CAM carved bone matrices, followed by SCCO2 decellularization of those large-sized bones. A lock-and-key puzzle design was employed to fulfil a wide range of large and complex-shaped maxillofacial defects. To conclude, the 3D CAD/CAM carved bone matrices with lock and key puzzle Lego design were completely decellularized by SCCO2 extraction technology with intact natural collagen scaffold. In addition, the processed bone matrices were tested to show excellent cytocompatibility and mechanical stiffness. Thus, we can overcome the limitation of large size and complex shapes of xenograft availability. In addition, the 3D CAD/CAM carving process can provide personalized tailor-designed decellularized bone grafts for the native appearance for maxillofacial reconstruction surgery for oral cancer patients and trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yen Chen
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan;
| | - Jing-Jing Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan;
| | - Jeng-Nan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833301, Taiwan;
| | - Srinivasan Periasamy
- R & D Center, ACRO Biomedical Co., Ltd. 2nd. Floor, No.57, Luke 2nd. Rd., Luzhu District, Kaohsiung 821011, Taiwan; (S.P.); (K.-C.Y.); (H.-C.W.)
| | - Ko-Chung Yen
- R & D Center, ACRO Biomedical Co., Ltd. 2nd. Floor, No.57, Luke 2nd. Rd., Luzhu District, Kaohsiung 821011, Taiwan; (S.P.); (K.-C.Y.); (H.-C.W.)
| | - Hung-Chou Wang
- R & D Center, ACRO Biomedical Co., Ltd. 2nd. Floor, No.57, Luke 2nd. Rd., Luzhu District, Kaohsiung 821011, Taiwan; (S.P.); (K.-C.Y.); (H.-C.W.)
| | - Dar-Jen Hsieh
- R & D Center, ACRO Biomedical Co., Ltd. 2nd. Floor, No.57, Luke 2nd. Rd., Luzhu District, Kaohsiung 821011, Taiwan; (S.P.); (K.-C.Y.); (H.-C.W.)
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Main Applications and Recent Research Progresses of Additive Manufacturing in Dentistry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5530188. [PMID: 35252451 PMCID: PMC8894006 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5530188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent ten years, with the fast development of digital and engineering manufacturing technology, additive manufacturing has already been more and more widely used in the field of dentistry, from the first personalized surgical guides to the latest personalized restoration crowns and root implants. In particular, the bioprinting of teeth and tissue is of great potential to realize organ regeneration and finally improve the life quality. In this review paper, we firstly presented the workflow of additive manufacturing technology. Then, we summarized the main applications and recent research progresses of additive manufacturing in dentistry. Lastly, we sketched out some challenges and future directions of additive manufacturing technology in dentistry.
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Are Nano TiO2 Inclusions Improving Biocompatibility of Photocurable Polydimethylsiloxane for Maxillofacial Prosthesis Manufacturing? APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11093777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The development of a biocompatible material for direct additive manufacturing of maxillofacial extraoral prosthesis is still a challenging task. The aim of the present study was to obtain a photocurable PDMS, with nano TiO2 inclusions, for directly 3D printing of extraoral, maxillofacial prosthesis. The biocompatibility of the newly obtained nanocomposite was also investigated; (2) Methods: 2.5% (m/m) titania nanoparticles (TiO2) oxide anatase and a photoinitiator, benzophenone (BF) 4.5% were added to commercially available PDMS for maxillofacial soft prostheses manufacturing. The three different samples (PDMS, PDMS-BF and PDMS-BF-TiO2) were assessed by dielectric curing analysis (DEA) based on their viscosities and curing times. In vitro micronucleus test (MNvit) was performed for genotoxicity assessment and three concentrations of each compounds (2 mg/L, 4 mg/L and 8 mg/L) were tested in duplicate and compared to a control; (3) Results: The nanocomposite PDMS-BP-TiO2 was fully reticulated within a few minutes under UV radiation, according to the dielectric analysis. PDMS-BF-TiO2 nanocomposite showed the lowest degree of cyto- and genotoxicity; (4) Conclusions: In the limits of the present study, the proposed ex situ preparation of a PDMS-BP-TiO2 offers an easy, simple, and promising technique that could be successfully used for 3D printing medical applications.
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Suriboot J, Marmo AC, Ngo BKD, Nigam A, Ortiz-Acosta D, Tai BL, Grunlan MA. Amphiphilic, thixotropic additives for extrusion-based 3D printing of silica-reinforced silicone. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4133-4142. [PMID: 33735370 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00288k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to utilize extrusion-based, direct ink write (DIW) 3D printing to create silica-reinforced silicones with complex structures could expand their utility in industrial and biomedical applications. Sylgard 184, a common Pt-cure silicone, lacks the thixotropic behavior necessary for effective printing and its hydrophobicity renders cured structures susceptible to biofouling. Herein, we evaluated the efficacy of various PEO-silane amphiphiles (PEO-SAs) as thixotropic and surface modifying additives in Sylgard 184. Eight amphiphilic PEO-SAs of varying architecture (e.g. linear, star, and graft), crosslinkability, and PEO content were evaluated. Modified formulations were also prepared with additional amounts of silica filler, both hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS)-treated and dimethyldichlorosilane (DiMeDi)-treated types. Numerous PEO-SA modified silicone formulations demonstrated effective water-driven surface hydrophilicity that was generally diminished with the addition of HMDS-treated silica filler. While increased yield stress was observed for PEO-SA modified silicones with added HMDS-treated filler, none achieved the initial target for 3D printing (>1000 Pa). Only the formulations containing the DiMeDi-treated filler (17.3 wt%) were able to surpass this value. These formulations were then tested for their thixotropic properties and all surpassed the targets for recovered storage modulus (G') (>1000 Pa) and loss factor (<0.8). In particular, the triblock linear PEO-SA produced exceptionally high recovered G', low loss factor, and substantial water-driven restructuring to form a hydrophilic surface. Combined, these results demonstrate the potential of silicones modified with PEO-SA surface-modifying additives (SMAs) for extrusion-based, DIW 3D printing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakkrit Suriboot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Alec C Marmo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Bryan Khai D Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Aman Nigam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Bruce L Tai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Melissa A Grunlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Three-Dimensional Printed Nasal Prostheses After Oncologic Rhinectomies: Workflow and Patients' Satisfaction. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:2297-2300. [PMID: 33840766 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Reconstructions after oncologic full-thickness rhinectomies are often deferred from the ablative surgery. Definitive silicone prostheses are usually not used for transitional rehabilitation, and therefore, patients may deal with major facial defects for a long time before reconstruction. The aim was to develop a time- and cost-effective digital workflow to three-dimensional print temporary nasal prostheses and to assess patients' satisfaction. This prospective study enrolled all consecutive patients after full thickness ablative surgery and deferred reconstruction, from May 2018 to October 2019, at a tertiary care academic institution. With a dedicated software, the pre- and postoperative scans were three-dimensional processed to create the prosthesis and they were directly printed in elastic transparent resin. A cross-sectional survey was conducted 4 months after the rehabilitation to assess patients' satisfaction regarding comfort, aesthetics, and security of the retaining system. Seven patients were enrolled and they were all rehabilitated using this workflow. Mean time of design was 2h48 (SD 40 minutes), and mean printing time was 5h18 (SD 1 hour). Mean cost of production was 753 U.S. Dollars (SD 144 U.S. Dollars). Median scores of the visual analog scales were 8 out of 10 for each topic with interquartile range of 4 to 7 for aesthetics, 7 to 9 for comfort, and 7 to 10 for security of the retaining system. It has shown its feasibility in terms of costs and time of production. Patients were satisfied and it can be considered as a mean to help patients to deal with treatment sequelaes before definitive reconstruction.
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Systematic Review of Clinical Applications of CAD/CAM Technology for Craniofacial Implants Placement and Manufacturing of Nasal Prostheses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073756. [PMID: 33916853 PMCID: PMC8038514 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to gather the clinical and laboratory applications of CAD/CAM technology for preoperative planning, designing of an attachment system, and manufacturing of nasal prostheses. According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, an electronic search was carried out. Only human clinical studies involving digital planning for the rehabilitation of facial defects were included. A total of 21 studies were included with 23 patients, which were virtually planned through different planning software. The most common preoperative data for digital planning were CT scans in nine cases, CBCT in six cases, and laser scans in six cases. The reported planning softwares were Mimics in six cases, Geomagic Studio software in six cases, ZBrush in four cases, and Freeform plus software in four cases. Ten surgical templates were designed and printed to place 36 implants after digital planning, while post-operative assessment was done in two cases to check the accuracy of planned implants. Digital 3D planning software was reported for presurgical planning and craniofacial implants placement, fabrication of molds, designing of implants, designing of retentive attachments, and printing of silicone prostheses. Digital technology has been claimed to reduce the clinical and laboratory time; however, the equipment cost is still one of the limitations.
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Digital Workflow in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics—An Update on Defect Data Acquisition, Editing and Design Using Open-Source and Commercial Available Software. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11030973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: A maxillofacial prosthesis, an alternative to surgery for the rehabilitation of patients with facial disabilities (congenital or acquired due to malignant disease or trauma), are meant to replace parts of the face or missing areas of bone and soft tissue and restore oral functions such as swallowing, speech and chewing, with the main goal being to improve the quality of life of the patients. The conventional procedures for maxillofacial prosthesis manufacturing involve several complex steps, are very traumatic for the patient and rely on the skills of the maxillofacial team. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing have opened a new approach to the fabrication of maxillofacial prostheses. Our review aimed to perform an update on the digital design of a maxillofacial prosthesis, emphasizing the available methods of data acquisition for the extraoral, intraoral and complex defects in the maxillofacial region and assessing the software used for data processing and part design. Methods: A search in the PubMed and Scopus databases was done using the predefined MeSH terms. Results: Partially and complete digital workflows were successfully applied for extraoral and intraoral prosthesis manufacturing. Conclusions: To date, the software and interface used to process and design maxillofacial prostheses are expensive, not typical for this purpose and accessible only to very skilled dental professionals or to computer-aided design (CAD) engineers. As the demand for a digital approach to maxillofacial rehabilitation increases, more support from the software designer or manufacturer will be necessary to create user-friendly and accessible modules similar to those used in dental laboratories.
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Domingue D, Glenn NC, Vest A, White JR. Osseointegrated implant-retained auricular prosthesis constructed using cone-beam computed tomography and a prosthetically driven digital workflow: a case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:37-45. [PMID: 33489131 PMCID: PMC7813007 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosthetically driven workflows using CBCT, digital optical scanning, 3D-printed molds and frameworks, and dental implant component attachments to osseointegrated fixtures can produce anatomically accurate, esthetic, durable silicone ear replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Domingue
- Private PracticeImplantology and Restorative DentistryLafayetteLAUSA
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Behrens A, Stieghorst J, Doll T, Froriep UP. Laser-Facilitated Additive Manufacturing Enables Fabrication of Biocompatible Neural Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20226614. [PMID: 33227962 PMCID: PMC7699266 DOI: 10.3390/s20226614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Current personalized treatment of neurological diseases is limited by availability of appropriate manufacturing methods suitable for long term sensors for neural electrical activities in the brain. An additive manufacturing process for polymer-based biocompatible neural sensors for chronic application towards individualized implants is here presented. To process thermal crosslinking polymers, the developed extrusion process enables, in combination with an infrared (IR)-Laser, accelerated curing directly after passing the outlet of the nozzle. As a result, no additional curing steps are necessary during the build-up. Furthermore, the minimal structure size can be achieved using the laser and, in combination with the extrusion parameters, provide structural resolutions desired. Active implant components fabricated using biocompatible materials for both conductive pathways and insulating cladding keep their biocompatible properties even after the additive manufacturing process. In addition, first characterization of the electric properties in terms of impedance towards application in neural tissues are shown. The printing toolkit developed enables processing of low-viscous, flexible polymeric thermal curing materials for fabrication of individualized neural implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailke Behrens
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, 30627 Hannover, Germany; (A.B.); (T.D.)
- BioMaterial Engineering, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Jan Stieghorst
- BioMaterial Engineering, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Theodor Doll
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, 30627 Hannover, Germany; (A.B.); (T.D.)
- BioMaterial Engineering, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich P. Froriep
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-5350-294
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DEMİRALP E, DOĞRU G, YILMAZ H. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (3D PRINTING) METHODS AND APPLICATIONS IN DENTISTRY. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.786018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Powell SK, Cruz RLJ, Ross MT, Woodruff MA. Past, Present, and Future of Soft-Tissue Prosthetics: Advanced Polymers and Advanced Manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001122. [PMID: 32909302 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide experience disfigurement due to cancers, congenital defects, or trauma, leading to significant psychological, social, and economic disadvantage. Prosthetics aim to reduce their suffering by restoring aesthetics and function using synthetic materials that mimic the characteristics of native tissue. In the 1900s, natural materials used for thousands of years in prosthetics were replaced by synthetic polymers bringing about significant improvements in fabrication and greater realism and utility. These traditional methods have now been disrupted by the advanced manufacturing revolution, radically changing the materials, methods, and nature of prosthetics. In this report, traditional synthetic polymers and advanced prosthetic materials and manufacturing techniques are discussed, including a focus on prosthetic material degradation. New manufacturing approaches and future technological developments are also discussed in the context of specific tissues requiring aesthetic restoration, such as ear, nose, face, eye, breast, and hand. As advanced manufacturing moves from research into clinical practice, prosthetics can begin new age to significantly improve the quality of life for those suffering tissue loss or disfigurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K Powell
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Rena L J Cruz
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Maureen T Ross
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Maria A Woodruff
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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Cruz RLJ, Ross MT, Skewes J, Allenby MC, Powell SK, Woodruff MA. An advanced prosthetic manufacturing framework for economic personalised ear prostheses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11453. [PMID: 32651436 PMCID: PMC7351946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial prostheses are commonly used to restore aesthetics for those suffering from malformed, damaged, or missing tissue. Traditional fabrication is costly, uncomfortable for the patient, and laborious; involving several hours of hand-crafting by a prosthetist, with the results highly dependent on their skill level. In this paper, we present an advanced manufacturing framework employing three-dimensional scanning, computer-aided design, and computer-aided manufacturing to efficiently fabricate patient-specific ear prostheses. Three-dimensional scans were taken of ears of six participants using a structured light scanner. These were processed using software to model the prostheses and 3-part negative moulds, which were fabricated on a low-cost desktop 3D printer, and cast with silicone to produce ear prostheses. The average cost was approximately $3 for consumables and $116 for 2 h of labour. An injection method with smoothed 3D printed ABS moulds was also developed at a cost of approximately $155 for consumables and labour. This contrasts with traditional hand-crafted prostheses which range from $2,000 to $7,000 and take around 14 to 15 h of labour. This advanced manufacturing framework provides potential for non-invasive, low cost, and high-accuracy alternative to current techniques, is easily translatable to other prostheses, and has potential for further cost reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena L J Cruz
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maureen T Ross
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacob Skewes
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark C Allenby
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sean K Powell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Maria A Woodruff
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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McHutchion L, Aalto D. Simulation of tissue-prosthesis margin interface by using surface scanning and digital design for auricular prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 125:361-372. [PMID: 32336538 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM One of the most challenging aspects of auricular prosthesis design and fabrication is ensuring that the prosthesis fits the patient through a range of head and facial movements. Techniques used in conventional prosthetic treatment pathways account for issues of prosthesis fit, but this challenge has not been fully addressed in emerging treatment pathways that use digital technology. PURPOSE The purpose of this clinical study was to develop and evaluate a digital workflow by using surface scan data and incorporating the simulation of tissue movement into the design of auricular prostheses that fit the participant through a range of facial movements. An iterative design process was used to develop a design workflow through a sequential case series of participants with auricular prostheses. MATERIAL AND METHODS Scan data were acquired from a case series of 5 participants with existing implant-retained auricular prostheses. An iterative design process was used to digitally design auricular prostheses that fit the participants through a range of jaw and facial movements. The fit, shape, and retention of the digitally designed and conventionally made prostheses were assessed and compared. Design considerations were identified and documented through the iterative design process. RESULTS A final design workflow was iteratively developed based on the 5 participants. The shapes of the digitally designed prostheses were well matched to nontreatment anatomy overall. Prosthesis fit was variable: Some digitally designed prostheses fit the participant intimately through a range of movements, and others experienced significant gaps between the margins and the tissues. CONCLUSIONS An iterative design process provided a method of working toward quality improvement. Although the final design workflow provides a generally successful method of manipulating scan data in the design of auricular prostheses, the prosthesis fit at the anterior margin during facial movements remains variable and requires further development to achieve a consistently acceptable solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay McHutchion
- Anaplastologist, Institute for Reconstructive Sciences in Medicine, Edmonton, Canada; Graduate student, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Daniel Aalto
- Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Research Scientist, Institute for Reconstructive Sciences in Medicine, Edmonton, Canada
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Cruz RLJ, Ross MT, Powell SK, Woodruff MA. Advancements in Soft-Tissue Prosthetics Part A: The Art of Imitating Life. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:121. [PMID: 32300585 PMCID: PMC7145402 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical disfigurement due to congenital defects, trauma, or cancer causes considerable distress and physical impairment for millions of people worldwide; impacting their economic, psychological and social wellbeing. Since 3000 B.C., prosthetic devices have been used to address these issues by restoring both aesthetics and utility to those with disfigurement. Internationally, academic and industry researchers are constantly developing new materials and manufacturing techniques to provide higher quality and lower cost prostheses to those people who need them. New advanced technologies including 3D imaging, modeling, and printing are revolutionizing the way prostheses are now made. These new approaches are disrupting the traditional and manual art form of prosthetic production which are laborious and costly and are being replaced by more precise and quantitative processes which enable the rapid, low cost production of patient-specific prostheses. In this two part review, we provide a comprehensive report of past, present and emerging soft-tissue prosthetic materials and manufacturing techniques. In this review, part A, we examine, historically, the ideal properts of a polymeric material when applied in soft-tissue prosthetics. We also detail new research approaches to target specific tissues which commonly require aesthetic restoration (e.g. ear, nose and eyes) and discuss both traditional and advanced fabrication methods, from hand-crafted impression based approaches to advanced manufactured prosthetics. We discuss the chemistry and related details of most significant synthetic polymers used in soft-tissue prosthetics in Part B. As advanced manufacturing transitions from research into practice, the five millennia history of prosthetics enters a new age of economic, personalized, advanced soft tissue prosthetics and with this comes significantly improved quality of life for the people affected by tissue loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean K. Powell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Use of polyethylene terephthalate as a prosthetic component in the prosthesis on an overdenture implant. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:1341-1349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Unkovskiy A, Roehler A, Huettig F, Geis-Gerstorfer J, Brom J, Keutel C, Spintzyk S. Simplifying the digital workflow of facial prostheses manufacturing using a three-dimensional (3D) database: setup, development, and aspects of virtual data validation for reproduction. J Prosthodont Res 2019; 63:313-320. [PMID: 30792148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To set up the digital database (DDB) of various anatomical parts, skin details and retention elements in order to simplify the digital workflow of facial prostheses manufacturing; and to quantify the reproduction of skin wrinkles on the prostheses prototypes with stereolithography (SLA) and direct light processing (DLP) methods. METHODS Two structured light scanners were used to obtain the nasal and auricle forms of 50 probands. Furthermore, the ala nasi and scapha areas were captured with the digital single lens reflex camera and saved in jpeg format. The four magnetic retention elements were remodeled in computer aided design (CAD) software. The 14 test blocks with embossed wrinkles of 0.05-0.8mm were printed with SLA and DLP methods and afterwards analyzed by means of profilometry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS The introduced DDB allows for production of customized facial prosthesis and makes it possible to consider the integration of concrete retention elements on the CAD stage, which makes the prosthesis modelling more predictable and efficient. The obtained skin structures can be applied onto the prosthesis surface for customization. The reproduction of wrinkles from 0.1 to 0.8mm in depth may be associated with the loss of 4.5%-11% of its profile with SLA or DLP respectively. Besides, the reproduction of 0.05mm wrinkles may be met with up to 40% profile increasement. CONCLUSIONS The utilization of DDB may simplify the digital workflow of facial prostheses manufacturing. The transfer of digitally applied skin wrinkles till the prostheses' prototypes may be associated with deviations from 11 to 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Unkovskiy
- Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine, and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Dental Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ariadne Roehler
- Section Medical Materials and Science, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Huettig
- Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine, and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Constanze Keutel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Head of Radiology Department at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- Section Medical Materials and Science, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
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Unkovskiy A, Spintzyk S, Brom J, Huettig F, Keutel C. Direct 3D printing of silicone facial prostheses: A preliminary experience in digital workflow. J Prosthet Dent 2018; 120:303-308. [PMID: 29429837 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct silicone printing may be applied to the fabrication of maxillofacial prostheses, although its clinical feasibility is unknown. The present clinical report shows an early application of a directly printed silicone prosthesis for the rehabilitation of a nasal defect. Two extraoral scanning systems were used to capture the face and the defect. The virtual construction of the nasal prosthesis was performed with free-form software. Two prostheses were printed in silicone and post-processed by manual sealing and coloring. The clinical outcome was acceptable for an interim prosthesis; however, the marginal adaptation and color match were not satisfactory without further individualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Unkovskiy
- Dentist, Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine, and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- Material Science Engineer, Section of Medical Materials and Science, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joern Brom
- Anaplastologist, Brom Epithetik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Huettig
- Assistant Medical Director, Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine, and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Keutel
- Senior Associate, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Head of Radiology Department at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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