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Li W, Wu J, Zeng Y, Zheng W. Neuroinflammation in epileptogenesis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269241. [PMID: 38187384 PMCID: PMC10771847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of enduring neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures with heterogeneous etiology, clinical expression, severity, and prognosis. Growing body of research investigates that epileptic seizures are originated from neuronal synchronized and excessive electrical activity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated and 30% of epileptic patients still are resistant to the currently available pharmacological treatments with recurrent seizures throughout life. Over the past two decades years accumulated evidences provide strong support to the hypothesis that neuroinflammation, including microglia and astrocytes activation, a cascade of inflammatory mediator releasing, and peripheral immune cells infiltration from blood into brain, is associated with epileptogenesis. Meanwhile, an increasing body of preclinical researches reveal that the anti-inflammatory therapeutics targeting crucial inflammatory components are effective and promising in the treatment of epilepsy. The aim of the present study is to highlight the current understanding of the potential neuroinflammatory mechanisms in epileptogenesis and the potential therapeutic targets against epileptic seizures.
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Chen Y, Nagib MM, Yasmen N, Sluter MN, Littlejohn TL, Yu Y, Jiang J. Neuroinflammatory mediators in acquired epilepsy: an update. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:683-701. [PMID: 36745211 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders that have diverse etiologies but are commonly characterized by spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Although the mechanisms underlying the epileptic seizures mostly remain poorly understood and the causes often can be idiopathic, a considerable portion of cases are known as acquired epilepsy. This form of epilepsy is typically associated with prior neurological insults, which lead to the initiation and progression of epileptogenesis, eventually resulting in unprovoked seizures. A convergence of evidence in the past two decades suggests that inflammation within the brain may be a major contributing factor to acquired epileptogenesis. As evidenced in mounting preclinical and human studies, neuroinflammatory processes, such as activation and proliferation of microglia and astrocytes, elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and upregulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, are commonly observed after seizure-precipitating events. An increased knowledge of these neuroinflammatory processes in the epileptic brain has led to a growing list of inflammatory mediators that can be leveraged as potential targets for new therapies of epilepsy and/or biomarkers that may provide valued information for the diagnosis and prognosis of the otherwise unpredictable seizures. In this review, we mainly focus on the most recent progress in understanding the roles of these inflammatory molecules in acquired epilepsy and highlight the emerging evidence supporting their candidacy as novel molecular targets for new pharmacotherapies of acquired epilepsy and the associated behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marwa M Nagib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nelufar Yasmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Taylor L Littlejohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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3
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Yang S, Huh E, Moon GH, Ahn J, Woo J, Han HS, Lee HH, Chung KS, Lee KT, Oh MS, Lee JY. In vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effect of novel mPGES-1 inhibitor in animal model of Parkinson's Disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 74:128920. [PMID: 35931244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
mPGES-1 is found to be up-regulated in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of postmortem brain tissue from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD mice. Since the genetic deletion of mPGES-1 abolished 6-OHDA-induced PGE2 production and 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in vitro and in vivo models, mPGES-1 enzyme has the potential to be an important target for PD therapy. In the present work, we investigated whether a small organic molecule as mPGES-1 inhibitor could exhibit the neuroprotective effects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in in vitro and in vivo models. For this research goal, a new series of arylsulfonyl hydrazide derivatives was prepared and investigated whether these compounds may protect neurons against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Among them, compound 7s (MPO-0144) as a mPGES-1 inhibitor (PGE2 IC50 = 41.77 nM; mPGES-1 IC50 = 1.16 nM) exhibited a potent neuroprotection (ED50 = 3.0 nM) against 6-OHDA-induced in PC12 cells without its own neurotoxicity (IC50 = >10 μM). In a 6-OHDA-induced mouse model of PD, administration of compound 7s (1 mg/kg/day, for 7days, i.p.) ameliorated motor impairments and dopaminergic neuronal damage. These significant biological effects of compound 7s provided the first pharmacological evidence that mPGES-1 inhibitor could be a promising therapeutic agent for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Yang
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Huh
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hyun Moon
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Ahn
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Woo
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Yeol Lee
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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The Acidic Fraction of Isatidis Radix Regulates Inflammatory Response in LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages through MAPKs and NF- κB Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8879862. [PMID: 33777165 PMCID: PMC7969086 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8879862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Isatidis Radix, the dried root of Isatidis indigotica Fort, is a traditional heat-clearing and detoxicating herb, which has the antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity and immune regulation. It has been widely used to treat cold, fever, sore throat, mumps, and tonsillitis in clinics. A previous study demonstrated that the acidic fraction of Isatidis Radix (RIAF) had strong anti-inflammatory activity, but the mechanism of action was not well elucidated. Lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced RAW264.7 cells were employed to observe the anti-inflammatory activity of RIAF. The level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Western blot was performed to quantify the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, c-jun NH2-termianl kinase (JNK), p38, inducible NO synthetase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, andnuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Immunofluorescence assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were used to quantify the translocation and the binding-DNA activity of NF-κB. RIAF could inhibit the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (PGE2, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO, other than TNF-α) in a dose-dependent manner. Further investigation showed that the expression of iNOS and COX-2 induced by LPS were downregulated by treatment with RIAF. Meanwhile, data from the signal pathway exhibited that RIAF significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 and reduced the translocation of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to nucleus, as well as the binding-DNA activity. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of RIAF was to reduce inflammation-associated gene expression (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6) by regulating the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway and interventing the activation of the NF-κB pathway, which partly illustrated the basis of treatment of Isatidis Radix on cold, fever, sore throat, mumps, and tonsillitis in clinics.
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Hamrin J, Perez‐Manzo M, Idborg H, Jakobsson P, Björk L, Eriksson M, Nilsson A, Herlenius E. Urinary PGE 2 metabolite levels in hospitalised infants with infections compared to age-matched controls. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:1879-1886. [PMID: 30933389 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the urinary tetranor-prostaglandin E2 metabolite in healthy infants and in hospitalised infants with upper and lower respiratory tract as well as gastrointestinal infections. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional study to determine baseline concentrations of urinary tetranor-prostaglandin E2 metabolite was conducted in 81 healthy infants aged one week to one year and in 142 hospitalised infants with infections. Prostaglandin metabolite levels were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In healthy infants, urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite levels decreased with age and did not differ between girls and boys. Infections of the lower respiratory (n = 78) and gastrointestinal tract (n = 12) correlated with increased levels of the prostaglandin E2 metabolite. In contrast, infants hospitalised with upper respiratory tract infections (n = 23) exhibited similar levels as healthy, age-matched controls. Lower prostaglandin E2 levels were found after treatment with acetaminophen in hospitalised children. Prostaglandin E2 metabolite levels did not correlate with length of hospitalisation or need for respiratory support. CONCLUSION This study first provides normal levels of urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite in infants and secondly demonstrates elevated levels in hospitalised children with lower respiratory tract and gastrointestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hamrin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Monica Perez‐Manzo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Helena Idborg
- Department of Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Rheumatology Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Per‐Johan Jakobsson
- Department of Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Rheumatology Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lars Björk
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Margareta Eriksson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Eric Herlenius
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
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Muhammad A, Khan B, Iqbal Z, Khan AZ, Khan I, Khan K, Alamzeb M, Ahmad N, Khan K, Lal Badshah S, Ullah A, Muhammad S, Jan MT, Nadeem S, Kabir N. Viscosine as a Potent and Safe Antipyretic Agent Evaluated by Yeast-Induced Pyrexia Model and Molecular Docking Studies. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:14188-14192. [PMID: 31508540 PMCID: PMC6732982 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The antipyretic potential of viscosine, a natural product isolated from the medicinal plant Dodonaea viscosa, was investigated using yeast-induced pyrexia rat model, and its structure-activity relationship was investigated through molecular docking analyses with the target enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). The in vivo antipyretic experiments showed a progressive dose-dependent reduction in body temperatures of the hyperthermic test animals when injected with viscosine. Comparison of docking analyses with target enzymes showed strongest bonding interactions (binding energy -17.34 kcal/mol) of viscosine with the active-site pocket of mPGES-1. These findings suggest that viscosine shows antipyretic properties by reducing the concentration of prostaglandin E2 in brain through its mPGES-1 inhibitory action and make it a potential lead compound for developing effective and safer antipyretic drugs for treating fever and related pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KPK 25120, Pakistan
| | - Behramand Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KPK 25120, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Amir Zada Khan
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Inamullah Khan
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Alamzeb
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Kotli, Kotli 11100, Azad Jammu
and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KPK 25120, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KPK 25120, Pakistan
| | - Syed Lal Badshah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KPK 25120, Pakistan
| | - Asad Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KPK 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sayyar Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KPK 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Jan
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KPK 25120, Pakistan
| | - Said Nadeem
- Kosk Vocational
School of Food Technology, Aydin Adnan Menderes
University, Efeler 09010 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Nurul Kabir
- Institute
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chen SH, Sung YF, Oyarzabal EA, Tan YM, Leonard J, Guo M, Li S, Wang Q, Chu CH, Chen SL, Lu RB, Hong JS. Physiological Concentration of Prostaglandin E 2 Exerts Anti-inflammatory Effects by Inhibiting Microglial Production of Superoxide Through a Novel Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8001-8013. [PMID: 29492849 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the physiological regulation of brain immune homeostasis in rat primary neuron-glial cultures by sub-nanomolar concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). We demonstrated that 0.01 to 10 nM PGE2 protected dopaminergic neurons against LPS-induced neurotoxicity through a reduction of microglial release of pro-inflammatory factors in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, neuroprotective effects elicited by PGE2 were mediated by the inhibition of microglial NOX2, a major superoxide-producing enzyme. This conclusion was supported by (1) the close relationship between inhibition of superoxide and PGE2-induced neuroprotective effects; (2) the mediation of PGE2-induced reduction of superoxide and neuroprotection via direct inhibition of the catalytic subunit of NOX2, gp91phox, rather than through the inhibition of conventional prostaglandin E2 receptors; and (3) abolishment of the neuroprotective effect of PGE2 in NOX2-deficient cultures. In summary, this study revealed a potential physiological role of PGE2 in maintaining brain immune homeostasis and protecting neurons via an EP receptor-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Heng Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Yueh-Feng Sung
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Esteban A Oyarzabal
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Lab, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Mingri Guo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Haihe Hospital/Haihe Clinical Institute of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Respiratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, NIEHS/NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been thought to be an important mediator of inflammation in peripheral tissues, but recent studies clearly show the involvement of PGE2 in inflammatory brain diseases. In some animal models of brain disease, the genetic disruption and chemical inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 resulted in the reduction of PGE2 and amelioration of symptoms, and it had been thought that PGE2 produced by COX-2 may be involved in the progression of injuries. However, COX-2 produces not only PGE2, but also some other prostanoids, and thus the protective effects of COX-2 inhibition, as well as severe side effects, may be caused by the inhibition of prostanoids other than PGE2. Therefore, to elucidate the role of PGE2, studies of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), an inducible terminal enzyme for PGE2 synthesis, have recently been an active area of research. Studies from mPGES-1 deficient mice provide compelling evidence for its role in a variety of inflammatory brain diseases, such as ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy, and clues for developing new therapeutic treatments for brain diseases by targeting mPGES-1. Considering that COX inhibitors may non-selectively suppress the production of many types of prostanoids that are essential for normal physiological functioning of the brain and peripheral tissues, as well as induce gastro-intestinal, renal and cardiovascular complications, mPGES-1 inhibitors are expected to be injury-selective and have fewer side-effects when treating human brain diseases. Thus, this paper focuses on recent studies that have demonstrated the involvement of mPGES-1 in pathological brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ikeda-Matsuo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
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9
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Accounting for the delay in the transition from acute to chronic pain: axonal and nuclear mechanisms. J Neurosci 2015; 35:495-507. [PMID: 25589745 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5147-13.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute insults produce hyperalgesic priming, a neuroplastic change in nociceptors that markedly prolongs inflammatory mediator-induced hyperalgesia. After an acute initiating insult, there is a 72 h delay to the onset of priming, for which the underlying mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that the delay is due to the time required for a signal to travel from the peripheral terminal to the cell body followed by a return signal to the peripheral terminal. We report that when an inducer of hyperalgesic priming (monocyte chemotactic protein 1) is administered at the spinal cord of Sprague Dawley rats, priming is detected at the peripheral terminal with a delay significantly shorter than when applied peripherally. Spinally induced priming is detected not only when prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is presented to the peripheral nociceptor terminals, but also when it is presented intrathecally to the central terminals in the spinal cord. Furthermore, when an inducer of priming is administered in the paw, priming can be detected in spinal cord (as prolonged hyperalgesia induced by intrathecal PGE2), but only when the mechanical stimulus is presented to the paw on the side where the priming inducer was administered. Both spinally and peripherally induced priming is prevented by intrathecal oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to the nuclear transcription factor CREB mRNA. Finally, the inhibitor of protein translation reversed hyperalgesic priming only when injected at the site where PGE2 was administered, suggesting that the signal transmitted from the cell body to the peripheral terminal is not a newly translated protein, but possibly a newly expressed mRNA.
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Korotkova M, Jakobsson PJ. Characterization of Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase 1 Inhibitors. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:64-9. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Korotkova
- Rheumatology Unit; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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11
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Prostaglandin E2 and the suppression of phagocyte innate immune responses in different organs. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:327568. [PMID: 23024463 PMCID: PMC3449139 DOI: 10.1155/2012/327568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The local and systemic production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its actions in phagocytes lead to immunosuppressive conditions. PGE2 is produced at high levels during inflammation, and its suppressive effects are caused by the ligation of the E prostanoid receptors EP2 and EP4, which results in the production of cyclic AMP. However, PGE2 also exhibits immunostimulatory properties due to binding to EP3, which results in decreased cAMP levels. The various guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) that are coupled to the different EP receptors account for the pleiotropic roles of PGE2 in different disease states. Here, we discuss the production of PGE2 and the actions of this prostanoid in phagocytes from different tissues, the relative contribution of PGE2 to the modulation of innate immune responses, and the novel therapeutic opportunities that can be used to control inflammatory responses.
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12
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KOEBERLE ANDREAS, WERZ OLIVER. Microsomal Prostaglandin E2 Synthase-1. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The prostanoids and leukotrienes (LTs) formed from arachidonic acid (AA) via the cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/2 and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway, respectively, mediate inflammatory responses, chronic tissue remodelling, cancer, asthma and autoimmune disorders, but also possess homeostatic functions in the gastrointestinal tract, uterus, brain, kidney, vasculature and host defence. Based on the manifold functions of these eicosanoids, the clinical use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a class of drugs that block formation of all prostanoids, is hampered by severe side-effects including gastrointestinal injury, renal irritations and cardiovascular risks. Therefore, anti-inflammatory agents interfering with eicosanoid biosynthesis require a well-balanced pharmacological profile to minimize these on-target side-effects. Current anti-inflammatory research aims at identifying compounds that can suppress the massive formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin (PG)E2 without affecting homeostatic PGE2 and PGI2 synthesis. The inducible microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is one promising target enzyme. We will give an overview about the structure, regulation and function of mPGES-1 and then present novel inhibitors of mPGES-1 that may possess a promising pharmacological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- ANDREAS KOEBERLE
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy University Jena Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena Germany
| | - OLIVER WERZ
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy University Jena Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena Germany
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13
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Vercelli CA, Aisemberg J, Cella M, Salazar AI, Wolfson ML, Franchi AM. Opposite effects of methanandamide on lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2 and F2α synthesis in uterine explants from pregnant mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39532. [PMID: 22792180 PMCID: PMC3390336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) are effective abortifacients and are important mediators of lipopolisaccharide (LPS)-induced embryonic resorption (ER). Besides, anandamide (AEA) has been described as one of the major endocannabinoids present in the uterus suggesting that it might play a role in reproduction. It has been reported that high levels of AEA are associated with pregnancy failure and that LPS increases AEA production. Also, it has been observed that AEA modulates PG production in different tissues. In this sense, we studied whether LPS-induced PG production is modulated by AEA and we also assessed the effect of this endocannabinoid on PG metabolism in an in vitro model. Uterine explants from BALB/c implantation sites were cultured in the presence of LPS plus cannabinoid receptor (CB) specific antagonists and PG production was assessed. Then, we studied the effect of exogenous AEA on different steps of PG metabolic pathway. We showed that AEA is involved in LPS-induced PG biosynthesis. Also, we observed that AEA exerts opposite effects on PGE(2) and PGF(2α) biosynthesis, by inhibiting PGE(2) production and increasing PGF(2α) levels. We suggest that AEA could be involved in the mechanisms implicated in LPS-induced ER. A better understanding of how AEA could be affecting ER could help developing specific interventions to prevent this pathology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/administration & dosage
- Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology
- Dinoprost/biosynthesis
- Dinoprostone/biosynthesis
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Pregnancy
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Uterus/drug effects
- Uterus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Vercelli
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Pregnancy and Labor, Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (National Research Council-School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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14
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Prostaglandins in cancer cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:723419. [PMID: 22505934 PMCID: PMC3299390 DOI: 10.1155/2012/723419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins exert a profound influence over the adhesive, migratory, and invasive behavior of cells during the development and progression of cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) are upregulated in inflammation and cancer. This results in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which binds to and activates G-protein-coupled prostaglandin E1–4 receptors (EP1–4). Selectively targeting the COX-2/mPGES-1/PGE2/EP1–4 axis of the prostaglandin pathway can reduce the adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Once stimulated by prostaglandins, cadherin adhesive connections between epithelial or endothelial cells are lost. This enables cells to invade through the underlying basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM). Interactions with the ECM are mediated by cell surface integrins by “outside-in signaling” through Src and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and/or “inside-out signaling” through talins and kindlins. Combining the use of COX-2/mPGES-1/PGE2/EP1–4 axis-targeted molecules with those targeting cell surface adhesion receptors or their downstream signaling molecules may enhance cancer therapy.
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15
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Akarsu ES, Mamuk S. Seizure susceptibility and electroencephalogram power spectra alterations at various phases of the lipopolysaccharide-induced hypothermic response in biotelemetered rats. Epilepsy Res 2012; 100:20-6. [PMID: 22269424 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal excitability has been evaluated at various phases of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; E. coli O111:B4, 250 μg/kg, ip)-induced hypothermia including the initial phase, the plateau (including the nadir) and the end of the response in biotelemetered adult Wistar rats. The latency of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures (60 mg/kg, ip) was lower at the initial phase, but a clear anticonvulsive activity was observed at the end of the hypothermic response. Seizure parameters did not change at the nadir. There was no electroencephalogram (EEG) spike-wave activity generation at either phase of the LPS-induced hypothermia. Meanwhile, the power of the 12-32 Hz beta band of the EEG spectra increased at the initial phase. This increment persisted at the plateau where there was also a decrease in the 1-4 Hz delta power. The data indicate that spike-wave activity is not facilitated during LPS-induced hypothermia but, proconvulsant and anticonvulsant activities occur sequentially depending on the phase of the response. The EEG power spectra also change. These effects may not be attributed merely to the reduction of body temperature. Thus, it is possible that pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of hypothermia may also be responsible for neuronal excitability changes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyup S Akarsu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Morphology Building, Sihhiye, 06 100 Ankara, Turkey.
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16
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Matousek SB, Hein AM, Shaftel SS, Olschowka JA, Kyrkanides S, O'Banion MK. Cyclooxygenase-1 mediates prostaglandin E(2) elevation and contextual memory impairment in a model of sustained hippocampal interleukin-1beta expression. J Neurochem 2010; 114:247-58. [PMID: 20412387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1beta is a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders. Downstream actions of IL-1beta include production of prostaglandin (PG) E(2) by increasing expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) isoforms. We recently developed a transgenic mouse carrying a dormant human IL-1beta eXcisional Activation Transgene (XAT) for conditional and chronic up-regulation of IL-1beta in selected brain regions. This model is characterized by regionally specific glial activation, immune cell recruitment, and induction of cytokines and chemokines. Here, we aimed to elucidate the effects of long-term IL-1beta expression on the PGE(2) synthetic pathway and to determine the effects of PGs on inflammation and memory in our model. As expected, PGE(2) levels were significantly elevated after IL-1beta up-regulation. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated significant induction of mRNAs for COX-1 and membranous PGES-1, but not COX-2 or other PGES isoforms. Immunohistochemistry revealed elevation of COX-1 but no change in COX-2 following sustained IL-1beta production. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of COX-1 and use of COX-1 knockout mice abrogated IL-1beta-mediated PGE(2) increases. Although COX-1 deficient mice did not present a dramatically altered neuroinflammatory phenotype, they did exhibit improved contextual fear memory. This data suggests a unique role for COX-1 in mediating chronic neuroinflammatory effects through PGE(2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Matousek
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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