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Seessle J, Liebisch G, Staffer S, Tuma-Kellner S, Merle U, Herrmann T, Chamulitrat W. Enterocyte-specific FATP4 deficiency elevates blood lipids via a shift from polar to neutral lipids in distal intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 327:G202-G216. [PMID: 38915276 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00109.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid transport protein (FATP)4 was thought to mediate intestinal lipid absorption, which was disputed by a study using keratinocyte-Fatp4-rescued Fatp4-/- mice. These knockouts when fed with a Western diet showed elevated intestinal triglyceride (TG) and fatty acid levels. To investigate a possible role of FATP4 on intestinal lipid processing, ent-Fatp4 (KO) mice were generated by Villin-Cre-specific inactivation of the Fatp4 gene. We aimed to measure circulating and intestinal lipids in control and KO mice after acute or chronic fat intake or during aging. Remarkably, ent-Fatp4 mice displayed an approximately 30% decrease in ileal behenic, lignoceric, and nervonic acids, ceramides containing these FA, as well as, ileal sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol levels. Such decreases were concomitant with an increase in jejunal cholesterol ester. After a 2-wk recovery from high lipid overload by tyloxapol and oral-lipid treatment, ent-Fatp4 mice showed an increase in plasma TG and chylomicrons. Upon overnight fasting followed by an oral fat meal, ent-Fatp4 mice showed an increase in plasma TG-rich lipoproteins and the particle number of chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins. During aging or after feeding with a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet, ent-Fatp4 mice showed an increase in plasma TG, fatty acids, glycerol, and lipoproteins as well as intestinal lipids. HFHC-fed KO mice displayed an increase in body weight, the number of lipid droplets with larger sizes in the ileum, concomitant with a decrease in ileal ceramides and phosphatidylcholine. Thus, enterocyte FATP4 deficiency led to a metabolic shift from polar to neutral lipids in distal intestine rendering an increase in plasma lipids and lipoproteins.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Enterocyte-specific Fatp4 deficiency in mice increased intestinal lipid absorption with elevation of blood lipids during fasting and aging, as well as after an acute oral fat-loading or chronic HFHC feeding. Lipidomics revealed that knockout mice displayed a shift from very long-chain to long-chain fatty acids, and from polar to neutral lipids, predominantly in the ileum. Thus, FATP4 may have a physiological function in the control of blood lipids via metabolic shifts in distal intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Seessle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simone Staffer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Tuma-Kellner
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Department of Medical Clinic 1, Westkuesten Hospital, Heide, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Fatty Acids as Potent Modulators of Autophagy Activity in White Adipose Tissue. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020255. [PMID: 36830623 PMCID: PMC9953325 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet is one of the causative factors of obesity. The dietary profile of fatty acids is also an important variable in developing obesity, as saturated fatty acids are more obesogenic than monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Overweight and obesity are inseparably connected with the excess of adipose tissue in the body, characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of fat cells, which increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Changes observed within hypertrophic adipocytes result in elevated oxidative stress, unfolded protein accumulation, and increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. One of the processes involved in preservation of cellular homeostasis is autophagy, which is defined as an intracellular lysosome-dependent degradation system that serves to recycle available macromolecules and eliminate damaged organelles. In obesity, activation of autophagy is increased and the process appears to be regulated by different types of dietary fatty acids. This review describes the role of autophagy in adipose tissue and summarizes the current understanding of the effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in autophagy modulation in adipocytes.
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Lv W, Xu D. Docosahexaenoic Acid Delivery Systems, Bioavailability, Functionality, and Applications: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:2685. [PMID: 36076867 PMCID: PMC9455885 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), mainly found in microalgae and fish oil, is crucial for the growth and development of visual, neurological, and brain. In addition, DHA has been found to improve metabolic disorders associated with obesity and has anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-adipogenesis effects. However, DHA applications in food are often limited due to its low water solubility, instability, and poor bioavailability. Therefore, delivery systems have been developed to enhance the remainder of DHA activity and increase DHA homeostasis and bioavailability. This review focused on the different DHA delivery systems and the in vitro and in vivo digestive characteristics. The research progress on cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, visual, neurological/brain, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, food applications, future trends, and the development potential of DHA delivery systems were also reviewed. DHA delivery systems could overcome the instability of DHA in gastrointestinal digestion, improve the bioavailability of DHA, and better play the role of its functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Lv
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Duoxia Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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4
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Isesele P, Vaidya H, Gill R, Cheema SK. Treatment of preadipocytes with fish oil, mixed oil, or soybean oil-based lipid emulsions have differential effects on the regulation of lipogenic and lipolytic genes in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 177:102396. [PMID: 35032817 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The key adipose tissue characteristics are established during early development, where lipids play an essential role. Lipid emulsions used in total parenteral nutrition have different omega-(n) 6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios. A lower n-6:n-3 fatty acid decreases lipid accumulation; however, the effects of lipid emulsions with different n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios on the programming of preadipocytes to affect lipid accumulation in mature adipocytes is not known. This study compared the effects of Fish oil (FO), Mixed oil (MO), and Soybean oil (SO) based lipid emulsion on genes involved in adipogenesis, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and β-oxidation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Preadipocytes were treated with specific lipid emulsions and then differentiated to mature adipocytes in the absence of lipid emulsions. In a separate experiment, mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with lipid emulsions to investigate the effects on genes involved in lipolysis. Fatty acid composition, triacylglycerol levels, and the mRNA expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and β-oxidation were measured. Preadipocytes and mature adipocytes treated with FO showed higher incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, lower triacylglycerol levels, and decreased mRNA expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes, followed by MO and SO. FO and MO increased the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, while FO decreased the mRNA expression of lipolytic genes compared to untreated cells. Our findings suggest that FO programs preadipocytes to prevent adipose tissue dysfunction in mature adipocytes; the effects of FO-based lipid emulsion were followed by MO and SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Isesele
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Hitesh Vaidya
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Renu Gill
- Janeway Children's Hospital and Rehabilitation Center, St. John's, NL, Canada
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5
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Effect of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Supplementation on Murine Preadipocytes 3T3-L1 Cells Activated with Lipopolysaccharide and/or Tumor Necrosis Factor-α. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090977. [PMID: 34575127 PMCID: PMC8472223 DOI: 10.3390/life11090977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effect of n-3 fatty acids can be related to anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the study was to analyzed the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on 3T3-L1 cells (murine embryonic fibroblasts‒preadipocytes) activated with inflammatory factors (IF). Cells were incubated with 50 µmol of EPA for 48 h, and then activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The level of cycloxygenase-2 (Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2, PTGS2, COX-2), cytosolic prostaglandin synthase E2 (cPGES), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), glucose receptor type 4 (GLUT-4), and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) was determined using Western blot analysis. The phospholipase A2 (Pla2g4a), and prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (Ptgs2) gene expression was analyzed by real-time qPCR. After EPA and IF activation, a significant decrease in the COX-2, cPGES, and TRL4 protein levels was observed. Incubation of cells with EPA and IF resulted in a decrease in Ptgs2 and an increase in the Pla2g4a gene. A significant increase in the CB2 protein was observed in adipocytes co-treated with EPA and IF. The results indicated an anti-inflammatory properties of EPA. Interestingly, the activation of the GLUT4 receptor by EPA suggests an unique role of this FA in the regulation of the adipocyte metabolism and prevention of insulin resistance.
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6
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Zhang HJ, Gao X, Guo XF, Li KL, Li S, Sinclair AJ, Li D. Effects of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 33 randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4538-4550. [PMID: 34229258 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have compared the effects of pure preparations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in reducing metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors, but the results were inconsistent. The present study aimed to clarify whether EPA and DHA have differential effects on MetS features in humans. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in CNKI, PubMed, Embase and Scopus updated to February 2021. The mean changes in the characteristics of MetS were calculated as weighted mean differences by using a random-effects model. Thirty-three RCTs were included. RESULTS The results showed that both EPA and DHA were effective at lowering serum triglycerides (TG) levels. EPA supplementation decreased the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) (WMD = -0.24 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.43, -0.05 mmol/L), TG (WMD = -0.77 mmol/L; 95% CI, -1.54, -0.00 mmol/L) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD = -0.13 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.25, -0.01 mmol/L), while DHA increased the serum levels of TC (WMD = 0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.03, 0.25 mmol/L), LDL-C (WMD = 0.26 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.15, 0.38 mmol/L) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD = 0.07 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.04, 0.09 mmol/L). Moreover, DHA increased the serum levels of insulin compared with EPA, especially in subgroups whose mean age was <60 years (0.43 mU/L; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.81 mU/L) and duration of DHA supplementation < 3 months (0.39 mU/L; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.77 mU/L). CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis provides evidence that EPA and DHA have different effects on risk factors of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Guo
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ke-Lei Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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7
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Marousez L, Hanssens S, Butruille L, Petit C, Pourpe C, Besengez C, Rakza T, Storme L, Deruelle P, Lesage J, Eberlé D. Breast milk apelin level increases with maternal obesity and high-fat feeding during lactation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1052-1060. [PMID: 33594258 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence indicates that levels of breast milk (BM) hormones such as leptin can fluctuate with maternal adiposity, suggesting that BM hormones may signal maternal metabolic and nutritional environments to offspring during postnatal development. The hormone apelin is highly abundant in BM but its regulation during lactation is completely unknown. Here, we evaluated whether maternal obesity and overnutrition impacted BM apelin and leptin levels in clinical cohorts and lactating rats. METHODS BM and plasma samples were collected from normal-weight and obese breastfeeding women, and from lactating rats fed a control or a high fat (HF) diet during lactation. Apelin and leptin levels were assayed by ELISA. Mammary gland (MG) apelin expression and its cellular localization in lactating rats was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS BM apelin levels increased with maternal BMI, whereas plasma apelin levels decreased. BM apelin was also positively correlated with maternal insulin and C-peptide levels. In rats, maternal HF feeding exclusively during lactation was sufficient to increase BM apelin levels and decrease its plasma concentration without changing body weight. In contrast, BM leptin levels increased with maternal BMI in humans, but did not change with maternal HF feeding during lactation in rats. Apelin is highly expressed in the rat MG during lactation and was mainly localized to mammary myoepithelial cells. We found that MG apelin gene expression was up-regulated by maternal HF diet and positively correlated with BM apelin content and maternal insulinemia. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that BM apelin levels increase with long- and short-term overnutrition, possibly via maternal hyperinsulinemia and transcriptional upregulation of MG apelin expression in myoepithelial cells. Apelin regulates many physiological processes, including energy metabolism, digestive function, and development. Further studies are needed to unravel the consequences of such changes in offspring development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Marousez
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Sandy Hanssens
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Gynecology-Obstetrics, Lille, France
| | - Laura Butruille
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Céline Petit
- CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Gynecology-Obstetrics, Lille, France
| | - Charlène Pourpe
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | | | - Thameur Rakza
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Neonatology and Pediatrics, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Storme
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Neonatology and Pediatrics, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Deruelle
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Gynecology-Obstetrics, Lille, France
| | - Jean Lesage
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Eberlé
- Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France. .,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France.
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8
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Wei W, Hu M, Huang J, Yu S, Li X, Li Y, Mao L. Anti-obesity effects of DHA and EPA in high fat-induced insulin resistant mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:1614-1625. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) exert their anti-obesity effect by mechanisms dependent or independent of PPARγ and GPR120 signaling in insulin resistant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research
- School of Public Health
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
| | - Manjiang Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research
- School of Public Health
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research
- School of Public Health
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
| | - Siyan Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research
- School of Public Health
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research
- School of Public Health
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
| | - Yanhui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research
- School of Public Health
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
| | - Limei Mao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research
- School of Public Health
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
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9
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Chain length of dietary fatty acids determines gastrointestinal motility and visceromotor function in mice in a fatty acid binding protein 4-dependent manner. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2481-2496. [PMID: 31562532 PMCID: PMC7413912 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We hypothesize that different types of dietary fatty acids (FAs) affect gastrointestinal (GI) motility and visceromotor function and that this effect can be regulated by the fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). Methods Mice were fed for 60 days with standard diet (STD), STD with 7% (by weight) coconut oil, rich in medium-chain FAs (MCFAs) (COCO), or with 7% evening primrose oil, rich in long-chain FAs (LCFAs) (EPO). In each group, half of the mice received FABP4 inhibitor, BMS309403 (1 mg/kg; i.p.) twice a week. Body weight (BW) and food intake were measured; well-established tests were performed to characterize the changes in GI motility and visceral pain. White adipose tissue and colonic samples were collected for cell culturing and molecular studies. Results COCO significantly increased GI transit, but not colonic motility. COCO and EPO delayed the onset of diarrhea, but none affected the effect of loperamide. EPO reduced BW and increased the visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distension (CRD). COCO and EPO reduced differentiation of preadipocytes. Treatment with BMS309403: (1) reversed the effects induced by COCO in physiological conditions and in mouse models of diarrhea; (2) prevented the effects of EPO on BW, VMR to CRD and castor oil-induced diarrhea; (3) affected proliferation of preadipocytes; (4) changed the expression of Fabp4 in colonic and adipocyte samples from COCO and EPO. Conclusion Modifying dietary intake of MCFAs and LCFAs may be used to control GI motility or visceral pain and thus modulate the symptoms of functional GI disorders. The effect is dependent on the expression of FABP4. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-019-02094-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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10
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Mak IL, Lavery P, Agellon S, Rauch F, Murshed M, Weiler HA. Arachidonic acid exacerbates diet-induced obesity and reduces bone mineral content without impacting bone strength in growing male rats. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 73:108226. [PMID: 31520815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate bone mass and adipocyte metabolism. Arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 n-6) is elevated in obesity and postulated to stimulate bone resorption. This study aimed to determine the effect of AA on bone mass, quality, and adiposity in diet-induced obesity during growth. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=42, 4-week) were randomized into groups fed a control diet (CTRL, AIN-93G), high-fat diet (HFD, 35% kcal fat) or HFD + AA (1% w/w diet) for 6 weeks. Body composition, bone mineral density and microarchitecture were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and micro-computed tomography. Red blood cell fatty acid profile was measured with gas chromatography. Group differences were evaluated using repeated measures two-way analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post hoc testing. Total energy intake did not differ among diet groups. At week 6, HFD + AA had significantly greater body fat % (12%), body weight (6%) and serum leptin concentrations (125%) than CTRL, whereas visceral fat (mass and %, assessed with micro-computed tomography) was increased in both HFD and HFD + AA groups. HFD + AA showed reduced whole body bone mineral content and femur mid-diaphyseal cortical bone cross-sectional area than HFD and CTRL, without impairment in bone strength. Contrarily, HFD + AA had greater femur metaphyseal trabecular vBMD (35%) and bone volume fraction (5%) compared to controls. Inclusion of AA elevated leptin concentrations in male rats. The early manifestations of diet-induced obesity on bone mass were accelerated with AA. Studies of longer duration are needed to clarify the effect of AA on peak bone mass following growth cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy L Mak
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Paula Lavery
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Sherry Agellon
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Frank Rauch
- Shriners' Hospital for Children, 1003 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC, Canada H4A 0A9
| | - Monzur Murshed
- Shriners' Hospital for Children, 1003 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC, Canada H4A 0A9; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0C7
| | - Hope A Weiler
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9.
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11
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Issara U, Park S, Park S. Determination of Fat Accumulation Reduction by Edible Fatty Acids and Natural Waxes In Vitro. Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39:430-445. [PMID: 31304472 PMCID: PMC6612783 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural edible waxes mixed with plant oils, containing high levels of unsaturated
fatty acids (FAs), are known as oleogels. Oleogels are used for replacing
saturated FAs in animal-derived food with unsaturated FAs. However, the health
effects of edible waxes are not yet clearly defined. The purpose of this study
was to investigate the effect of FAs and natural waxes on the adipogenesis in
3T3-L1 cells. The 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated and treated with FAs and
waxes. These FAs [Palmitic acid (PA), Stearic acid (SA), Oleic acid (OA),
Linoleic acid (LA), and Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)] and waxes [beeswax (BW) and
carnauba wax (CW)] were prepared at varying concentrations, and cell toxicity,
triglyceride accumulation, lipid droplets size, and distribution inside of cells
were determined. Adipogenic gene expression including
PPARγ, FASN,
C/EBPα, SREBP-1, and
CPT-1 was determined. Results showed that increasing the
concentration of FAs and waxes led to a decrease in the adipocyte cells
viability and metabolic performance. SA showed the highest level of triglyceride
accumulation (p<0.05), whereas ALA showed the lowest (p<0.05).
Both BW and CW at 3.0 ppm showed significantly higher lipid accumulation than in
the control and other groups (p<0.05). ALA had significantly
downregulated adipogenic gene expression levels, excluding those of
CPT-1, compared to the other treatment groups
(p<0.05). Moreover, BW demonstrated similar adipogenic gene expression
levels as ALA compared to CW. Consequently, ALA and BW may have health benefits
by reducing adipogenesis and can be used in processed meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utthapon Issara
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Suhyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
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12
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The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on apelin distribution of nervous system in the experimental mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Tissue Cell 2019; 56:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Pinel A, Rigaudière JP, Jouve C, Capel F. Modulation of Insulin Resistance and the Adipocyte-Skeletal Muscle Cell Cross-Talk by LCn-3PUFA. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092778. [PMID: 30223577 PMCID: PMC6164755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is involved in the development of insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle, leading to the decrease in the anabolic effect of insulin. We investigated if the long chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA), eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids (EPA and DPA, respectively) could (1) regulate the development of IR in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 muscle cells and (2) inhibit IR in muscle cells exposed to conditioned media (CM) from insulin-resistant adipocytes. Chronic insulin (CI) treatment of adipocytes and palmitic acid (PAL) exposure of myotubes were used to induce IR in the presence, or not, of LCn-3PUFA. EPA (50 µM) and DPA (10 µM) improved PAL-induced IR in myotubes, but had only a partial effect in adipocytes. CM from adipocytes exposed to CI induced IR in C2C12 myotubes. Although DPA increased the mRNA levels of genes involved in fatty acid (FA) beta-oxidation and insulin signaling in adipocytes, it was not sufficient to reduce the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and prevent the induction of IR in myotubes exposed to adipocyte’s CM. Treatment with DPA was able to increase the release of adiponectin by adipocytes into CM. In conclusion, DPA is able to protect myotubes from PAL-induced IR, but not from IR induced by CM from adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Pinel
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), INRA/Université Clermont Auvergne, 63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Rigaudière
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), INRA/Université Clermont Auvergne, 63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Chrystèle Jouve
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), INRA/Université Clermont Auvergne, 63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Frédéric Capel
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), INRA/Université Clermont Auvergne, 63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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14
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Li Y, Rong Y, Bao L, Nie B, Ren G, Zheng C, Amin R, Arnold RD, Jeganathan RB, Huggins KW. Suppression of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation by stearidonic acid (SDA) in 3T3-L1 cells. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:181. [PMID: 28946872 PMCID: PMC5613458 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased consumption of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids found in cold-water fish and fish oil has been reported to protect against obesity. A potential mechanism may be through reduction in adipocyte differentiation. Stearidonic acid (SDA), a plant-based ω-3 fatty acid, has been targeted as a potential surrogate for fish-based fatty acids; however, its role in adipocyte differentiation is unknown. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of SDA on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Methods 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated in the presence of SDA or vehicle-control. Cell viability assay was conducted to determine potential toxicity of SDA. Lipid accumulation was measured by Oil Red O staining and triglyceride (TG) quantification in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Adipocyte differentiation was evaluated by adipogenic transcription factors and lipid accumulation gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Fatty acid analysis was conducted by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results 3T3-L1 cells treated with SDA were viable at concentrations used for all studies. SDA treatment reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This anti-adipogenic effect by SDA was a result of down-regulation of mRNA levels of the adipogenic transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins alpha and beta (C/EBPα, C/EBPβ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c). SDA treatment resulted in decreased expression of the lipid accumulation genes adipocyte fatty-acid binding protein (AP2), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). The transcriptional activity of PPARγ was found to be decreased with SDA treatment. SDA treatment led to significant EPA enrichment in 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared to vehicle-control. Conclusion These results demonstrated that SDA can suppress adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells through down-regulation of adipogenic transcription factors and genes associated with lipid accumulation. This study suggests the use of SDA as a dietary treatment for obesity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-017-0574-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueru Li
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Yinghui Rong
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Lisui Bao
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ben Nie
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Guang Ren
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Rajesh Amin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Boshell Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Robert D Arnold
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Boshell Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ramesh B Jeganathan
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Boshell Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kevin W Huggins
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. .,Boshell Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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15
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Bargut TCL, Santos LP, Machado DGL, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) vs. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): Effects in epididymal white adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fructose diet. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 123:14-24. [PMID: 28838556 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been demonstrated to be beneficial for many diseases, including those associated with the metabolic syndrome (e.g. insulin resistance and hypertension). Nevertheless, not only their actions are not entirely understood, but also their only effects were not yet elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of EPA and DHA, alone or in combination, on the epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism in mice fed a high-fructose diet. METHODS 3-mo-old C57Bl/6 mice were fed a control diet (C) or a high-fructose diet (HFru). After three weeks on the diets, the HFru group was subdivided into four new groups for another five weeks: HFru, HFru+EPA, HFru+DHA, and HFru-EPA+DHA (n=10/group). Besides evaluating biometric and metabolic parameters of the animals, we measured the adipocyte area and performed molecular analyses (inflammation and lipolysis) in the epididymal WAT. RESULTS The HFru group showed adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and uncontrolled lipolysis. The treated animals showed a reversion of adipocyte hypertrophy, inhibition of inflammation with activation of anti-inflammatory mediators, and regularization of lipolysis. Overall, the beneficial effects were more marked with DHA than EPA. CONCLUSION Although the whole-body metabolic effects were similar between EPA and DHA, DHA appeared to be the central actor in WAT metabolism, modulating pro and anti-inflammatory pathways and alleviating adipocytes abnormalities. Therefore, when considering fructose-induced adverse effects in WAT, the most prominent actions were observed with DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thereza Cristina Lonzetti Bargut
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Basic Science Department, Nova Friburgo Health Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Pereira Santos
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Daiana Guimarães Lopes Machado
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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