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Seabolt MH, Alderisio KA, Xiao L, Roellig DM. Prevalence and molecular characterization of novel species of the Diplomonad genus Octomitus (Diplomonadida: Giardiinae) from wildlife in a New York watershed. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 14:267-272. [PMID: 33898227 PMCID: PMC8056139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Octomitus is a diplomonad genus known to inhabit the intestinal tracts of rodents. Ultrastructural morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequence analysis support the placement of Octomitus as the closest sister lineage to Giardia, a parasite which causes diarrheal disease in humans and animals worldwide. However, further information on the ecology and diversity of Octomitus is currently scarce. Expanding the available database of characterized sequences for this organism would therefore be helpful to studies of Diplomonad ecology, evolution, and epidemiology, particularly related to the evolution of parasitism in Giardia and Spironucleus, another related Diplomonad common in commercial fish farming. In order to study the prevalence and genotypic diversity of Octomitus, we developed a nested PCR assay specific to Octomitus and optimized to detect genotypes in fecal samples collected from wildlife in a New York watershed, and sequenced a portion of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) gene to identify samples to species level. Molecular evidence suggested that Octomitus genotypes display similar prevalence to Cryptosporidium and microsporidian pathogens in wildlife as well as strong host preference for rodent and opossum hosts. Phylogenetic analysis showed strong support for 14 Octomitus genotypes, 13 of these novel, and patterns of host-parasite co-evolution. First molecular detection assay for novel Octomitus genotypes. 13 new Octomitus genotypes are identified in diverse rodent hosts and a marsupial. Comparable prevalence of Octomitus in wildlife to Cryptosporidium and microsporidia (24.3%). Octomitus likely has little, if any, public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Seabolt
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL, 38506, USA
| | - Kerri A Alderisio
- Division of Water Quality Science and Research, Bureau of Water Supply, New York City Department of Environmental Protection, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Dawn M Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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Helmy YA, Spierling NG, Schmidt S, Rosenfeld UM, Reil D, Imholt C, Jacob J, Ulrich RG, Aebischer T, Klotz C. Occurrence and distribution of Giardia species in wild rodents in Germany. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:213. [PMID: 29587877 PMCID: PMC5870188 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardiasis is an important gastrointestinal parasitic disease in humans and other mammals caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis. This species complex is represented by genetically distinct groups (assemblages A-H) with varying zoonotic potential and host preferences. Wild rodents can harbor potentially zoonotic assemblages A and B, and the rodent-specific assemblage G. Other Giardia spp. found in these animals are Giardia muris and Giardia microti. For the latter, only limited information on genetic typing is available. It has been speculated that wild rodents might represent an important reservoir for parasites causing human giardiasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Giardia spp. and assemblage types in wild rodents from different study sites in Germany. RESULTS Screening of 577 wild rodents of the genera Apodemus, Microtus and Myodes, sampled at eleven study sites in Germany, revealed a high overall Giardia prevalence. Giardia species determination at the SSU rDNA gene locus revealed that Apodemus mice, depending on species, were predominantly infected with one of two distinct G. muris sequence types. Giardia microti was the predominant parasite species found in voles of the genera Microtus and Myodes. Only a few animals were positive for potentially zoonotic G. duodenalis. Subtyping at the beta-giardin (bg) and glutamine dehydrogenase (gdh) genes strongly supported the existence of different phylogenetic subgroups of G. microti that are preferentially harbored by distinct host species. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlights the preference of G. muris for Apodemus, and G. microti for Microtus and Myodes hosts and argues for a very low prevalence of zoonotic G. duodenalis assemblages in wild rodents in Germany. It also provides evidence that G. muris and G. microti subdivide into several phylogenetically distinguishable subgroups, each of which appears to be preferentially harbored by species of a particular rodent host genus. Finally, the study expands the database of sequences relevant for sequence typing of G. muris and G. microti isolates which will greatly help future analyses of these parasites' population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra A Helmy
- Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department Panel Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41511, Egypt
| | - Nastasja G Spierling
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schmidt
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.,German Society of Tissue Transplantation, Kruppstraße 98, 45145, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Rosenfeld
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Daniela Reil
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 48161, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Imholt
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 48161, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Jacob
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 48161, Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
In this review, the current status of genomic and proteomic research on Giardia is examined in terms of evolutionary biology, phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy. The review also describes how characterising genetic variation in Giardia from numerous hosts and endemic areas has provided a better understanding of life cycle patterns, transmission and the epidemiology of Giardia infections in humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Some progress has been made in relating genomic information to the phenotype of Giardia, and as a consequence, new information has been obtained on aspects of developmental biology and the host-parasite relationship. However, deficiencies remain in our understanding of pathogenesis and host specificity, highlighting the limitations of currently available genomic datasets.
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Takishita K, Kolisko M, Komatsuzaki H, Yabuki A, Inagaki Y, Cepicka I, Smejkalová P, Silberman JD, Hashimoto T, Roger AJ, Simpson AGB. Multigene phylogenies of diverse Carpediemonas-like organisms identify the closest relatives of 'amitochondriate' diplomonads and retortamonads. Protist 2012; 163:344-55. [PMID: 22364773 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diplomonads, retortamonads, and "Carpediemonas-like" organisms (CLOs) are a monophyletic group of protists that are microaerophilic/anaerobic and lack typical mitochondria. Most diplomonads and retortamonads are parasites, and the pathogen Giardia intestinalis is known to possess reduced mitochondrion-related organelles (mitosomes) that do not synthesize ATP. By contrast, free-living CLOs have larger organelles that superficially resemble some hydrogenosomes, organelles that in other protists are known to synthesize ATP anaerobically. This group represents an excellent system for studying the evolution of parasitism and anaerobic, mitochondrion-related organelles. Understanding these evolutionary transitions requires a well-resolved phylogeny of diplomonads, retortamonads and CLOs. Unfortunately, until now the deep relationships amongst these taxa were unresolved due to limited data for almost all of the CLO lineages. To address this, we assembled a dataset of up to six protein-coding genes that includes representatives from all six CLO lineages, and complements existing rRNA datasets. Multigene phylogenetic analyses place CLOs as well as the retortamonad Chilomastix as a paraphyletic basal assemblage to the lineage comprising diplomonads and the retortamonad Retortamonas. In particular, the CLO Dysnectes was shown to be the closest relative of the diplomonads + Retortamonas clade, with strong support. This phylogeny is consistent with a drastic degeneration of mitochondrion-related organelles during the evolution from a free-living organism resembling extant CLOs to a probable parasite/commensal common ancestor of diplomonads and Retortamonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Takishita
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
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PARK JONGSOO, KOLISKO MARTIN, HEISS AARONA, SIMPSON ALASTAIRG. Light Microscopic Observations, Ultrastructure, and Molecular Phylogeny ofHicanonectes teleskoposn. g., n. sp., a Deep-Branching Relative of Diplomonads. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2009; 56:373-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Non-monophyly of Retortamonadida and high genetic diversity of the genus Chilomastix suggested by analysis of SSU rDNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 48:770-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kolisko M, Cepicka I, Hampl V, Leigh J, Roger AJ, Kulda J, Simpson AGB, Flegr J. Molecular phylogeny of diplomonads and enteromonads based on SSU rRNA, alpha-tubulin and HSP90 genes: implications for the evolutionary history of the double karyomastigont of diplomonads. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:205. [PMID: 18627633 PMCID: PMC2496913 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fornicata is a relatively recently established group of protists that includes the diplokaryotic diplomonads (which have two similar nuclei per cell), and the monokaryotic enteromonads, retortamonads and Carpediemonas, with the more typical one nucleus per cell. The monophyly of the group was confirmed by molecular phylogenetic studies, but neither the internal phylogeny nor its position on the eukaryotic tree has been clearly resolved. RESULTS Here we have introduced data for three genes (SSU rRNA, alpha-tubulin and HSP90) with a wide taxonomic sampling of Fornicata, including ten isolates of enteromonads, representing the genera Trimitus and Enteromonas, and a new undescribed enteromonad genus. The diplomonad sequences formed two main clades in individual gene and combined gene analyses, with Giardia (and Octomitus) on one side of the basal divergence and Spironucleus, Hexamita and Trepomonas on the other. Contrary to earlier evolutionary scenarios, none of the studied enteromonads appeared basal to diplokaryotic diplomonads. Instead, the enteromonad isolates were all robustly situated within the second of the two diplomonad clades. Furthermore, our analyses suggested that enteromonads do not constitute a monophyletic group, and enteromonad monophyly was statistically rejected in 'approximately unbiased' tests of the combined gene data. CONCLUSION We suggest that all higher taxa intended to unite multiple enteromonad genera be abandoned, that Trimitus and Enteromonas be considered as part of Hexamitinae, and that the term 'enteromonads' be used in a strictly utilitarian sense. Our result suggests either that the diplokaryotic condition characteristic of diplomonads arose several times independently, or that the monokaryotic cell of enteromonads originated several times independently by secondary reduction from the diplokaryotic state. Both scenarios are evolutionarily complex. More comparative data on the similarity of the genomes of the two nuclei of diplomonads will be necessary to resolve which evolutionary scenario is more probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolisko
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4J1, Canada.
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Andersson JO, Sjögren ÅM, Horner DS, Murphy CA, Dyal PL, Svärd SG, Logsdon JM, Ragan MA, Hirt RP, Roger AJ. A genomic survey of the fish parasite Spironucleus salmonicida indicates genomic plasticity among diplomonads and significant lateral gene transfer in eukaryote genome evolution. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:51. [PMID: 17298675 PMCID: PMC1805757 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparative genomic studies of the mitochondrion-lacking protist group Diplomonadida (diplomonads) has been lacking, although Giardia lamblia has been intensively studied. We have performed a sequence survey project resulting in 2341 expressed sequence tags (EST) corresponding to 853 unique clones, 5275 genome survey sequences (GSS), and eleven finished contigs from the diplomonad fish parasite Spironucleus salmonicida (previously described as S. barkhanus). RESULTS The analyses revealed a compact genome with few, if any, introns and very short 3' untranslated regions. Strikingly different patterns of codon usage were observed in genes corresponding to frequently sampled ESTs versus genes poorly sampled, indicating that translational selection is influencing the codon usage of highly expressed genes. Rigorous phylogenomic analyses identified 84 genes--mostly encoding metabolic proteins--that have been acquired by diplomonads or their relatively close ancestors via lateral gene transfer (LGT). Although most acquisitions were from prokaryotes, more than a dozen represent likely transfers of genes between eukaryotic lineages. Many genes that provide novel insights into the genetic basis of the biology and pathogenicity of this parasitic protist were identified including 149 that putatively encode variant-surface cysteine-rich proteins which are candidate virulence factors. A number of genomic properties that distinguish S. salmonicida from its human parasitic relative G. lamblia were identified such as nineteen putative lineage-specific gene acquisitions, distinct mutational biases and codon usage and distinct polyadenylation signals. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the power of comparative genomic studies to yield insights into the biology of parasitic protists and the evolution of their genomes, and suggest that genetic exchange between distantly-related protist lineages may be occurring at an appreciable rate in eukaryote genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Andersson
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa M Sjögren
- The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David S Horner
- Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolare e Biotecnologie, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Colleen A Murphy
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Patricia L Dyal
- Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John M Logsdon
- Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Mark A Ragan
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- ARC Centre in Bioinformatics, and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert P Hirt
- Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
- School of Biology, The Devonshire building, The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew J Roger
- The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Walker G. Meeting Report: 16th Meeting of the International Society for Evolutionary Protistology; Wrocław, Poland, August 2–5, 2006 (ISEP XVI). Protist 2007; 158:5-19. [PMID: 17166769 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Walker
- Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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Cruickshank RH, Paterson AM. The great escape: do parasites break Dollo's law? Trends Parasitol 2006; 22:509-15. [PMID: 16971179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A long-held assumption in evolutionary studies is that a character that changes from a complex to a simple state is unlikely to return to the same complex state. The extreme version of this assumption has been codified as Dollo's law. Unfortunately, this paradigm has supported the idea that simple and complex traits are qualitatively different, when it is more sensible to suggest that there is a quantitative difference. Dollo's law has been the predominant paradigm in parasitology, where a move from a free-living state to parasitism has been considered a unidirectional pathway or 'one-way trip' because organisms lose the structures required to return to the free-living state. Several recent studies have suggested that complex structures can be regained from simple traits, and we suggest that this is also possible for parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Cruickshank
- Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln, Canterbury 7647, New Zealand
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