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Routray D, Ghatak A, Chaturvedi P, Petijová L, Weckwerth W, Ručová D, Bačkor M, Lang I, Goga M. Comparative analysis of geotypic variations in the proteome of Nostoc commune. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2370719. [PMID: 38913942 PMCID: PMC11197914 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2370719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacterium Nostoc commune is a filamentous terrestrial prokaryotic organism widely distributed, which suggest its high adaptive potential to environmental or abiotic stress. Physiological parameters and proteomic analysis were performed in two accession of N. commune with the aim to elucidate the differences of physiological trails between distant geotypes, namely Antarctic (AN) and central European (CE). The result obtained clearly showed that the AN geotype demonstrates elevated levels of total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phycobiliproteins, indicative of its adaptation to environmental stress as referred by comparison to CE sample. Additionally, we employed LC-MS analysis to investigate the proteomes of N. commune from AN and CE geotypes. In total, 1147 proteins were identified, among which 646 proteins expressed significant (up-regulation) changes in both accessions. In the AN geotype, 83 exclusive proteins were identified compared to 25 in the CE geotype. Functional classification of the significant proteins showed a large fraction involved in photosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and protein biosynthesis. Further analysis revealed some defense-related proteins such as, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase, which are rather explicitly expressed in the AN N. commune. The last two proteins suggest a more stressful condition in AN N. commune. In summary, our findings highlight biochemical processes that safeguard the AN geotype of N. commune from extreme environmental challenges, not recorded in CE accession, probably due to less stressful environment in Europe. This study brings the first ever proteomic analysis of N. commune, emphasizing the need for additional investigations into the climate adaptation of this species with rather plastic genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Routray
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Arindam Ghatak
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Palak Chaturvedi
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Linda Petijová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dajana Ručová
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Bačkor
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Ingeborg Lang
- Molecular Systems Biology Lab, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michal Goga
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
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Shi Y, Wu W, Yang Y, Liu X, Lin J, Liu X, Lin J, Pang X. Gene knockout of glutathione reductase results in increased sensitivity to heavy metals in Acidithiobacillus caldus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1250330. [PMID: 37799601 PMCID: PMC10547865 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1250330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidithiobacillus caldus plays an important role in bioleaching of low-grade metal ore. It can promote the release of heavy metals in mining-associated habitats and survive in high concentrations of heavy metals. Functions of glutathione reductase (GR) in cell defense against reactive oxygen species caused by heavy metals have been elucidated in some eukaryotic cells and bacteria; however, no information is available in A. caldus. In this research, the methods of bioinformatics, gene expression, GR activity assays were used to detect and characterize the glutathione reductase gene from the A. caldus MTH-04 strain. Then, A. caldus gr knockout mutant and gr overexpression strain were constructed, and the heavy metal tolerant properties and transcriptional levels of ROS related genes of them were compared to study the function of GR. The results showed that, a putative gr gene F0726_RS04210 was detected in the genome of A. caldus MTH-04. The purified recombinant protein of F0726_RS04210 showed remarkable GR activity at optimal pH 7.0 and 30°C using in vitro assay. The evolutionary relationship of GR from A. caldus MTH-04 was close to that from Escherichia coli K12. Gene knockout or overexpression of gr in A. caldus did not affect the growth rate on S0 medium, suggesting that GR did not play a key role in the activation of sulfur. Deletion of gr resulted in increased sensitivity to heavy metals (Cu2+ and Zn2+) in A. caldus, and the gr overexpression strain showed enhanced tolerance to heavy metals. Furthermore, transcription analysis also revealed strong correlations between GR and the antioxidant pathway. The above results suggest that GR can play an important role in heavy metal tolerance in A. caldus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianqun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Ciftci E, Turkoglu V, Bas Z. Inhibition effect of thymoquinone and lycopene compounds on glutathione reductase enzyme activity purified from human erythrocytes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10086-10093. [PMID: 34138692 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1939787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.8.1.7) is a specific antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH). GR enzyme maintains the cellular reduced GSH level and plays a central role in cell defense against reactive oxygen species. Herein, GR was purified with affinity chromatography method in one step using 2',5'-ADP Sepharose 4B from human erythrocytes. The purification rate of glutathione reductase enzyme purified from human erythrocytes was 6224 fold and specific activity was calculated as 9.586 EU/mg protein. The molecular weight of GR was determined to be 53 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The effect of thymoquinone and lycopene compounds on the GR activity purified from human erythrocytes was researched. Both compounds showed an inhibitory effect on GR activity. IC50 values for thymoquinone and lycopene were calculated as 62.12 µM and 35.79 µM, respectively. Inhibition type and Ki values were determined from the Lineveawer-Burk graph. The type of inhibition for thymoquinone and lycopene was found to be non-competitive inhibition. Ki value was calculated as 57.71 µM for thymoquinone and 46.65 µM for lycopene. In this study, it was concluded that antioxidant compounds thymoquinone and lycopene, which have an inhibitory effect on GR activity, may have a therapeutic effect on cancer disease. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eser Ciftci
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Van YüzüncüYıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Vedat Turkoglu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Van YüzüncüYıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Zehra Bas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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Nowicka B. Heavy metal-induced stress in eukaryotic algae-mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity and tolerance with particular emphasis on oxidative stress in exposed cells and the role of antioxidant response. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:16860-16911. [PMID: 35006558 PMCID: PMC8873139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals is a collective term describing metals and metalloids with a density higher than 5 g/cm3. Some of them are essential micronutrients; others do not play a positive role in living organisms. Increased anthropogenic emissions of heavy metal ions pose a serious threat to water and land ecosystems. The mechanism of heavy metal toxicity predominantly depends on (1) their high affinity to thiol groups, (2) spatial similarity to biochemical functional groups, (3) competition with essential metal cations, (4) and induction of oxidative stress. The antioxidant response is therefore crucial for providing tolerance to heavy metal-induced stress. This review aims to summarize the knowledge of heavy metal toxicity, oxidative stress and antioxidant response in eukaryotic algae. Types of ROS, their formation sites in photosynthetic cells, and the damage they cause to the cellular components are described at the beginning. Furthermore, heavy metals are characterized in more detail, including their chemical properties, roles they play in living cells, sources of contamination, biochemical mechanisms of toxicity, and stress symptoms. The following subchapters contain the description of low-molecular-weight antioxidants and ROS-detoxifying enzymes, their properties, cellular localization, and the occurrence in algae belonging to different clades, as well as the summary of the results of the experiments concerning antioxidant response in heavy metal-treated eukaryotic algae. Other mechanisms providing tolerance to metal ions are briefly outlined at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Ma J, Zhou B, Chen F, Pan K. How marine diatoms cope with metal challenge: Insights from the morphotype-dependent metal tolerance in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111715. [PMID: 33396046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal tolerance in marine diatoms vary between morphotypes, strains, and species due to their long-term adaptations to stochastic environments. The mechanisms underlying this highly variable trait remain a matter of interest in ecotoxicology. In this study, we used several cutting-edge techniques, including a non-invasive micro-test technique, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to examine cadmium (Cd) accumulation and tolerance in the three morphotypes of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Subcellular Cd distribution, metal transporter expression, and glutathione and phytochelatin activity were also analyzed to characterize the morphology-dependent Cd homeostasis and detoxification. We found that the oval morphotype accumulated more Cd, but was also more Cd tolerant than the other morphotypes. The greater surface binding of Cd to the oval morphotype is attributable to its smaller spherical form, rougher cell surface, and lower surface potential. Moreover, the oval morphotype was less permeable to Cd ions and contained higher phytochelatin and glutathione levels, which explained its higher metal tolerance. Our study offers new explanations for diatom's adaptations to changing environments that may contribute to its evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Beibei Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Fengyuan Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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A New Cold-Adapted and Salt-Tolerant Glutathione Reductase from Antarctic Psychrophilic Bacterium Psychrobacter sp. and Its Resistance to Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020420. [PMID: 31936518 PMCID: PMC7014036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A new glutathione reductase gene (psgr) coding for glutathione reductase (GR) from an Antarctic bacterium was cloned and overexpressed into Escherichia coli (E. coli). A sequence analysis revealed that PsGR is a protein consisting of 451 amino acids, and homology modeling demonstrated that PsGR has fewer hydrogen bonds and salt bridges, which might lead to improved conformational flexibility at low temperatures. PsGR possesses the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) binding motifs. Recombinant PsGR (rPsGR) was purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and was found to have a molecular mass of approximately 53.5 kDa. rPsGR was found to be optimally active at 25 °C and a pH of 7.5. It was found to be a cold-adapted enzyme, with approximately 42% of its optimal activity remaining at 0 °C. Moreover, rPsGR was most active in 1.0 M NaCl and 62.5% of its full activity remained in 3.0 M NaCl, demonstrating its high salt tolerance. Furthermore, rPsGR was found to have a higher substrate affinity for NADPH than for GSSG (oxidized glutathione). rPsGR provided protection against peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in recombinant cells, and displayed potential application as an antioxidant protein. The results of the present study provide a sound basis for the study of the structural characteristics and catalytic characterization of cold-adapted GR.
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Wang X, Shi C, Chen G, Jiang J, Zhang C, Qiao Y, Ju Y, Wang R, Kan G, Wei H, Zhu F. Characterization of recombinant glutathione reductase from Antarctic yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Sikanyika M, Aragão D, McDevitt CA, Maher MJ. The structure and activity of the glutathione reductase from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:54-61. [PMID: 30605126 PMCID: PMC6317452 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18016527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutathione reductase (GR) from Streptococcus pneumoniae is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to its reduced form (GSH) in the cytoplasm of this bacterium. The maintenance of an intracellular pool of GSH is critical for the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and for intracellular metal tolerance to ions such as zinc. Here, S. pneumoniae GR (SpGR) was overexpressed and purified and its crystal structure determined at 2.56 Å resolution. SpGR shows overall structural similarity to other characterized GRs, with a dimeric structure that includes an antiparallel β-sheet at the dimer interface. This observation, in conjunction with comparisons with the interface structures of other GR enzymes, allows the classification of these enzymes into three classes. Analyses of the kinetic properties of SpGR revealed a significantly higher value for Km(GSSG) (231.2 ± 24.7 µM) in comparison to other characterized GR enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwilye Sikanyika
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - David Aragão
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Christopher A. McDevitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Megan J. Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
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Herath HMLPB, Wickramasinghe PDSU, Bathige SDNK, Jayasooriya RGPT, Kim GY, Park MA, Kim C, Lee J. Molecular identification and functional delineation of a glutathione reductase homolog from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus): Insights as a potent player in host antioxidant defense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:355-367. [PMID: 27919756 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase (GSR) is an enzyme that catalyzes the biochemical conversion of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) into the reduced form (GSH). Since the ratio between the two forms of glutathione (GSH/GSSG) is important for the optimal function of GSH to act as an antioxidant against H2O2, the contribution of GSR as an enzymatic regulatory agent to maintain the proper ratio is essential. Abalones are marine mollusks that frequently encounter environmental factors that can trigger the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2. Therefore, we conducted the current study to reveal the molecular and functional properties of a GSR homolog in the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus. The identified cDNA sequence (2325 bp) has a 1356 bp long open reading frame (ORF), coding for a 909 bp long amino acid sequence, which harbors a pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase domain (171-246 aa), a pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase dimerization domain, and a NAD(P)(+)-binding Rossmann fold superfamily signature domain. Four functional residues: the FAD binding site, glutathione binding site, NADPH binding motif, and assembly domain were identified to be conserved among the other species. The recombinant abalone GSR (rAbGSR) exhibited detectable activity in a standard glutathione reductase activity assay. The optimum pH and optimal temperature for the reaction were found to be 7.0 and 50 °C, respectively, while the ionic strength of the medium had no effect. The enzymatic reaction was vastly inhibited by Cu+2 and Cd+2 ions. A considerable effect of cellular protection was detected with a disk diffusion assay conducted with rAbGSR. Moreover, an MTT assay and flow cytometry confirmed the significance of the protective role of rAbGSR in cell function. Furthermore, AbGSR was found to be ubiquitously distributed in different types of abalone tissues. AbGSR mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in response to three immune challenges: Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thus indicating its possible involvement in host defense mechanisms during pathogenic infections. Taken together, the results of the current study suggest that AbGSR plays an important role in antioxidant-mediated host defense mechanisms and also provide insights into the immunological contribution of AbGSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M L P B Herath
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - P D S U Wickramasinghe
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - R G P T Jayasooriya
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ae Park
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institutie of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong-si, Gyoengsangnam-do, 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Kim
- Informatics Development & Management Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Purification and Characterization of Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase, and Glutathione Reductase from Rat Heart and Inhibition Effects of Furosemide, Digoxin, and Dopamine on the Enzymes Activities. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 30:295-301. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Glutathione reductase a unique enzyme: molecular cloning, expression and biochemical characterization from the stress adapted C4 plant, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:947-62. [PMID: 25403332 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most common consequences of abiotic stress on plants. Glutathione reductase (GR, E.C. 1.6.4.2) and allied enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle play a crucial role to maintain the homeostatic redox balance in the cellular environment. GR plays an essential role in upholding the reduced glutathione pool under stress conditions. In the present study, a full-length GR cDNA and corresponding genomic clone was isolated from Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. The PgGR cDNA, encodes a 497-amino acid peptide with an estimated molecular mass of ~53.5 kDa. The PgGR peptide exhibits 54-89% sequence homology with GR from other plants and is cytoplasmic in nature. The PgGR enzyme was purified to near homogeneity, the recombinant protein being relatively thermostable and displaying activity in a broad range of temperature, pH and substrate concentrations. The PgGR transcript level was differentially regulated by heat, cold, salinity and methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress. The heterologously expressed PgGR protein in E. coli showed an improved protection against metal- and methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress. Our overall finding underscores the role of PgGR gene that responds to multiple abiotic stresses and provides stress tolerance in the experimental model (E. coli) which can be potentially used for the improvement of crops under abiotic stress conditions.
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Cao C, Fukae T, Yamamoto T, Kanamaru S, Matsuda T. Purification and characterization of fluorinated ketone reductase from Geotrichum candidum NBRC 5767. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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A central role for thiols in plant tolerance to abiotic stress. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7405-32. [PMID: 23549272 PMCID: PMC3645693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress poses major problems to agriculture and increasing efforts are being made to understand plant stress response and tolerance mechanisms and to develop new tools that underpin successful agriculture. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant stress tolerance are not fully understood, and the data available is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. Here, we review the significance of protein and non-protein thiol compounds in relation to plant tolerance of abiotic stress. First, the roles of the amino acids cysteine and methionine, are discussed, followed by an extensive discussion of the low-molecular-weight tripeptide, thiol glutathione, which plays a central part in plant stress response and oxidative signalling and of glutathione-related enzymes, including those involved in the biosynthesis of non-protein thiol compounds. Special attention is given to the glutathione redox state, to phytochelatins and to the role of glutathione in the regulation of the cell cycle. The protein thiol section focuses on glutaredoxins and thioredoxins, proteins with oxidoreductase activity, which are involved in protein glutathionylation. The review concludes with a brief overview of and future perspectives for the involvement of plant thiols in abiotic stress tolerance.
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14
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Arias DG, Regner EL, Iglesias AA, Guerrero SA. Entamoeba histolytica thioredoxin reductase: molecular and functional characterization of its atypical properties. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1859-66. [PMID: 22967759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal protozoan that is the causative agent of amoebiasis, is exposed to elevated amounts of highly toxic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during tissue invasion. Thioredoxin reductase catalyzes the reversible transfer of reducing equivalents between NADPH and thioredoxin, a small protein that plays key metabolic functions in maintaining the intracellular redox balance. METHODS The present work deals with in vitro steady state kinetic studies aimed to reach a better understanding of the kinetic and structural properties of thioredoxin reductase from E. histolytica (EhTRXR). RESULTS Our results support that native EhTRXR is a homodimeric covalent protein that is able to catalyze the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of amoebic thioredoxins and S-nitrosothiols. In addition, the enzyme exhibited NAD(P)H dependent oxidase activity, which generates hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen. The enzyme can reduce compounds like methylene blue, quinones, ferricyanide or nitro-derivatives; all alternative substrates displaying a relative high capacity to inhibit disulfide reductase activity of EhTRXR. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Interestingly, EhTRXR exhibited kinetic and structural properties that differ from other low molecular weight TRXR. The TRX system could play an important role in the parasite defense against reactive species. The latter should be critical during the extra intestinal phase of the amoebic infection. So far we know, this is the first in depth characterization of EhTRXR activity and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
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15
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Bosco MB, Aleanzi MC, Iglesias AÁ. Plastidic phosphoglycerate kinase from Phaeodactylum tricornutum: on the critical role of cysteine residues for the enzyme function. Protist 2011; 163:188-203. [PMID: 21816671 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplastidic phosphoglycerate kinase (PGKase) plays a key role in photosynthetic organisms, catalyzing a key step in the Calvin cycle. We performed the molecular cloning of the gene encoding chloroplastidic PGKase-1 in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The recombinant enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized. Afterward, it showed similar kinetic properties than the enzyme studied from other organisms, although the diatom enzyme displayed distinctive responses to sulfhydryl reagents. The activity of the enzyme was found to be dependent on the redox status in the environment, determined by different compounds, including some of physiological function. Treatment with oxidant agents, such as diamide, hydrogen peroxide, glutathione and sodium nitroprusside resulted in enzyme inhibition. Recovery of activity was possible by subsequent incubation with reducing reagents such as dithiothreitol and thioredoxins (from E. coli and P. tricornutum). We determined two midpoint potentials of different regulatory redox centers, both values indicating that PGKase-1 might be sensitive to changes in the intracellular redox environment. The role of all the six Cys residues found in the diatom enzyme was analyzed by molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Results suggest key regulatory properties for P. tricornutum PGKase-1, which could be relevant for the functioning of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Bosco
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (IAL, CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Paraje "El Pozo", CC 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
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Can B, Kulaksiz Erkmen G, Dalmizrak O, Ogus IH, Ozer N. Purification and characterisation of rat kidney glutathione reductase. Protein J 2010; 29:250-6. [PMID: 20490902 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-010-9246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase [GR, E.C.1.8.1.7] catalyses NADPH dependent reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH). Thus, it is the crucial enzyme to maintain high [GSH]/[GSSG] ratio and physiological redox status in cells. Kidney and liver tissues were considered as a rich source of GR. In this study, rat kidney GR was purified and some of its properties were investigated. The enzyme was purified 2,356 fold with a yield of 16% by using heat-denaturation and Sephadex G25 gel filtration, 2',5'-ADP Agarose 4B, PBE94 column chromatographies. The purified enzyme had a specific activity (Vm) of 250 U/mg protein and the ratio of absorbances at wavelengths of A (273)/A (463,) A (280)/A (460), A (365)/A (460), and A (379)/A (463), were 7.1, 6.8, 1.2 and 1.0, respectively. Each mol of GR subunit bound 0.97 mol of FAD. NADH was used as a coenzyme by rat kidney GR but with a lower efficiency (32.7%) than NADPH. Its subunit molecular weight was estimated as 53 kDa. An optimum pH of 6.5 and optimum temperature of 65 degrees C were found for rat kidney GR. Its activation energy (Ea) and temperature coefficient (Q(10)) were calculated as 7.02 kcal/mol and 1.42, respectively. The Km((NADPH)) and kcat/Km ((NADPH)) values were found to be 15.3 +/- 1.4 microM and 1.68 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1) for the concentration range of 10-200 microM NADPH and when GSSG is the variable substrate, the Km((GSSG)) and the kcat/Km((GSSG)) values of 53.1 +/- 3.4 microM and 4.85 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) were calculated for the concentration range of 20-1,200 microM GSSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Can
- Department of Biochemistry, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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Marquez VE, Arias DG, Piattoni CV, Robello C, Iglesias AA, Guerrero SA. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a dithiol glutaredoxin from Trypanosoma cruzi. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:787-92. [PMID: 19769456 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins play an important role in cellular functionality. A putative dithiol glutaredoxin is encoded in the genome of Trypanosoma cruzi. We cloned the gene and obtained the recombinant protein, which behaved as a typical thioltransferase. Activity was variable and dependent on the nature of reducer or oxidant agent used, or both. Epimastigote extracts exhibited similar activity, suggesting the occurrence of the protein in the parasite. Results support a redox scenario in T. cruzi, with glutaredoxin being involved mainly in reduction of glutathione disulfide as well as in deglutathionylation of target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina E Marquez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral., Ciudad Universitaria-Paraje El Pozo, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
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