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Gottschling M, Wietkamp S, Bantle A, Tillmann U. Oxytoxaceae are prorocentralean rather than peridinialean dinophytes and taxonomic clarification of heterotrophic Oxytoxum lohmannii (≡ "Amphidinium" crassum) by epitypification. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6689. [PMID: 38509105 PMCID: PMC10954643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
During evolution of Dinophyceae, size reduction of the episome has occurred in several lineages (including unarmoured Amphidiniales and armoured Prorocentrales). One such species is Amphidinium crassum, whose taxonomic identity is elusive though showing morphological similarities with Oxytoxaceae (currently placed in armoured Peridiniales). Plankton samples were taken at the type locality of A. crassum in Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea) in order to establish monoclonal strains. The protist material was examined in detail using light and electron microscopy, and a long (2984 bp) ribosomal RNA sequence gained was part of a taxon sample comprising 206 specimen vouchers and representing the known molecular diversity of Dinophyceae. Cells of A. crassum were ovoid and exhibited a plate pattern po, 4', 1a, 6'', 5c, 4s, 5''', 1''''. In the molecular phylogeny, the species seemed to belong neither to Amphidiniales nor to Peridiniales but to Prorocentrales and clustered with other representatives of Oxytoxaceae. The morphological diversity of Prorocentrales appears thus expanded, and the group may include a number of previously unrecognised representatives unusually having five postcingular and only a single antapical plate. The taxonomic identity of A. crassum is clarified by epitypification, and the species notably exhibits both an apical pore and an additional epithecal pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gottschling
- Department Biologie-Systematik, Biodiversität und Evolution der Pflanzen, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80 638, München, Germany
| | - Stephan Wietkamp
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27 570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Alexis Bantle
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27 570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27 570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Jang SH, Jeong HJ, Lee MJ, Kim JH, You JH. Gyrodinium jinhaense n. sp., a New Heterotrophic Unarmored Dinoflagellate from the Coastal Waters of Korea. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:821-835. [PMID: 30882970 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Four unarmored heterotrophic dinoflagellates were isolated from the coastal waters of southern Korea. The rDNA sequences of four clonal cultures were determined, and the morphology of one of the four strains was examined using light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences of each of the strains differed by 0-0.9% from those of the other strains, and the SSU rDNA sequence of the strain differed by 1.8-4.4% from those of other Gyrodinium species, whereas the LSU (D1-D2) rDNA sequence differed by 12.4-22.2%. Furthermore, phylogenetic trees showed that Gyrodinium jinhaense n. sp. formed a distinctive clade among the other Gyrodinium species. Meanwhile, microscopy revealed an elliptical bisected apical structure complex and a cingulum that was displaced by approximately one-quarter of the cell length, which confirmed that the dinoflagellate belonged to the genus Gyrodinium. However, the cell surface was ornamented with 16 longitudinal striations, both on the episome and hyposome, unlike other Gyrodinium species. Furthermore, the cells were observed to have pusule systems and trichocysts but lacked mucocysts. Based on morphology and molecular data, we consider this strain to be a new species in the genus Gyrodinium and thus, propose that it be assigned to the name G. jinhaense n. sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyeon Jang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, 16229, Korea
| | - Moo Joon Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun You
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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Luo Z, Hu Z, Tang Y, Mertens KN, Leaw CP, Lim PT, Teng ST, Wang L, Gu H. Morphology, ultrastructure, and molecular phylogeny of Wangodinium sinense gen. et sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) and revisiting of Gymnodinium dorsalisulcum and Gymnodinium impudicum. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2018; 54:744-761. [PMID: 30144373 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The genus Gymnodinium includes many morphologically similar species, but molecular phylogenies show that it is polyphyletic. Eight strains of Gymnodinium impudicum, Gymnodinium dorsalisulcum and a novel Gymnodinium-like species from Chinese and Malaysian waters and the Mediterranean Sea were established. All of these strains were examined with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. SSU, LSU and internal transcribed spacers rDNA sequences were obtained. A new genus, Wangodinium, was erected to incorporate strains with a loop-shaped apical structure complex (ASC) comprising two rows of amphiesmal vesicles, here referred to as a new type of ASC. The chloroplasts of Wangodinium sinense are enveloped by two membranes. Pigment analysis shows that peridinin is the main accessory pigment in W. sinense. Wangodinium differs from other genera mainly in its unique ASC, and additionally differs from Gymnodinium in the absence of nuclear chambers, and from Lepidodinium in the absence of Chl b and nuclear chambers. New morphological information was provided for G. dorsalisulcum and G. impudicum, e.g., a short sulcal intrusion in G. dorsalisulcum; nuclear chambers in G. impudicum and G. dorsalisulcum; and a chloroplast enveloped by two membranes in G. impudicum. Molecular phylogeny was inferred using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference with independent SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. Our results support the classification of Wangodinium within the Gymnodiniales sensu stricto clade and it is close to Lepidodinium. Our results also support the close relationship among G. dorsalisulcum, G. impudicum, and Barrufeta. Further research is needed to assign these Gymnodinium species to Barrufeta or to erect new genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Luo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhangxi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yingzhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Kenneth Neil Mertens
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185, Concarneau Cedex, France
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sing Tung Teng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Lei Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Boutrup PV, Moestrup Ø, Tillmann U, Daugbjerg N. Ultrastructure and Phylogeny of Kirithra asteri gen. et sp. nov. (Ceratoperidiniaceae, Dinophyceae) — a Free-Living, Thin-Walled Marine Photosynthetic Dinoflagellate from Argentina. Protist 2017; 168:586-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gómez F, Richlen ML, Anderson DM. Molecular characterization and morphology of Cochlodinium strangulatum, the type species of Cochlodinium, and Margalefidinium gen. nov. for C. polykrikoides and allied species (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae). HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 63:32-44. [PMID: 28366398 PMCID: PMC6276129 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic species of the dinoflagellate genus Cochlodinium such as C. polykrikoides, one of the most harmful bloom-forming dinoflagellates, have been extensively investigated. Little is known about the heterotrophic forms of Cochlodinium, such as its type species, Cochlodinium strangulatum. This is an uncommon, large (∼200μm long), solitary, and phagotrophic species, with numerous refractile bodies, a central nucleus enclosed in a distinct perinuclear capsule, and a cell surface with fine longitudinal striae and a circular apical groove. The morphology of C. polykrikoides and allied species is different from the generic type. It is a bloom-forming species with single, two or four-celled chains, small cell size (25-40μm long) with elongated chloroplasts arranged longitudinally and in parallel, anterior nucleus, eye-spot in the anterior dorsal side, and a cell surface smooth with U-shaped apical groove. Phylogenetic analysis based on LSU rDNA sequences revealed that C. strangulatum and C. polykrikoides/C. fulvescens formed two distally related, independent lineages. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, the diagnosis of Cochlodinium is emended and C. miniatum is proposed as synonym of C. strangulatum. The new genus Margalefidinium gen. nov., and new combinations for C. catenatum, C. citron, C. flavum, C. fulvescens and C. polykrikoides are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gómez
- Carmen Campos Panisse 3, E-11500 Puerto de Santa María, Spain.
| | - Mindy L Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1049, USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1049, USA
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Jang SH, Jeong HJ, Chon JK, Lee SY. De novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of the newly described dinoflagellate Ansanella granifera: Spotlight on flagellum-associated genes. Mar Genomics 2017; 33:47-55. [PMID: 28111206 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many dinoflagellates are known to cause red tides and often outgrow non-motile diatoms and motile small flagellates through active vertical migration between well-lit surface and eutrophic deep waters and/or by locating and ingesting prey cells. Their flagella play important roles in these two critical behaviors. However, the structural and functional genes of dinoflagellate flagella are very little known. Thus, a de novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of the fast-swimming dinoflagellate Ansanella granifera were conducted and its flagellum genes were compared with those of other dinoflagellates, motile small flagellates, and non-motile protist species. Based on assembled data using Trinity/CLC combined strategy, 83,652 transcripts of A. granifera were identified. The assembled consensus sequences were annotated to the NCBI non-redundant (nr), InterProScan, Gene Ontology (GO), and KEGG pathway analyses. Moreover, 71 structural and 35 functional flagellum-associated genes expressed were identified. The number of expressed flagellar structural and functional genes of A. granifera was not markedly different from those of other dinoflagellates or motile small flagellates, but much greater than those of non-motile species. Furthermore, in both phylogenetic trees based on the outer dynein arm (ODA1, ODA9, and DLC1) and inner dynein arm (IDA4, IDA7, and BOP5) flagellum genes of dinoflagellates, the problem of the long-branch attraction artifacts of Oxyrrhis marina which has been reported in the phylogenetic trees based on ribosomal DNA was removed. Moreover, in both phylogenetic trees based on the ODA and IDA flagellum genes, the species in the order Peridiniales or Gymnodiniales were revealed to belong to a big clade of each order. Therefore, the phylogenetic tree based on the flagellum genes is likely to give a clue to resolve the problem of separation in a big clade of a dinoflagellate order which has also been reported in the phylogenetic trees based on ribosomal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyeon Jang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Kyung Chon
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Gómez F, Qiu D, Dodge JD, Lopes RM, Lin S. Morphological and molecular characterization of Ptychodiscus noctiluca revealed the polyphyletic nature of the order Ptychodiscales (Dinophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:793-805. [PMID: 27288215 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The planktonic dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus noctiluca combined distinctive morphological features such as a disk-shaped anteroposteriorly compressed cell body and an apical carina, together with a flexible and tough cell covering, suggesting intermediate characteristics between thecate and naked dinoflagellates. Ptychodiscus noctiluca was examined by light, epifluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy from specimens collected in the Mediterranean Sea and the North and South Atlantic Ocean. Ptychodiscus noctiluca showed a straight apical groove that bisected the carina, a cell covering with a polygonal surface reticulum, nucleus without capsule, sulcal intrusion in the episome, sulcal ventral flange, and yellowish-green chloroplasts that are shared characters with Brachidinium/Karenia. The cell division was the typical binary fission of gymnodinioid dinoflagellates, although exceptionally in an oblique transversal axis. We examined the intraspecific variability during incubation experiments. In the fattened cells, termed as Ptychodiscus carinatus, chloroplasts transformed into dark granules, and the cell acquired the swollen and smaller stage, termed as P. inflatus. Ptychodiscus carinatus, P. inflatus, and Diplocystis antarctica are synonyms of P. noctiluca. Molecular phylogeny based on the SSU rDNA sequence revealed that Ptychodiscus branched within the short-branching dinokaryotic dinoflagellates as an independent lineage with affinity to Brachidinium/Karenia and Karlodinium/Takayama in a generally poorly resolved clade. Our results indicated that the order Ptychodiscales, established for unarmored dinoflagellates with a strongly developed pellicle, has artificially grouped thecate dinoflagellates (Kolkwitziella, Herdmania), naked dinoflagellates with thick cell covering (Balechina, Cucumeridinium) and other insufficiently known unarmored genera with typical cell coverings (Brachidinium, Ceratoperidinium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gómez
- Carmen Campos Panisse 3, E-11500, Puerto de Santa María, Spain
| | - Dajun Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - John D Dodge
- The Old Farmhouse, Ashton under Hill, Evesham, WR11 7SW, UK
| | - Rubens M Lopes
- Laboratory of Plankton Systems, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Gu H, Luo Z, Mertens KN, Price AM, Turner RE, Rabalais NN. Cyst-motile stage relationship, morphology, ultrastructure, and molecular phylogeny of the gymnodinioid dinoflagellate Barrufeta resplendens comb. nov., formerly known as Gyrodinium resplendens, isolated from the Gulf of Mexico. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:990-999. [PMID: 26986893 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we redescribed Gyrodinium resplendens through incubation of process bearing cysts extracted from sediment collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The morphology and ultrastructure of the motile stage and cyst stage were examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy and this revealed that the species should be transferred to the genus Barrufeta. This genus differs from other gymnodinioid genera in possessing a Smurf-cap apical structure complex (ASC) and currently encompasses only one species, Barrufeta bravensis. B. resplendens shows a Smurf-cap ASC that consists of three rows of elongated vesicles with small knobs in the middle one. B. resplendens is very similar to B. bravensis in cell morphology, but can be separated using the ultrastructure such as the shape and location of nucleus and pyrenoids, which highlights the importance of ultrastructure at inter-specific level in the genus Barrufeta. The unique cysts of B. resplendens are brown and process bearing, and have a tremic archeopyle with a zigzag margin on the dorsal side of the epicyst, and not polar as in cysts of Polykrikos. The cysts do not survive the palynological treatment used here and probably have a wide distribution. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference were carried out based on partial large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) sequences. Molecular phylogeny supports that the genus Barrufeta is monophyletic, and that the genus Gymnodinium is polyphyletic. Our results suggest that details of the ASC together with ultrastructure are potential features to subdivide the genus Gymnodinium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhaohe Luo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Kenneth Neil Mertens
- Research Unit for Palaeontology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Andrea Michelle Price
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Burnside Hall, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A OB9
| | - Robert Eugene Turner
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Nancy N Rabalais
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, Louisiana, 70344, USA
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Reñé A, Camp J, Garcés E. Diversity and Phylogeny of Gymnodiniales (Dinophyceae) from the NW Mediterranean Sea Revealed by a Morphological and Molecular Approach. Protist 2015; 166:234-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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